Deck 15: Personality in Perspective

Question 1

In Seligman's terms,people who believe they are in control are ____ rather than ____.

A) rational; irrational
B) restrictive; constricted
C) wealthy; poor
D) optimistic; pessimistic

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Social environmental factors were important to the theory of

A) Allport.
B) Horney.
C) Adler.
D) All of the answers.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Zuckerman's trait of sensation seeking is primarily influenced by

A) genetic factors.
B) environmental factors.
C) factor analysis.
D) unconscious factors.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to Erikson,The formation of ____ identity is influenced by social and environmental forces.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) psyche

Question 5

An accumulation of learned responses is what Skinner used to describe

A) learning.
B) environment.
C) stability.
D) shaping.

Question 6

The _______ approach,with its emphasis on the impact of heredity,remains a useful and growing area of personality research.

A) environmental
B) analysis
C) factor
D) trait

Question 7

Members of minority groups develop a(n)____ identity as well as a(n)____ identity.

A) ethnic; ego
B) abnormal; normal
C) avoidant; assertive
D) subversive; objective

Question 8

No matter how many traits there may be,not even the most ardent proponent of the ___________ approach can argue that personality is completely shaped by ______ factors.

A) environmental/social
B) genetic/inherited
C) educational/learning
D) parental/family

Question 9

Adler argued that personality is influenced greatly by ____.

A) birth order
B) self-esteem
C) self-concept
D) self-efficacy

Question 10

Wars and economic recessions can restrict life choices and influence the formation of

A) self-identity.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-concept.

Question 11

Societal standards and attitudes,likes and dislikes,as well as the nature of external threats are ____ for each generation.

A) similar
B) the same
C) equal
D) different

Question 12

Genetic factors play a part in the theory of

A) Jung.
B) Eysenck.
C) Zuckerman.
D) all of the answers

Question 13

The theorist that believed in the influence of siblings,parents,and social situations in shaping personality is

A) Horney.
B) Allport.
C) Adler.
D) Cattell.

Question 14

There is strong evidence that many personality traits or dimensions are

A) the same.
B) environmentally caused.
C) inherited.
D) different.

Question 15

The theorist who believed that culture affected personality and spoke of female inferiority was

A) Adler.
B) Freud.
C) Fromm.
D) Horney.

Question 16

Overwhelming evidence shows the key factor that influences virtually every aspect of behavior is

A) heredity.
B) environment.
C) learning.
D) development.

Question 17

Personality can be inherited,but ____ and ____ conditions help make up our personality.

A) physiological/biological
B) experience/life
C) social/environmental
D) operational/situational

Question 18

The theorist known for the ideas of self-efficacy,observational learning,and vicarious reinforcement is

A) Cattell.
B) Bandura.
C) Seligman.
D) Zuckerman.

Question 19

All theories discuss ____ that are influential in shaping our personality,to some degree.

A) people
B) factors
C) predispositions
D) conditions

Question 20

Allport noted that ____ supplies the basic material of personality,while ____ shape(s)the person as a finished product.

A) health/physiological forces
B) society/self-actualization
C) genetics/the social environment
D) parental influence/a restricting environment

Question 21

According to ____,it is the parent's responsibility to supply unconditional positive regard to their children.

A) Rogers
B) Adler
C) Horney
D) Fromm

Question 22

Some studies in the 1990s showed that personality is more influenced by _____ than by ______.

A) peers; parents
B) parents; peers
C) school life; home life
D) family; friends

Question 23

In a day care study,no significant differences in self-esteem were found in children when mothers

A) were single.
B) parented strictly.
C) became volunteers at school.
D) worked outside the home.

Question 24

____ believed that personality was shaped and fixed by the age of 5.

A) Jung
B) Freud
C) Fromm
D) Horney

Question 25

The therapist who wrote about his or her own lack of parental warmth and affection was

A) Freud.
B) Bandura.
C) Erikson.
D) Horney.

Question 26

____ is beneficial to many aspects of life and is determined by social and environmental factors.

A) Control
B) Change
C) Consistency
D) Challenge

Question 27

Parents who were described as more ____ had children who were more competent and mature than children raised by permissive or indifferent parents.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) democratic
D) autocratic

Question 28

Considerable research suggests that ____ from parents can promote a child's autonomy,competence,and self-efficacy.

A) discipline
B) shaping
C) criticism
D) praise

Question 29

_________ held that the child's relationship with the mother in the first year of life was vital in promoting a trusting attitude.

A) Rogers
B) Erikson
C) Maslow
D) Skinner

Question 30

In a study of children in Finland,mothers who had a hostile attitude about child rearing raised children who had ____ attitudes at age 15.

A) depressed
B) timid
C) hostile
D) needy

Question 31

Researchers who subscribe to the primacy of genetic factors in personality tend to _________the parental effect.

A) maximize
B) equalize
C) emphasize
D) reject or minimize

Question 32

According to Allport,the mother is the primary source of two conditions crucial to later development:

A) shaping and discipline.
B) negative and positive reinforcement.
C) empathy and genuineness.
D) affection and security.

Question 33

The first theorist to emphasize parental influences on the formation of personality was

A) Adler.
B) Jung.
C) Freud.
D) Horney.

Question 34

In studies of children reared mainly by surrogate mothers and fathers,it was important for the children to ____ with their parents or caregivers.

A) live
B) bond
C) play
D) interact

Question 35

In the first two years of life,parents need to satisfy their child's physiological and safety needs,according to the personality theory of

A) Skinner.
B) Maslow.
C) Seligman.
D) Zuckerman.

Question 36

A longitudinal study in the U.S.found that children high in conformity and low in self-direction had parents who were

A) cold and restrictive.
B) aggressive and anxious.
C) depressed and psychotic.
D) extroverted and demonstrative.

Question 37

____ saw infancy as the major formative period that shapes the child's character.

A) Adler
B) Horney
C) Cattell
D) Freud

Question 38

In the first year of life,trust in the relationship between the mother and child was vital,according to

A) Horney.
B) Freud.
C) Erikson.
D) Zuckerman.

Question 39

Cattell believed _____ was the major formative period for personality development.

A) infancy
B) adolescence
C) young adulthood
D) middle life

Question 40

A review of research between early childhood experiences and adult psychopathology showed that children who became depressed and anxious adults had

A) depressed parents.
B) inadequate parenting.
C) intimidating parenting.
D) anxious parents.

Question 41

____ thought people were primarily rational human beings,governed by a conscious perception of themselves and their world of experience.

A) Allport
B) Maslow
C) Rogers
D) Jung

Question 42

As adults,we adjust our ____ with each stage of life and its differing needs,challenges,and opportunities.

A) scripts
B) fantasies
C) challenges
D) narrative

Question 43

There is widespread agreement that ____ exists and is an influence on personality.

A) consciousness
B) unconsciousness
C) the psyche
D) the libido

Question 44

Sigmund Freud introduced us to the world of the

A) conscious.
B) the archetype.
C) unconscious.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 45

The theorist who believed that people who are not neurotic will function in a conscious,rational way is

A) Jung.
B) Allport.
C) Rogers.
D) Maslow.

Question 46

Almost every personality theory we have described deals explicitly or implicitly with

A) conscious processes.
B) unconscious processes.
C) self-efficacy and self-esteem.
D) self-actualization and self-concept.

Question 47

People who lost their jobs show ____ in neuroticism and ____ in conscientiousness and extraversion.

A) increases/decreases
B) declines/increases
C) no differences/decreases
D) These people show equal amounts of all three traits.

Question 48

The rational unconscious is often referred to as the

A) non-conscious.
B) psyche.
C) subconscious.
D) preconscious.

Question 49

The theorist who offered the most complete theory based on cognitive factors is

A) Rogers.
B) Maslow.
C) Zuckerman.
D) Kelly.

Question 50

Life ______ implies the shaping of the self,attaining an identity,and finding a unified purpose in life.

A) lesson.
B) narrative.
C) review.
D) challenge.

Question 51

Personality traits that remain stable and relatively unchanging from about age 30 on are called

A) hypothetical traits.
B) delayed traits.
C) dispositional traits.
D) overlapping traits.

Question 52

Studies confirm that personality ____ as we grow into adolescence and early adulthood.

A) stays the same
B) stagnates
C) changes
D) activates

Question 53

In a study of 32,000 people,ages 21 to 60,conscientiousness and agreeableness ____ through early and middle adulthood.

A) stayed the same
B) increased
C) decreased
D) leveled off

Question 54

The theorist who credits people with the ability to learn through example and vicarious reinforcement is

A) Rotter.
B) Maslow.
C) Bandura.
D) Kelly.

Question 55

Contemporary researchers focus on unconscious cognitive processes and describe them as more ____ than ____.

A) helpful/harmful
B) curative/non-curative
C) rational/emotional
D) irrational/rational

Question 56

Recent research confirms that the ____ is a powerful force,perhaps even more pervasive in its influences than Freud suggested.

A) libido
B) psyche
C) conscious
D) unconscious

Question 57

According to studies of consistency in personality,____ are consistent over the life span.

A) habits
B) environmental influences
C) genetic influences
D) traits

Question 58

According to Freud,the force that affects conscious thoughts and behaviors is the

A) unconscious.
B) archetype.
C) psyche.
D) libido.

Question 59

____ refer(s)to conscious feelings,plans,and goals,and how we feel about life.

A) Personality characteristics
B) Personal plans
C) Ego-integrity
D) Personal concerns

Question 60

____ recognized the role of consciousness,and he proposed that people have cognitive needs to know and to understand.

A) Maslow
B) Zuckerman
C) Seligman
D) Rotter

Question 61

Jung,Maslow,Erikson,and Cattell noted middle age as a time of major personality change.

Question 62

Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development are based entirely on genetics.

Question 63

One method for studying the non-conscious involves ____,in which various stimuli are presented to research participants below their level of conscious awareness.

A) repressed wishes
B) subliminal activation
C) suppressive memories
D) supportive automation

Question 64

A high degree of control has been related to better coping mechanisms,fewer stress effects,and greater mental and physical strength.

Question 65

Maslow saw infancy as the major formative period,with the behavior of parents and siblings shaping the child's character.

Question 66

The emotional ____,as Freud envisioned it,remains the least understood factor in personality development.

A) unconscious
B) libido
C) psyche
D) conscious

Question 67

In one study,hostile mothers were found to rear children who did not become hostile.

Question 68

Horney spoke of the impact of birth order,arguing that personality is influenced by our position in the family relative to our siblings.

Question 69

According to research,our jobs can influence our personality.

Question 70

Studies have found that the unconscious may have both a(n)____ and an ____ component.

A) irrational/illegitimate
B) rational/emotional
C) logical/existential
D) statistical/analytical

Question 71

Freud believed that personality was shaped and fixed by the age of 5 and that it was difficult thereafter to alter any aspect of it.

Question 72

All of the social and environmental forces that shape personality do so by the techniques of learning.

Question 73

Allport and Cattell believed in the influence of larger historical forces and the type of society a people constructs.

Question 74

In child-rearing studies of more than 15,000 children,significant problems with behavior and self-esteem were found when the mothers took a job outside the home.

Question 75

Rogers believed parents had a responsibility to supply unconditional positive regard to their children.

Question 76

You are a personality theorist that needs to borrow at least four factors from this text for your personality theory.Which ones would you use? Explain how you would incorporate them into your own theory.Give an example of how your theory would apply in real-life.

Question 77

Additional research in personality finds that traits are consistent over the life span.

Question 78

In Seligman's terms,people who believe they are in control are pessimistic rather than optimistic.

Question 79

Whether our genetic predispositions are ever realized depends on social and environmental conditions,particularly those of childhood.

Question 80

In a study called "Mommy and I are one," ____ presentation of certain stimuli influences cognitive as well as emotional responses.

A) suppressive
B) conscious
C) variable activation
D) subliminal