Deck 20: Social and Cognitive and Trait Theories

Question 1

Bandura would say that a person's emotional makeup and their biological and genetic influences comprise:

A) personal factors
B) trait factors
C) intelligence
D) cognitive factors

Answer 1

personal factors

Question 2

"Who you are is shaped by the environment,personal-cognitive factors,and behaviors all interacting and influencing how information is processed and used." What kind of theorist would be most likely to make that statement?

A) social cognitive
B) trait
C) humanistic
D) analytical

Answer 2

social cognitive

Question 3

In social cognitive theory,the social,political,and cultural influences that impact us are termed:

A) conscious forces
B) cognitive-personal factors
C) environmental factors
D) internal factors

Answer 3

environmental factors

Question 4

Social cognitive theory was originally known as ____,and was changed to reflect the importance of ____ factors.

A) trait theory; social
B) social learning theory; cognitive
C) psychoanalysis; psychological
D) trait theory; cognitive

Question 5

Albert Bandura developed a theory by which personality development is influenced by highly developed language ability,observational learning,purposeful behavior,and self-analysis.His theory is called:

A) social cognitive theory
B) self-actualization theory
C) self-efficacy theory
D) trait theory

Question 6

In social cognitive theory,beliefs,expectations,values,intentions,and social roles are known as:

A) cognitive factors
B) dispositional factors
C) personal factors
D) traits

Question 7

According to the textbook,women make good cops partly because they:

A) are less authoritarian
B) are more verbal
C) are more permissive
D) can demonstrate empathy easier than men

Question 8

From a social cognitive perspective,what strengthened Wangari Maathai's belief regarding the importance of the environment and planting trees?

A) her behavior of having spoken out against deforestation
B) unconscious motives
C) fixation at the anal stage
D) fulfillment of the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy

Question 9

What are the four cognitive processes in Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?

A) memory, schemas, operant conditioning, and observational learning
B) self-actualization, self-efficacy, locus of control, and classical conditioning
C) language ability, observational learning, purposeful behavior, and self-analysis
D) language ability, gender roles, paradigms, and schemas

Question 10

What words are most descriptive of the social cognitive approach?

A) id, ego, superego
B) self-actualization, intelligence, hierarchy of needs
C) trait, self-efficacy, unconscious motivation
D) cognitive-personal factors, behaviors, environmental factors

Question 11

Trent always expects to fail.Whenever he tries something new he expects to fail.But most of the time,he actually does very well.He has a hard time trying to remember all of the success he has.The social cognitive theory would suggest that his ____ influence(s)the way he interprets his past accomplishments.

A) schemas
B) situational factors
C) intelligence
D) cognitive factors

Question 12

"People are basically good and their personality is shaped by an inborn tendency to reach their greatest potential." What kind of theorist would be most likely to make that statement?

A) social cognitive
B) trait
C) humanistic
D) analytical

Question 13

Ellen's expectation that other people will treat her fairly is an example of what Bandura called:

A) paradigms
B) traits
C) cognitive factors
D) environmental influences

Question 14

The stories of Wangari Maathai and Kiran Bedi illustrate the idea that:

A) personality is fixed from birth
B) personality can help us overcome barriers
C) luck and fate have as much to do with our lives as persistence
D) traits are responsible for civil disobedience

Question 15

According to social cognitive theory,which of the following is/are understood to affect behaviors?

A) beliefs and feelings
B) unconscious wishes
C) unresolved desires
D) unconditional positive regard

Question 16

Stephanie expects that other people will treat her unfairly.This belief influences her behavior to the point that she acts in a suspicious and somewhat rude manner.From the social cognitive perspective,this contributes to:

A) how people treat her, thereby reinforcing her expectations
B) how people treat her, thereby weakening her expectations
C) the self-efficacy of other people
D) her internal locus of control

Question 17

In his social cognitive theory,Bandura emphasizes cognitive-personal factors,behavior,and:

A) traits
B) expectations
C) locus of control
D) environmental influences

Question 18

What are the three interactive factors that play a critical role in shaping our personality according to social cognitive theory?

A) id, ego, and superego
B) cognitive-personal factors, behaviors, and environmental factors
C) unresolved desires, dreams, and self-actualization drives
D) unconditional positive regard, conditional positive regard, and traits

Question 19

What barrier did Wangari Maathai face as she founded the Green Belt Movement?

A) debilitating neurological disorder
B) sexism
C) external locus of control
D) corruption of the government of Kenya

Question 20

As Roger attempts to think about his personality,he remembers what he read once: "Your personality is shaped by the environment,cognitive/personal factors,and behavior." In what source did Roger most likely read that?

A) The Handbook of Psychodynamic Theory
B) Maslow's Essays on Being Human
C) The Hitchhiker's Guide to Social Cognitive Theory
D) The Id, Ego, and Superego

Question 21

Mischel's concept of delay of gratification is best related to:

A) fixation
B) identity
C) will power
D) temperament

Question 22

Clayton flunked his algebra test and believes his failure was due to trick questions on the exam.Clayton appears to:

A) be using sublimation
B) have an external locus of control
C) be self-actualized
D) have unconditional positive regard

Question 23

Researchers have found correlations between the locus of control and psychological functioning.Which of the following is an incorrect summary of the research?

A) People with an internal locus of control are generally higher achievers
B) People with an internal locus of control are generally more likely to take preventive health measures
C) People with an internal locus of control are generally more depressed
D) People with an internal locus of control report less stress

Question 24

To postpone an immediate reward in favor of completing a task for a future reward is called:

A) self-efficacy
B) postponement bias
C) delay of gratification
D) self-actualization

Question 25

A father is having a discussion with his 15-year-old daughter.He asks what she plans to do with her life.She replies,"I don't know.Whatever happens to me will happen,I guess!" Her response best illustrates a(n)____ locus of control.

A) external
B) internal
C) primary
D) secondary

Question 26

A popular television game show has influenced our society.We imitate what the host says and how he dresses.Imitation best illustrates ____.Is that your final answer?

A) delay of gratification
B) self-actualization
C) locus of control
D) observational learning

Question 27

"What's the use? It doesn't matter how hard I prepare for this job interview.Whatever happens is just fate or luck." This thinking reflects:

A) an external locus of control
B) a holistic view of life
C) an internal locus of control
D) becoming fixated at the oral stage of development

Question 28

As part of a class you are interviewing a five-year-old girl.You ask the child to explain how to cook breakfast and how to ride a bike.She doesn't seem to notice that her explanations do not make sense.Since you are familiar with social cognitive theory,you know that this child probably has not yet developed a mature ability of:

A) self-efficacy
B) self-analysis
C) schemes
D) purposeful behavior

Question 29

If you believe that you have control over situations and rewards,you possess:

A) self-efficacy
B) an internal locus of control
C) an external locus of control
D) self-focused control

Question 30

"I wear my seatbelt every time I'm in a car.I know that I can take steps to keep myself safe and healthy.I must have a(n)____ locus of control."

A) secondary
B) primary
C) external
D) internal

Question 31

You are writing a paper for a class.As you start writing,you notice that you keep on evaluating your work.You keep deleting what you've just written and decide to take a different approach in your paper.Your ____ allows you to monitor your writing.

A) self-analysis
B) purposeful behavior
C) locus of control
D) observational learning

Question 32

After watching a basketball game,a group of fifth graders go to the gym to play.Each one of them tries to model what they saw at the game.The cognitive factor most illustrated here is:

A) locus of control
B) sublimation
C) delay of gratification
D) observational learning

Question 33

Our belief about how much control we have over situations or rewards is called:

A) self-efficacy
B) self-analysis
C) locus of control
D) purposeful behavior

Question 34

A visit to the local mall will reveal that many young boys are wearing the football jersey of a famous quarterback.This best illustrates:

A) self-analysis
B) observational learning
C) self-efficacy
D) locus of control

Question 35

After reading about Bandura's theory,you realize that you can set goals,plan ahead,and try to anticipate future events.In other words,you are capable of:

A) self-analysis
B) establishing your own locus of control
C) using language
D) purposeful behavior

Question 36

A new television show is watched by millions of teenagers.Parents and teachers have noticed that teenagers are imitating the dress and the language of this television show.Bandura would use the factor of ____ to explain this phenomenon.

A) self-analysis
B) self-actualization
C) observational learning
D) locus of control

Question 37

Research suggests that people with an internal locus of control are more likely to:

A) report less stress
B) report more depression
C) engage in unhealthy risk-taking behaviors
D) be self-actualized

Question 38

Learning by watching others and performing the modeled behavior is known as ____ learning.

A) observational
B) perceptual
C) operant
D) classical

Question 39

Ann believes that good things happen to her when she works hard.From a social cognitive perspective,Ann has:

A) self-actualized
B) self-focused control
C) an external locus of control
D) an internal locus of control

Question 40

Sarah has just received a job offer for a position that doesn't pay well and has few opportunities for advancement.But jobs are scarce.Does she take the job and forego another more favorable job offer in the future? She decides to say no to the present offer.She is experiencing:

A) regression
B) delay of gratification
C) fixation
D) an approach-approach conflict

Question 41

A person's fear of snakes can be successfully treated by observing a fearless model handling a snake.This is based on:

A) psychodynamic theory
B) humanistic theory
C) social cognitive theory
D) the trait approach

Question 42

Which of the following is not used to judge self-efficacy according to Bandura?

A) comparing our capabilities with those of others
B) comparing our actual experiences to a hierarchical base rate
C) listening to what other people say about our capabilities
D) using feedback from our bodies

Question 43

Which of the following is a criticism of social cognitive theory?

A) It describes an interaction among only cognitive-personal factors, behaviors, and the environment.
B) It is experimentally based.
C) It pays little attention to genetic factors.
D) Many of the concepts have been manipulated, controlled, and tested.

Question 44

An advantage of the social cognitive approach is that:

A) it does consider the importance of unconscious motives
B) it has integrated more influential factors than other theories
C) childhood experiences are examined
D) it is based primarily upon the clinical experiences of Albert Bandura

Question 45

Dr.Erkzine says that one of the shortcomings of social cognitive theory is that it is empirically based.What is your reaction to his criticism?

A) You agree and would add that there is more evidence supporting the psychodynamic theory.
B) Being experimentally based is actually a strength of social cognitive theory.
C) He may be right, but that is a mild problem of social cognitive theory.
D) You agree and add that another shortcoming is that the theory just focuses on environmental influences.

Question 46

One criticism of social cognitive theory is that:

A) many concepts have not been experimentally based
B) it takes into account interactions among cognitive factors, behavior, and environmental factors
C) too little attention is paid to childhood experiences
D) these concepts have been unsuccessfully used in programs for change

Question 47

Do women make better peacekeepers? Evidence suggests that the answer is:

A) yes, at least for now, because women have a greater determination to succeed
B) no, because women in our society tend to have a lower sense of self-efficacy
C) yes, because personality traits shared by many women are useful in keeping the peace
D) no, because the performance of male and female officers is about the same

Question 48

An accurate evaluation of social-cognitive theory is that social cognitive concepts:

A) are less subject to error and bias
B) cannot be manipulated or experimentally tested
C) form a complete theory of personality
D) include the influence of childhood and emotional factors

Question 49

There is a children's story of a little red engine that was confronted with a heavy load.The little red engine kept saying,"I think I can,I think I can" as it attempted to carry the load.Which of the components of social cognitive theory does this story best illustrate?

A) self-efficacy
B) positive regard
C) willpower
D) personal factors

Question 50

Wayne likes to play computer games,and he is especially good at ones that require good eye-hand coordination.He is poor on games that require forethought and critical thinking.His brother Lloyd introduces Wayne to a game that is very similar to the ones at which he has already excelled.Based upon your understanding of social-cognitive theory,what is Wayne's self-efficacy and why?

A) weak self-efficacy-he is comparing his performance to Lloyd's
B) strong self-efficacy-he is able to have an external locus of control
C) strong self-efficacy-because of his success in the past on similar games
D) weak self-efficacy-his body is telling him that he is anxious

Question 51

"I don't think that I'm capable of selecting the right answer to this question." According to Bandura,this best illustrates weak:

A) ideal self
B) transference
C) self-actualization
D) self-efficacy

Question 52

Experiments testing children's ability to delay gratification have found that:

A) the desire for immediate gratification is correlated with success in adult life
B) a child's ability to delay gratification is determined by the perceived strength of that gratification
C) children who are able to delay gratification develop into adolescents who can concentrate better than those who cannot
D) a child's ability to delay gratification is unrelated to his or her eventual personality

Question 53

The case of Michael J.Fox illustrates:

A) the shortcomings of social cognitive theory
B) the person-situation interaction
C) the role that the unconscious mind has on motivation
D) how beliefs influence personality and behavior

Question 54

A social cognitive theorist would say that as a college student,you must be able to put off immediate rewards and develop the ability to:

A) delay gratification
B) self-actualize without fulfilling deficiency needs
C) tolerate conditional positive regard
D) resolve any id-superego conflict

Question 55

According to research cited in your textbook,four-year-old children who can delay gratification tend to:

A) strive for higher achievement
B) get better grades
C) select less preferred rewards
D) become easily frustrated

Question 56

Denise told her nine-year-old daughter Miranda that she could spend her money now and get an inexpensive toy.On the other hand,Miranda could also save her money and purchase a more expensive and more preferred toy later.Which of the following,according to Bandura,is most likely to influence her decision?

A) postponement bias
B) delay of gratification
C) the Big Five Traits
D) locus of control

Question 57

According to the research on self-efficacy,your motivation for doing well on a variety of tasks is influenced by:

A) how strongly you believe in your own capabilities
B) the extent to which you resolved the Oedipus or Electra complex
C) the ability to delay gratification
D) how others treat your capability

Question 58

If you think that you can't successfully go on a diet,lose weight,and keep it off,then you have:

A) strong delay of gratification
B) strong self-efficacy
C) Oedipus conflict
D) weak self-efficacy

Question 59

Which of the following is not related to the ability to delay gratification?

A) more competence
B) high intelligence
C) greater social responsibility
D) lower self-efficacy

Question 60

______ refers to one's confidence in their ability to organize and execute a given course of action to solve a problem or accomplish a ask.

A) Self-actualization
B) Self-esteem
C) Self-regard
D) Self-efficacy

Question 61

A personality researcher tells her associates that her goal is to identify the smallest number of enduring tendencies that can describe all the differences between personalities.This researcher appears to subscribe to which theory of personality?

A) trait
B) psychodynamic
C) social cognitive
D) humanistic

Question 62

Which of the following is not one of the five groups of traits in the five-factor model used to describe personality?

A) neuroticism
B) intelligence
C) extroversion
D) agreeableness

Question 63

When making decisions,Kevin doesn't systematically consider options and their possible consequences.In fact,you could say he makes decisions carelessly.Which of The Big Five traits is most relevant to Kevin?

A) conscientiousness
B) anal expulsive
C) extraversion
D) fixation

Question 64

An approach aimed at understanding the structure of personality by measuring,identifying,and classifying similarities and differences in personality is called:

A) social cognitive theory
B) cognitive-behavioral theory
C) psychodynamic theory
D) trait theory

Question 65

Cattell utilized factor analysis to reduce Allport's lengthy list of traits down to:

A) a five-factor model
B) source traits
C) a hierarchy of traits
D) higher-order and lower-order traits

Question 66

Ellie,a college sophomore,doesn't enjoy going to social events.She would prefer to stay at home.Which of The Big Five traits is most relevant to Ellie?

A) supertrait
B) conscientiousness
C) extraversion
D) locus of control

Question 67

Officer Taylor is a 20-year veteran of the police department.If he is typical of male police officers,his traits would include:

A) diplomacy
B) sympathy
C) assertiveness
D) compassion

Question 68

The statistical technique that reveals relationships among different items and then puts similar items into groups is called:

A) factor analysis
B) correlation
C) standard deviation
D) linear regression

Question 69

Jeremy is very outgoing.He enjoys taking risks and being involved in any social activities.He prefers to be with people and dislikes jobs where he has to work alone.Jeremy would be classified being high on the ______ factor of the Big Five model.

A) neuroticism
B) openness
C) extraversion
D) antagonism

Question 70

Just as Professor Snyder is dismissing class,she says,"Tomorrow we will look at relatively stable and enduring tendencies to behave in particular ways." Since you've done the assigned reading already,you know that tomorrow the professor will be presenting the topic of ____ theory.

A) social cognitive
B) psychodynamic
C) trait
D) humanistic

Question 71

A relatively stable and enduring tendency to behave in a particular way is called a(n):

A) self-concept
B) trait
C) internal locus of control
D) factor

Question 72

In the Big Five,each factor represents:

A) one or two "subtraits"
B) an unconscious construct that cannot be measured
C) a dichotomy
D) a continuum of behavior

Question 73

Which names are most associated with the trait theory of personality?

A) Richard Lazarus and Alfred Binet
B) Walter Mischel and Julian Rotter
C) Gordon Allport and Raymond Cattell
D) Albert Bandura and B. F. Skinner

Question 74

During a meeting,Howard presents an idea for a new product.Bobby,who has a tendency to have narrow interests,says,"That new product Howard talks about,it will never work.Never,never,never and you can bet on that!" Which of the following traits would be most applicable to Bobby?

A) openness
B) conscientiousness
C) extroversion
D) neuroticism

Question 75

A term used to describe female police officers is ____,while male police officers are described as ____.

A) peacekeepers; enforcers
B) negotiators; peacekeepers
C) referees; enforcers
D) enforcers; referees

Question 76

In the 1930s,Gordon Allport found ____ traits in the dictionary.

A) 4,500
B) 7,500
C) 10,000
D) 11,750

Question 77

What was the disadvantage to the list of traits developed by Gordon Allport?

A) traits cannot be measured
B) some traits were poorly defined
C) there were too few traits
D) it was too long

Question 78

The acronym OCEAN refers to:

A) an objective measure of personality
B) defense mechanisms
C) The Big Five traits
D) the elements of social cognitive theory

Question 79

Using personality characteristics that are relatively stable and enduring to explain behavior is called:

A) the trait approach
B) the cognitive-social approach
C) the psychodynamic approach
D) the transactional approach

Question 80

Who was it that constructed a list of traits that was considered too long and therefore impractical to use in research?

A) Albert Bandura
B) Gordon Allport
C) Daryl Bem
D) B.F. Skinner