Deck 4: Becoming an Ethical Professional

Question 1

Which of the following statements about social learning theory is true?

A) Social learning theory was developed by Lawrence Kohlberg.
B) Social learning theory reflects the idea of modeling as the mechanism of development.
C) Social learning theorists believe moral behavior is hierarchical.
D) Social learning theorists believe that as we develop, we move from pure egoism toward altruism.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Social learning theory was developed by:

A) Albert Bandura
B) Jean Piaget
C) Erik Erikson
D) B. F. Skinner

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of Kohlberg's moral stages has an interpersonal concordance orientation?

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Proponents of learning theory are best described by what term?

A) deontological
B) teleological
C) relativist
D) absolutist

Question 5

Which of the following is not a characteristic of frontal lobe damage?

A) difficulty in logical reasoning
B) impulsivity
C) tendency toward apathy
D) loss of motor function

Question 6

According to learning theorists:

A) Behavior arises from moral beliefs.
B) Moral behavior arises through reason.
C) Moral beliefs arise from a habit of moral behavior that is the product of reinforcement.
D) Negative reinforcement is the most effective way to teach moral belief.

Question 7

Sanitizing language,such as "wasting" or "whacking" instead of killing is an example of:

A) behavioral classification
B) metaphorical cataloging
C) cognitive adage
D) euphemistic labeling

Question 8

Shermer believes that morality is a product of?

A) learning
B) reasoning
C) evolution
D) negative reinforcement

Question 9

According to Bandura,self-regulation can be "turned off," leading to inhumane acts,through cognitive restructuring via several different mechanisms.Which of the following is not one of these mechanisms?

A) Diffusion of responsibility
B) Displacement of responsibility
C) Advantageous labeling
D) Disregard of the consequences

Question 10

According to Kohlberg there are ______ stages of moral development?

A) Six
B) Seven
C) Five
D) Three

Question 11

Which of the following is a type of test that measures an individual's ability to recognize and/or agree with moral terms?

A) memory tests
B) spatial skill tests
C) recognition tests
D) intelligence tests

Question 12

Who of the following is not associated with developmental theories?

A) Kohlberg
B) Bentham
C) Gilligan
D) Piaget

Question 13

Which part of the brain is associated with feelings of empathy?

A) frontal lobes
B) inferior parietal lobe
C) left hemisphere
D) right hemisphere

Question 14

The discomfort that results when behavior is not consistent with beliefs is called:

A) cognitive dissension
B) value discord
C) cognitive dissonance
D) norm disagreement

Question 15

Which of the following is not associated with learning theory?

A) moral reasoning
B) cognitive dissonance
C) reinforcement
D) modeling

Question 16

____________________ can be defined as the individual's feelings of competence,and this sense is developed by comparing the self to others.

A) Cognitive dissonance
B) Self-efficacy
C) Euphamistic morality
D) Self-adequacy

Question 17

Studies regarding biological sex differences in brain activity found evidence of sex differences in all except:

A) antisocial tendencies
B) delinquency
C) conduct disorders
D) intelligence

Question 18

Ethical leaders should foster personal relationships with their subordinates in order to facilitate:

A) caring
B) modeling
C) knowledge of weaknesses
D) friendship

Question 19

Which of the following statements about developmental theories is false?

A) Developmental theories propose that individuals mature physically, cognitively, and emotionally.
B) Developmental theories argue that individuals have normal growth phases in areas such as morality and emotional maturity.
C) Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg are well-known developmental theorists.
D) Kohlberg's moral stages of development consist of two stages of moral reasoning, with three stages in each level.

Question 20

According to Kohlberg,which is the first stage of moral development?

A) punishment and obedience orientation
B) instrument and relativity orientation
C) social contract orientation
D) law and order orientation

Question 21

A combination of moral training and a positive social environment has been shown to improve both moral reasoning and moral behavior in offender populations.

Question 22

According to Kohlberg,moral development is closely related to intellectual development.

Question 23

During Kohlberg's __________________ level,people perceive themselves as members of society,and living up to role responsibilities is paramount in believing oneself to be good.

A) pre-conventional
B) post-conventional
C) un-conventional
D) conventional

Question 24

Which of Kohlberg's moral stages centers on universal ethical principles?

A) Stage 3
B) Stage 4
C) Stage 5
D) Stage 6

Question 25

According to learning theory,moral behavior is learned best through reinforcement and exposure to higher order reasoning.

Question 26

Theorists who view deviance as incomplete socialization have a perspective that is most consistent with learning theory

Question 27

According to the text,the condition in which a worker has abandoned the mission of the organization and is just "going through the motions" is called:

A) burnout
B) anomie
C) catatonia
D) alienation

Question 28

Kohlberg's seventh stage of moral development centers on the concept of agape.

Question 29

According to Gilligan,men are not capable of analyzing an ethical dilemma using the care perspective.

Question 30

Learning theorists believe that punishments and rewards are more effective methods to keep workers ethical than training classes.

Question 31

Some biological theorists believe that morality lies in the "emotion" centers of the brain.

Question 32

Kohlberg advanced the possibility of a seventh stage described as a:

A) "enlightened" stage involving law-and-order orientation
B) "soft" stage of ethical awareness with an orientation of cosmic or religious thinking
C) "universal" stage where the child becomes aware of and is concerned with others' needs
D) "final" stage where the individual performs conventionally determined good behavior to be considered a good person

Question 33

Which of the following statements about developmental theories is true?

A) Developmental theories propose that individuals mature physically, cognitively, and emotionally
B) Developmental theorists believe that exceptionally bright individuals can skip stages
C) Bentham is a well-known developmental theorist
D) Developmental theories argue that individual have normal "moral imaginations"

Question 34

The My Lai incident took place in:

A) Iraq
B) Korea
C) Japan
D) Vietnam

Question 35

Which of the following individuals added a "care perspective" to Kohlberg's theory?

A) Jean Piaget
B) Albert Bandura
C) Carol Gilligan
D) Jackson Flanagan

Question 36

During Kohlberg's __________________ level,a person moves beyond the norms and laws of a society to determine universal good,that is,what is good for all societies.

A) pre-conventional
B) post-conventional
C) un-conventional
D) conventional

Question 37

During Kohlberg's __________________level,the person approaches a moral issue motivated purely by personal interests.

A) pre-conventional
B) post-conventional
C) un-conventional
D) conventional

Question 38

According to Kohlberg,all people progress through each stage of moral development until they reach the highest stage.

Question 39

Burnout refers to when criminal justice professionals lose their ideals.

Question 40

According to the "corruption continuum" organizations can become corrupt through all of the following except:

A) administrative indifference toward integrity
B) ignoring obvious ethical problems
C) hypocrisy and fear dominated culture
D) charismatic leadership

Question 41

According to the text,how can workers avoid cynicism and burnout?

Question 42

Describe and discuss Kohlberg's moral development theory.What problems do critics see with his theory?

Question 43

_________________________ are "paper-and-pencil" tests that measure an individual's ability to recognize and/or agree with moral terms.

Question 44

Briefly explain how biological approaches might explain antisocial behavior.

Question 45

What advice does Metz offer for leaders?

Question 46

List and discuss the necessary elements that Sherman identified for teaching ethics in criminal justice.

Question 47

Using words that downplay the seriousness of our actions is an example of ________________________.

Question 48

_____________________________ is where each succeeding stage encompasses and is more comprehensive and complicated than the preceding stage.

Question 49

Describe Bandura's definition of self-regulation and discuss at least four of the ways it can be "turned off."

Question 50

The psychological term referring to the discomfort that is created when behavior and attitude or belief are inconsistent is _________________________.

Question 51

Gilligan's description of a "soft" moral orientation emphasizing relationships and needs is referred to as the ________________________.

Question 52

Describe and discuss modeling and reinforcement and how they are related to moral development.

Question 53

_____________________ theories of behavior propose individuals have normal growth patterns in such areas as morality and emotional maturity.

Question 54

______________________ are employees who exposes what they believe to be wrongdoing or illegality in their organization.

Question 55

What are the elements necessary for teaching ethics (or moral reasoning)?

Question 56

____________________ refers to a non-exclusive love and acceptance of everyone.

Question 57

The term _____________________ refers to an individual's feeling of competence.

Question 58

What advice does Souryal offer to those who desire to be good leaders?

Question 59

What are the three basic approaches used to explain human behavior? Explain each.

Question 60

According to ___________________ theorists,the most effective way to change the ethics of a profession is to utilize rewards and punishments to change behaviors; that is,supervision and discipline are the vehicles to creating an ethical organization.