Deck 9: Classical Conditioning

Question 1

Simone is listening to her professor's lecture.Class is about to end when the professor previews the topic for the next meeting."Next time," he says,"we will examine learning." Since Simone has done the assigned reading,she correctly thinks to herself:

A) "Let's see-that's when there is a temporary change in behavior that results from genetically programed development."
B) "Oh, that's when there is permanent change in behavior that is due to maturation."
C) "Learning-that's when there is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from previous experience with certain stimuli and responses."
D) "Learning is the change in behavior that results from biological changes, fatigue, or injury."

Answer 1

"Learning-that's when there is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from previous experience with certain stimuli and responses."

Question 2

Of the following,which would a psychologist consider the best example of learning?

A) a young man's beard beginning to grow at age 15
B) a woman experiencing labor pains
C) salmon swimming upstream during the mating season
D) a child acquiring the ability to ride a bicycle

Answer 2

a child acquiring the ability to ride a bicycle

Question 3

The example of Michelle becoming nauseous when she smelled dish-washing soap can be best explained by a type of learning called:

A) classical conditioning
B) instrumental conditioning
C) cognitive learning
D) imprinting

Answer 3

classical conditioning

Question 4

If you wanted to use classical conditioning to get your friends to blink their eyes in response to the word "apple" what would you do?

A) Pair the word "apple" with a puff of air to the eyes.
B) Reinforce eye blinking with a slice of an apple.
C) Reinforce eye blinking to the word "apple" with a dollar.
D) Use punishment by application whenever your friend did not blink when hearing the word "apple."

Question 5

Classical conditioning would be best suited to answer which of the following questions?

A) Why do we repeat behaviors when they are followed by something good?
B) Why do children know a lot about driving a car before their first time behind the wheel?
C) Why do some people associate certain foods with nausea?
D) Why are some animals difficult to train to perform certain kinds of behavior?

Question 6

In Pavlov's study of digestion,he noticed that the dogs were salivating at the sight of food.What was Pavlov's initial reaction to this?

A) The salivation was considered to be a bothersome problem.
B) He was very excited, since he wanted the dogs to salivate at the sight of food.
C) He expected it, so it did not affect his study of digestion.
D) He considered it an irrelevant point and initially ignored it.

Question 7

"A relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge that results from previous experience with certain stimuli and responses" is the definition of:

A) learning
B) imprinting
C) extinction
D) generalization

Question 8

Classical conditioning was discovered by:

A) B. F. Skinner
B) Ivan Pavlov
C) Edward Thorndike
D) Albert Bandura

Question 9

The Law of Effect states that random actions are strengthened and will be more likely to occur in the future if the actions are:

A) reflexive
B) followed by a reward or pleasurable consequence
C) negatively reinforced
D) put into memory

Question 10

Ivan Pavlov was studying ____ before he stumbled on to ____.

A) operant conditioning; classical conditioning
B) problem solving in cats; law of effect
C) digestion in dogs; classical conditioning
D) problem solving in dogs; the law of effect

Question 11

The sight of a needle can trigger fear in some people.What type of learning can explain this association?

A) classical conditioning
B) instrumental conditioning
C) cognitive learning
D) imprinting

Question 12

What do classical conditioning,operant conditioning,and cognitive learning all have in common?

A) Each is based upon the law of effect.
B) These forms of learning were once thought to be valid explanations of how we learn, but now are considered by psychologists as inadequate.
C) These forms of learning are common in animals, but rare in humans.
D) These are all forms of learning.

Question 13

The Law of Effect is important in:

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) cognitive learning
D) latent learning

Question 14

After eating a hot dog at Chez Dave's restaurant,Elmer gets sick and never wants to eat a hot dog again.This experience is a form of what learning process?

A) imprinting
B) operant conditioning
C) spontaneous learning
D) classical conditioning

Question 15

Humans are naturally frightened by loud noises.Suppose Mr.Bates was taking a shower when an explosion occurred in the building next door.The next time he took a shower,Mr.Bates felt scared and his heart pounded.What form of learning has he experienced?

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) cognitive learning
D) latent learning

Question 16

What form of learning involves a neutral stimulus acquiring the ability to produce a response that was originally produced by a different stimulus?

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) cognitive learning
D) latent learning

Question 17

Learning can be best defined as:

A) a change in behavior related to mental events
B) a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience
C) an improvement in abilities resulting from formal instruction
D) the acquisition of information through research

Question 18

What percentage of the general population experiences fear of needles and injections?

A) 1%
B) 10-20%
C) 30-40%
D) 60-70%

Question 19

Presenting the examples of an aftershave causing anxiety,fear of needles,and the smell of dish soap causing nausea illustrates:

A) how irrational our thinking can be at times
B) that many of our behaviors are the result of learning
C) the diversity of human behavior
D) the concept of insight

Question 20

Uncle Joe is a very wise old man.One day you asked him for advice and he said,"You are likely to do tomorrow what today led to a pleasurable consequence." You are impressed because he was defining:

A) stimulus substitution
B) the cognitive perspective of classical conditioning
C) a conditioned stimulus
D) the Law of Effect

Question 21

In Pavlov's study,the unconditioned stimulus was:

A) food
B) a tone (bell)
C) salivation
D) fear

Question 22

Learning that involves mental processes,such as attention and memory,is called:

A) classical conditioning
B) cognitive learning
C) operant conditioning
D) Law of Effect learning

Question 23

According to cognitive learning,learning can take place in an individual:

A) who has not received any external rewards
B) only if the learning is reflexive in nature
C) who shows a change in behavior
D) only when the behavior is followed by an effect

Question 24

You missed class the day classical conditioning was discussed,so you borrow your friend's notes.As you are reading the notes you see that the neutral stimulus was the bell,the UCS was food,and the UCR was salivation.As you look further in the notes,you cannot read what is written about the CS,since your friend was running out of ink as she took notes.Given what you can read,you reason that the CS is:

A) salivation-since that is the normal response to food
B) salivation-since the UCR becomes the CS
C) bell-since the neutral stimulus becomes the CS
D) food-since the UCS becomes the CS

Question 25

That which automatically causes a reflex response is called a(n):

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Question 26

A response that is inborn and automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus is called a(n)____ response.

A) learned
B) imprinted
C) unconditioned
D) neutral

Question 27

An unconditioned stimulus:

A) automatically triggers a physiological reflex
B) requires conscious effort
C) is paired with a conditioned response
D) is acquired through practice

Question 28

In which type of learning do the consequences of a behavior influence whether an organism will perform the same behavior in the future?

A) classical conditioning
B) target learning
C) operant conditioning
D) latent learning

Question 29

What is the best example of operant conditioning?

A) Two boys imitate a professional wrestler they saw on television.
B) A young child becomes fearful whenever seeing the babysitter.
C) A group of pigs come running when they hear the farmer opening the feed box.
D) A student is given a sticker for getting 100% on her math test and consequently studies harder for the next exam.

Question 30

Of the following words,which is central to the form of learning called operant conditioning?

A) cognitive
B) consequence
C) conditioned
D) mental

Question 31

You are reading a book entitled "Learning Through Imitation." Who is the most likely author of the book?

A) Albert Bandura
B) Ivan Pavlov
C) B. F. Skinner
D) E. L. Thorndike

Question 32

Before learning,a neutral stimulus:

A) is paired with the unconditioned response
B) is a reflexive action
C) does not produce the reflex being tested
D) only works with humans, not with animals

Question 33

An individual most closely associated with cognitive learning is:

A) B. F. Skinner
B) Albert Bandura
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Ivan Pavlov

Question 34

Dr.Bell sounds a chime during a laboratory experiment.A dog named Cleo does not react.Based on this information,you conclude the chime is a(n)____ stimulus.

A) unconditioned
B) conditioned
C) neutral
D) generalized

Question 35

In Pavlov's study,the neutral stimulus was:

A) food
B) a tone (bell)
C) salivation
D) fear

Question 36

In Pavlov's laboratory experiments with dogs,the tone first served as a(n)____,and later as a(n)____.

A) unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus
B) neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
C) neutral response; unconditioned stimulus
D) conditioned stimulus; neutral response

Question 37

Pavlov is to Bandura as ____ is to ____.

A) cognitive learning; classical conditioning
B) cognitive learning; operant conditioning
C) classical conditioning; cognitive learning
D) observational learning; operant conditioning

Question 38

Operant conditioning focuses on how:

A) people learn from the examples of others
B) repetition results in reflexive habits
C) behavior is influenced by its consequences
D) stimuli are paired to elicit a response

Question 39

Which of the following is not a step in classical conditioning?

A) selecting stimulus and response
B) establishing the conditioned response
C) determining schedule of reinforcement
D) testing for conditioning

Question 40

Unconditioned is to conditioned as ____ is to ____.

A) food; salivation
B) reflex; learned
C) response; stimulus
D) learned; reflex

Question 41

Compared to the unconditioned response,the conditioned response is usually:

A) different in appearance
B) more intense
C) elicited by the unconditioned stimulus
D) smaller in magnitude

Question 42

Paul's mother buys him a sailor's cap before they go on a family fishing trip.On the boat,Paul gets nauseated and throws up.The next day he gets nauseated when he sees his sailor's cap.The cap has become a(n):

A) conditioned stimulus
B) conditioned response
C) unconditioned stimulus
D) unconditioned response

Question 43

Debbie is in a traffic accident.As a result of the accident,she has become fearful of being inside a car.Debbie's fear is a(n):

A) conditioned response
B) conditioned stimulus
C) example of generalization
D) example of spontaneous recovery

Question 44

In Pavlov's study,the unconditioned response was:

A) food
B) a tone (bell)
C) salivation
D) fear

Question 45

The best example of an unconditioned response is:

A) an eye blink caused by a particle of dust
B) salivating while watching a food advertisement on TV
C) a knee jerk following the sound of a bell
D) feeling nervous while in the presence of an attractive member of the opposite sex

Question 46

Eric takes part in an experiment where the sound of a bell immediately precedes a puff of air to the eye that causes him to blink.After a few trials,Eric blinks as soon as he hears the bell.The sound of the bell is a(n):

A) conditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) unconditioned response

Question 47

What does the subject learn in classical conditioning?

A) CR predicts the UCS.
B) The neutral stimulus predicts the CR.
C) The UCS predicts the UCR.
D) The neutral stimulus predicts the UCS.

Question 48

Stimuli similar to,but not identical with,a conditioned stimulus elicit conditioned responses through a process known as:

A) discrimination
B) generalization
C) recovery
D) extinction

Question 49

In Pavlov's study,the conditioned stimulus was:

A) food
B) a tone (bell)
C) salivation
D) fear

Question 50

Roy's knee jerks the first time a psychologist taps it with a small hammer during an experiment.The knee jerk is a(n):

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned response
C) unconditioned response
D) habit

Question 51

In Pavlov's study,the conditioned response was:

A) food
B) a tone (bell)
C) salivation
D) fear

Question 52

If you've been classically conditioned to salivate to a bell,you've learned that the:

A) food predicts the bell
B) reinforcement predicts salivating
C) the bell predicts food
D) food predicts salivating

Question 53

The first time Mindy placed a piece of meat in her pet poodle's mouth,the poodle salivated.The poodle's salivation is a(n):

A) conditioned response
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 54

The conditioned response is not as strong as the unconditioned response.What does that mean in the context of Pavlov's experiment?

A) The CR elicits a smaller amount of food.
B) The CS elicits a smaller amount of saliva.
C) The UCR elicits a smaller amount of saliva.
D) The UCS elicits a smaller amount of saliva.

Question 55

In classical conditioning,the presentation of both neutral stimulus and UCS is called a:

A) trial
B) placebo
C) step
D) link

Question 56

If conditioning has taken place,the neutral stimulus becomes the:

A) unconditioned response
B) conditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) operant

Question 57

After being classically conditioned to feel anxiety to aftershave,Carla finds that her deodorant,which smells similar to the aftershave,can elicit similar feelings.This best illustrates:

A) extinction
B) discrimination
C) recovery
D) generalization

Question 58

A farmer always uses the same squeaky wheelbarrow to carry feed out to his sheep.When he does this,the sheep head for the feed trough in anticipation.In this example,noise of the wheelbarrow would be a(n):

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Question 59

Jacob has a drinking problem and is given a drug that makes him feel nauseated when he ingests alcohol.After becoming sick several times when having a beer at a bar after work,Jacob becomes nauseated while driving past a bar.In this example,the bar can be considered the:

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Question 60

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

A) neutral stimulus ® CS
B) CS ® CR
C) UCR ® UCS
D) UCS ® UCR

Question 61

Your neighbor's beagle chases Manny the mailman.The next day,Manny becomes scared when he sees your cocker spaniel.Manny's response to your spaniel is an example of:

A) imprinting
B) generalization
C) discrimination
D) unconditioned response

Question 62

Spontaneous recovery is defined as the:

A) resultant product of cognitive learning
B) reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response
C) discrimination of certain stimuli from other similar stimuli
D) generalization of a response to other similar stimuli

Question 63

If Pavlov's dogs only salivated to a middle-pitch bell,but not to a high-pitch bell,then this suggests ____ has taken place.

A) discrimination
B) extinction
C) generalization
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 64

Extinction,in classical conditioning terminology,refers to:

A) the generalization of a CR to many different stimuli, resulting in a constant UCR
B) the unlearning of a CR via counterconditioning
C) the disappearance of a CR when the CS is no longer paired with the UCS
D) the forgetting of a UCR after a long time has elapsed

Question 65

At the beginning of his last vacation,Mike fell off a horse.He got right back in the saddle,though,and overcame his apprehension.If Mike experiences spontaneous recovery during his next vacation,he will:

A) experience some fear of horses
B) find that his riding skills have not left him
C) like horseback riding more than ever
D) demand that he ride the same horse again

Question 66

The best example of stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning is:

A) a child learning to avoid rats but not hamsters
B) recognizing that a police siren sounding in San Diego, California, has a similar meaning to one sounding in Erie, Pennsylvania
C) blinking when words similar to "chime" are spoken
D) refusing to eat Chinese food after associating it with feelings of nausea

Question 67

Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell.The dogs may have also salivated to the telephone ringing.This is an example of:

A) discrimination
B) extinction
C) generalization
D) operant conditioning

Question 68

Discrimination is to ____ as generalization is to ____.

A) learned; unlearned
B) restrict; liberate
C) narrow; broad
D) reappear; disappear

Question 69

Baby Alice is playing with a white bunny rabbit when a loud noise suddenly startles her,and she begins to cry.Alice is later given a white cat to play with and begins crying again.Her reaction to the white cat illustrates:

A) generalization
B) discrimination
C) spontaneous recovery
D) extinction

Question 70

After her bad experience in the dentist's office and smelling his aftershave,Carla also became anxious when smelling hair shampoo that is similar to the aftershave.This is an example of:

A) generalization
B) extinction
C) discrimination
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 71

Morty is involved in a car wreck on Interstate 15.The next day,he becomes anxious and fretful when passing the spot of the accident.After several weeks of passing the spot every day on the way to work,Morty's negative reaction subsides.His anxiety has undergone:

A) discrimination
B) generalization
C) spontaneous recovery
D) extinction

Question 72

Marsha feeds her dog Bubbles if Bubbles barks when the light is turned on,but not if the light is turned off.Soon Bubbles barks only when the light is turned on.Bubbles is exhibiting:

A) spontaneous recovery
B) extinction
C) generalization
D) discrimination

Question 73

According to Pavlov,generalization has:

A) little impact on conditioned response
B) little effect on emotional responses
C) adaptive value
D) been discarded as a reliable phenomenon

Question 74

What concept refers to the usefulness of certain abilities that tend to increase an animal's chance of survival?

A) evolved utility
B) adaptive value
C) survival predisposition
D) unconditioned preparedness

Question 75

For some reason,Carla becomes anxious when she smells the aftershave "Old Spice" but not other brands of aftershave.What is the reason for this difference?

A) generalization
B) spontaneous recovery
C) discrimination
D) extinction

Question 76

You have classically conditioned your 3-year-old niece to shut her eyes in anticipation of a puff of air.However,she has since learned that the CS no longer predicts the UCS and has experienced extinction.What has happened?

A) She no longer shuts her eyes in response to the CS.
B) She no longer shuts her eyes in response to the UCS.
C) She shuts her eyes more rapidly now in response to the CS.
D) She no longer shuts her eyes in response to the UCR.

Question 77

A child falls off her bike and becomes afraid to ride.What is likely to occur if she tries to take short,safe rides that do not result in her falling?

A) conditioned learning
B) extinction
C) discrimination
D) generalization

Question 78

"I thought I was over that feeling of nausea following my conditioning to pizza a couple of months ago,but I guess not." This best illustrates:

A) spontaneous recovery
B) partial extinction
C) extinction
D) cognitive learning

Question 79

In an experiment in which tones are generally followed by a puff of air directed at the subject's eyes,repeated presentation of a tone without being followed by a puff of air on the eye would probably result in:

A) classical conditioning
B) extinction
C) discrimination
D) generalization

Question 80

In classical conditioning,when an organism responds to some stimuli,but not to others,the organism is demonstrating:

A) discrimination
B) generalization
C) spontaneous recovery
D) cognitive learning