Deck 19: Psychoanalytic and Humanistic Theories

Question 1

Your cousin Eddie claims he's a so-called expert in describing and explaining people.His description and explanations could be called a(n):

A) hypothetical construct
B) theory of personality
C) fixation
D) example of self-efficacy

Answer 1

theory of personality

Question 2

During your job interview,you were asked to describe your accomplishments,education,and how well you work with others.These are examples of:

A) manifest thoughts
B) unconscious thoughts
C) dynamic thoughts
D) conscious thoughts

Answer 2

conscious thoughts

Question 3

The case of Greg Mathis,as described in Module 19's introduction,best illustrates:

A) development of one's full potential
B) the impact of the id on behavior
C) how racial discrimination affects people's lives
D) development of conditional positive regard

Answer 3

development of one's full potential

Question 4

What type of experience did Freud have that influenced his theory of human behavior?

A) He spent time in World War I, where he witnessed great suffering.
B) His study with B. F. Skinner taught him that unconscious conflicts shape personality.
C) His first wife died as she was giving birth to their second child.
D) He found that some of his patients' symptoms had no observable physical or neurological causes.

Question 5

"What did you have for supper last night?" "What is your name?" The answers to these questions are examples of:

A) self-efficacy
B) unconscious thoughts
C) self-referenced thoughts
D) conscious thoughts

Question 6

"I don't know why I did that!" Of the following concepts,which one best relates to that statement?

A) real self
B) self-efficacy
C) conscious thoughts
D) unconscious motivation

Question 7

What do theories of personality do?

A) They tell us how early childhood experiences affect our personality.
B) Theories of personality just describe why we are the way we are.
C) Theories attempt to describe and explain how personality develops and why personalities differ.
D) They inform us of ways to modify personality.

Question 8

What is defined as the combination of lasting and distinctive behaviors,thoughts,and emotions that typify how we react and adapt to other people and situations?

A) personality
B) situational specificity
C) cognitive compliance
D) factor analysis

Question 9

Which group of words is most appropriate for the psychodynamic theory of Freud?

A) unconscious, repressed thoughts, early childhood, conflict
B) potential, growth, freedom, self-actualization
C) cognitive, behavior, environment, locus of control
D) traits, factor analysis, the Big Five, consistency

Question 10

The term ____ is a Freudian concept that explains how repressed,threatening thoughts can impact our conscious thoughts and behaviors.

A) collective unconscious
B) unconscious motivation
C) manifest unconscious
D) cognitive unconscious

Question 11

What concepts did Freud use to explain things we say or do that we cannot explain or understand?

A) Freudian slips and fixation
B) unconscious forces and unconscious motivation
C) conscious forces and fixation
D) free association and unconscious motivation

Question 12

Freud's psychodynamic approach to personality emphasizes which of the following?

A) conscious thoughts, unconscious forces, and unconscious motivation
B) cognitive appraisals of one's environment
C) the measurement of traits and their stability
D) self-actualization and personal freedom

Question 13

If you argue that early childhood experiences,repressed thoughts,and conflicts between conscious and unconscious forces influence our thoughts and behaviors,then you subscribe to the ____.

A) trait theory of personality
B) psychodynamic theory of personality
C) Big Five theory of personality
D) humanistic theory of personality

Question 14

If you study people's long-lasting and distinctive behaviors,thoughts,motives,and emotions that influence our reactions and adaptation,then you're studying:

A) traits
B) motivation
C) personality
D) factor analysis

Question 15

If you have wishes,desires,or thoughts that you are aware of or can recall at any given moment,you have experienced:

A) manifest thoughts
B) dynamic thoughts
C) conscious thoughts
D) fixated thoughts

Question 16

Dr.Khard is reading a paper on psychodynamic theory written by a student.She first looks at the headings of each section.She is most surprised to find a heading that does not fit with psychodynamic theory.Which of the following headings is most likely to have surprised Dr.Khard?

A) "Unconscious Motivation"
B) "The Importance of Self-Actualization"
C) "The Relationship Between Id, Ego, and Superego"
D) "The Role of Conflict in the Anal Stage"

Question 17

A young student is listening to Freud give a lecture in Germany in the 1920s.Freud claims that repressed thoughts can influence behaviors.The student raises his hand and asks Freud,"Through what mechanism is this possible?" Freud replies:

A) "through fixation and conflict"
B) "behavior is influenced though the collective unconscious"
C) "through unconscious motivation"
D) "though conscious motivation"

Question 18

What is the main focus in the study of personality?

A) traits
B) id, ego, and superego
C) unconscious conflicts and self-actualization
D) behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions

Question 19

Jeff and Cindy are talking.Cindy says to Jeff,"I wish you would just ...go away!" Jeff responds quickly,"What did you mean by that?" Cindy answers,"Well,I really don't know,I just said it.I didn't mean it." Freud might disagree and suggest that Cindy is not aware of why she wants Jeff to leave her.Freud is referring to Cindy's:

A) conscious forces
B) reality content
C) manifest content
D) unconscious forces

Question 20

Freud believed that a person's wishes,thoughts,and desires that one cannot voluntarily access were represented by:

A) unconscious forces
B) conscious forces
C) manifest content
D) reality content

Question 21

The id is believed to contain two biological drives.What are they?

A) hunger and aggression
B) safety and hunger
C) sex and safety
D) sex and aggression

Question 22

Freud defined the id as:

A) the conscience
B) the source of energy that contains the biological drives for sex and aggression
C) an unconscious desire to be like one's father
D) the instinctual response to implied social demands

Question 23

The goal of the id is to:

A) satisfy wishes through socially acceptable methods
B) push unacceptable biological drives into the unconscious
C) pursue pleasure and avoid pain
D) apply moral values in satisfying wishes

Question 24

The technique of free association is based on the premise that:

A) uncensored material will provide clues to the unconscious
B) dreams always have hidden, sexual meanings which must be explored
C) moral values and standards can be applied to satisfying wishes
D) it is healthy to make up acceptable excuses for behaviors that make us feel anxious

Question 25

"I had a dream last night where I was flying through trees that seemed to sway with a voice I heard near the ground." What is the manifest content of this dream?

A) The trees refer to friends being persuaded by authority figures.
B) The voice is one's sexual desire and trees are those that are sexually attracted.
C) Flying through trees suggests that one needs to escape the present and listen more to the inner child.
D) Flying through trees that moved with a voice near the ground.

Question 26

Gregory's college roommate finds him very difficult to live with because Gregory is extremely selfish and demands immediate gratification of all his needs and desires.From a psychodynamic point of view,Gregory is still being controlled by the:

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) conscience

Question 27

From a psychodynamic perspective,how did Ted Haggard cope with the inconsistency of his values and his sexual desires?

A) through free association
B) by actively advocating for gay marriage
C) by acting out his sexual desires
D) by actively condemning gay marriage

Question 28

The three divisions of the mind according to Freud's theory are:

A) id, regulator, and conscious
B) inner, peripheral, and outer
C) pleasurer, governor, and regulator
D) id, ego, and superego

Question 29

During a session of therapy,Kyle's therapist tells him to sit back and talk about whatever thoughts enter his head.Kyle's therapist is utilizing the Freudian technique of:

A) free association
B) dream interpretation
C) analysis of slips of the tongue
D) exploring manifest content

Question 30

The manifest content of a dream is the:

A) hidden meaning behind the events
B) dream's obvious story
C) source of sexual energy
D) unacceptable impulse, which is repressed

Question 31

"Once I said,'I need to go to the mall to buy sex shirts ...I mean six shirts.'" What would Freud say about this?

A) The manifest content suggests depression.
B) The slip of the tongue reflects a manifest content of dreams.
C) The slip of the tongue reflects unconscious desires.
D) Cognitive processing errors suggest that memories are stored in adjacent areas of the brain.

Question 32

From a Freudian perspective,dreams:

A) have no meaning
B) are actually by-products of random firing in the brainstem
C) contain underlying hidden meanings and symbols that provide clues to unconscious thoughts and desires
D) contain meaning, but cannot be interpreted successfully

Question 33

Consider this: You are an unconscious wish,desire,or thought.According to the psychodynamic theory,which of the following would be a means by which you could sneak out?

A) through a polygraph test
B) through an eating disorder
C) through free association
D) through an internal locus of control

Question 34

Which division of the mind would say,"I can do anything I want to do"?

A) ego
B) real self
C) superego
D) id

Question 35

Free association,dream interpretation,and Freudian slips are:

A) examples of how the real self and the ideal self conflict with each other
B) techniques to discover the extent of self-actualization
C) techniques to discover the unconscious
D) techniques to discover the conscious

Question 36

Free association,dream interpretation,and slips of the tongue are mental processes that are:

A) the least controlled by our conscious, rational, and logical minds
B) the most under the control of our conscious, rational, and logical minds
C) the best examples of techniques to explore the conscious mind
D) techniques used by Carl Rogers to explore self-actualization

Question 37

Freudian slips are mistakes made in everyday speech that reflect:

A) the manifest content of dreams
B) cognitive processing errors
C) conscious desires and needs
D) unconscious thoughts or wishes

Question 38

The hidden or disguised meaning of the events that occur in dreams are termed:

A) latent content
B) manifest content
C) the pleasure principle
D) the reality principle

Question 39

From a psychodynamic perspective,what may have made Ted Haggard feel anxious and guilty following his admission of a homosexual relationship?

A) the inconsistency of his values and his sexual desires
B) the embarrassment associated with the admission
C) a loss of self-actualization
D) the conditional positive regard from his family

Question 40

Which Freudian term refers to the attempt to satisfy drives without concern for moral restrictions or societal regulations?

A) the reality principle
B) the pleasure principle
C) the freedom principle
D) the superego principle

Question 41

When Rachel left for college,she promised her parents that she would not use any drugs.At a party someone passed her some pot,which she decided to try.If her superego is operating,this behavior will cause Rachel to feel:

A) pleasure
B) guilt
C) sadness
D) anger

Question 42

What do we call the unpleasant state that involves conflicts arising between the needs of the id and the restrictions of the superego?

A) depression
B) anxiety
C) displacement
D) reaction formation

Question 43

How does the superego develop?

A) through interactions with parents or caregivers
B) it is innate
C) it develops when the ego realizes that it must be regulated
D) it comes forth from the id

Question 44

Id is to ego as:

A) self is to other
B) trend is to desire
C) need is to drive
D) pleasure is to reality

Question 45

The ego operates on the ____ principle.

A) desire
B) pleasure
C) reality
D) repression

Question 46

If a defense mechanism is successful:

A) the id becomes stronger
B) unconscious motivation is increased
C) latency is increased
D) anxiety is reduced

Question 47

Defense mechanisms are Freudian processes designed to reduce:

A) the latent content of dreams
B) the ego
C) anxiety
D) self-actualization

Question 48

Freud defined the superego as:

A) the person we would be if we could act out all the id's desires
B) the self that is formed when we act instinctually
C) the part of the mind containing moral standards
D) the part of the mind that allows us to manipulate social situations to our own ends

Question 49

According to Freud,could a person function without conflict or anxiety?

A) yes-when id, ego, and superego have the same goals
B) yes-if the superego maintains supreme control over the id and ego
C) yes-if the ego maintains supreme control over the id and superego
D) no-it's impossible

Question 50

Which defense mechanism involves making up excuses for behaviors that cause us to feel anxiety?

A) denial
B) reaction formation
C) rationalization
D) repression

Question 51

Freud assumed that the ____ was totally unconscious,and that the largest part of the ____ was conscious.

A) ego; superego
B) ego; id
C) id; ego
D) superego; id

Question 52

Kevin and Michael were in a stereo store.Both saw a compact disc that they wanted badly but did not have the money to purchase.Kevin decided to shoplift it,while Michael figured out that if he did some extra chores at home he could save up enough money for it in two weeks.Freud would say that Kevin is being governed by his ____ and Michael by his ____.

A) superego; id
B) superego; ego
C) ego; id
D) id; ego

Question 53

As Tad works on his income tax form,he makes the decision to not report some income.He says,"Well,everybody cheats on their income tax and I need the money more than the government." Tad has just experienced:

A) denial
B) reaction formation
C) sublimation
D) rationalization

Question 54

Freud believed that an unconscious conflict is waged between the:

A) self and outside world
B) repressed memories and current values
C) id and superego
D) id and ego

Question 55

According to Freud,the human mind develops in which of the following sequences?

A) id, ego, superego
B) superego, ego, id
C) ego, id, superego
D) superego, id, ego

Question 56

According to the reality principle,the purpose of the ego is to:

A) determine what actually happened in a given situation
B) search for socially acceptable outlets for the id's desire
C) impose order on our perceptions
D) help us form workable judgments about other people

Question 57

Unconscious processes that utilize self-deception to reduce anxiety are called:

A) defense mechanisms
B) unconscious motivations
C) reality principles
D) free associations

Question 58

According to Freud,guilty feelings arise from the operation of the:

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) alter ego

Question 59

Anxiety is created by the ego in response to:

A) the manifest content of dreams
B) Freudian slips
C) the collective unconscious
D) id-superego conflict

Question 60

Infants discover restrictions to the pleasure principle and learn to control their wishes through the development of the:

A) superego
B) Oedipus complex
C) collective unconscious
D) ego

Question 61

If an individual's wishes are overgratified or undergratified at any particular psychosexual stage,Freud would argue that ____ will occur.

A) projection
B) fixation
C) displacement
D) Freudian slips

Question 62

Freud believed that:

A) early childhood is very important in shaping personality
B) personality develops after puberty
C) the influence of early childhood experiences in the shaping of personality is greatly overrated
D) one's personality changes too often to be predicted or studied reliably

Question 63

Bob is sexually attracted to his professor.To deal with these feelings,Bob channels his energy into his homework and study habits.This is an example of the Freudian defense mechanism called:

A) reaction formation
B) rationalization
C) sublimation
D) denial

Question 64

To alleviate anxiety caused by a desire to be sexually promiscuous with women,John decides to become a priest.Freud would say that John has used the defense mechanism of:

A) projection
B) reaction formation
C) displacement
D) rationalization

Question 65

In repression,where do unacceptable or threatening feelings or impulses go?

A) into the manifest mind
B) into the ego
C) into the superego
D) into the unconscious

Question 66

The defense mechanism of projection involves the unconscious transfer of:

A) threatening feelings into the unconscious
B) unacceptable wishes into acceptable behaviors
C) one's own unacceptable traits onto other people
D) feelings from the true source to a more acceptable source

Question 67

Erogenous zones,according to Freud,describe areas of the:

A) brain where anxiety becomes repressed
B) body that are associated with sexual feelings
C) personality striving for personal growth
D) soul that are filled with positive regard

Question 68

What defense mechanism involves turning unacceptable wishes into acceptable behaviors?

A) projection
B) sublimation
C) displacement
D) rationalization

Question 69

Freud believed that personality development proceeded through a sequence of ____ stages.

A) cognitive
B) psychosexual
C) biological
D) psychosocial

Question 70

Barbara refuses to believe that drinking and driving is dangerous.Barbara seems to be using the Freudian defense mechanism called:

A) reaction formation
B) sublimation
C) displacement
D) denial

Question 71

The use of defense mechanisms is:

A) always harmful
B) at a conscious level
C) helpful as long as we work on the real causes of the anxiety
D) to reduce depression caused by the id-superego conflict

Question 72

Which of the following is an example of projection?

A) A man is angry with his wife, so he yells at his employee.
B) A man denies that he is angry with his wife.
C) A man is angry with his wife, but says that she is the one who is angry.
D) A man makes up excuses for why he is angry with his wife.

Question 73

According to Freud,____ represent the potential conflict between an individual's id and his or her parents.

A) defense mechanisms
B) erogenous zones
C) Freudian slips
D) psychosexual stages

Question 74

Refusing to recognize some anxiety-provoking event or information is the Freudian defense mechanism called:

A) denial
B) sublimation
C) rationalization
D) displacement

Question 75

Tara witnessed a terrible car accident,but now cannot remember any of it.Tara's inability to recall the event is most probably due to:

A) denial
B) projection
C) repression
D) sublimation

Question 76

Which of the following is an example of displacement?

A) a man is angry with his wife, so he yells at his employee
B) a man denies that he is angry with his wife
C) a man is angry with his wife, but says that she is the one who is angry
D) a man makes up excuses for why he is angry with his wife

Question 77

When a person pushes threatening feelings into the unconscious,they are engaging in:

A) repression
B) projection
C) denial
D) sublimation

Question 78

You overhear a husband telling his wife who is breastfeeding their newborn,"Careful,don't give her too much!" Which of the following Freudian terms best illustrates the husband's concern?

A) projection
B) fixation
C) displacement
D) free association

Question 79

Freud described his developmental stages as periods during which the individual:

A) seeks pleasure from different areas of the body
B) resolves psychosocial conflicts
C) deals with real-life problems
D) matures, eventually becoming self-actualized

Question 80

Do we know when we are using a defense mechanism?

A) yes-they are totally conscious
B) sometimes-when the defense mechanism comes from the ego
C) no-they are totally unconscious
D) no-they occur within the superego