Deck 7: Gender Inequality

Question 1

Men in Canada die earlier than women.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Men are more likely than women to be a victim of a violent crime.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Jobs that involve emotional labour are often devalued.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Women often choose marriage and motherhood over doctoral degrees.

Question 5

According to Purcell and Stewart (1990), boys are much less free to explore gender differences than females.

Question 6

Gender tourism is a term that refers to individuals who choose alternative lifestyles.

Question 7

Traditional male socialization discourages males from expressing emotion.

Question 8

According to a recent United Nations (2002) report, over 60 million young girls, predominantly in Asia, are listed as "missing" and are likely the victims of infanticide or neglect.

Question 9

The concept of the "glass ceiling" also applies to men.

Question 10

In general, women are socialized into instrumental roles and males are more often socialized into expressive roles.

Question 11

According to the "relative resources" approach, women do more work around the house than men because they have the least amount of power.

Question 12

The more important a political office, the less likely a woman will hold it.

Question 13

Conflict theorists believe that the traditional division of labour between men and women is rooted in biological differences between the two sexes.

Question 14

Women's higher rate of depression is likely rooted in traditional gender roles.

Question 15

Worldwide, one in ten women has been abused, beaten, or coerced into sex.

Question 16

Men in traditional versus dual-income relationships are more likely to report being satisfied with household task arrangements.

Question 17

According to a study by Sapiro (1994), women are much more likely to use disclaimers and self-qualifying tags in their conversations.

Question 18

Nursing would be a good example of a pink-collar job.

Question 19

In the world's least developed countries, only 70 percent as many women as men are literate.

Question 20

In Canada, the proportion of women earners with a university degree now exceeds that of men.

Question 21

Which of the following perspectives emphasizes that in order for gender inequalities to exist, women must be made to look and feel intellectually inferior?

A) structural-functionalist
B) conflict
C) symbolic interactionist
D) queer theory

Question 22

Which of the following terms would best describe a young girl conforming to her expected role by wearing pink?

A) sex
B) sexual orientation
C) gender
D) transsexualism

Question 23

Which of the following is referred to as gender?

A) the biological category of male or female
B) the social definitions and expectations of being female or male
C) the presence of an XX or XY chromosome in an individual
D) the physical features of a person

Question 24

Which of the following is referred to by the term "double jeopardy"?

A) being a member of two minority groups
B) a form of discrimination directed at white men
C) a situation in which the solution to a social problem causes another social problem
D) a situation in which the norms of one subculture conflict with the norms of the larger culture

Question 25

Which of the following can include clitorectomy and infibulation?

A) double jeopardy
B) birth defects that are inherited from the mother
C) female genital mutilation
D) sexually transmitted diseases

Question 26

According to one perspective, preindustrial society required a division of labour based on gender because women, out of biological necessity, remained in the home bearing, nursing, and caring for children. Which perspective sees things this way?

A) conflict
B) structural-functionalist
C) symbolic interactionist
D) labelling

Question 27

Which perspective emphasizes that through the socialization process females and males are taught the meanings associated with being feminine and masculine?

A) symbolic interactionist
B) structural-functionalist
C) conflict
D) feminist

Question 28

Which of the following terms refers to the belief that there are innate psychological, behavioural, and/or intellectual differences between women and men, and that these differences connote the superiority of one group and the inferiority of the other?

A) feminism
B) sexism
C) sex segregation
D) gender stratification

Question 29

According to the structural-functionalist perspective, what type of family power arrangement is more commonly found in industrialized nations?

A) religion-based
B) maternal
C) paternal
D) egalitarian

Question 30

Which perspective says that male dominance and female subordination are shaped by the relationship men and women have to the production process?

A) symbolic interactionist
B) structural-functionalist
C) conflict
D) labelling

Question 31

Males who are victims of sexual harassment are not covered by current Canadian legislation.

Question 32

Staying home and caring for children is an example of which type of role?

A) expressive
B) instrumental
C) subjective
D) structural

Question 33

What kind of discrimination would a disabled woman who was denied employment be experiencing?

A) reverse
B) expressive
C) double jeopardy
D) human capital

Question 34

According to the textbook, how might a woman be treated poorly in a country like Canada?

A) she might be subjected to FGM
B) she might be illiterate
C) she might not be allowed to vote
D) she might have lower earning power

Question 35

What did a 2005 United Nations report find concerning how societies treat women and men?

A) Most societies treat women as well as men.
B) About half of societies treat women as well as men.
C) Women are treated more poorly in developing nations.
D) No society treats women as well as men.

Question 36

Employment equity legislation seeks to eliminate sexual harassment.

Question 37

Most of the "second wave" feminists were white, middle-class women.

Question 38

Which of the following terms refers to an individual's biological identity?

A) gender
B) gender role
C) genitalia
D) sex

Question 39

Although men are more likely to be victims of violent crime, women are more likely to be victims of sexual assault and of domestic violence that results in physical harm.

Question 40

Unwanted comments of a sexual nature would be a good example of "quid pro quo" sexual harassment.

Question 41

Which of the following describes the meaning of the term "glass ceiling"?

A) the idea that anyone can achieve success if they work hard enough
B) a metaphor that means women are basically unable to advance into higher paying jobs because of some unforeseen circumstance
C) a type of consumerism characterized by an insatiable yearning for more material goods
D) a buildup of air pollution that prevents adequate sunlight from reaching a particular region

Question 42

According to 2006 Statistics Canada information, which of the following describes the female-to-male earnings ratio?

A) it is almost even
B) it favours women these days
C) it has been eliminated due to pay equity legislation in the various provinces
D) it varies according to age

Question 43

Which of the following hypotheses argues that women are paid less because the work they perform is socially defined as less valuable than the work performed by men?

A) structural sexism
B) human capital
C) devaluation
D) double jeopardy

Question 44

Which of the following describes the wage gap between men and women in Canada?

A) it is existent for non-medical occupations
B) it is found only in low-paying clerical occupations
C) it is found only in part-time jobs
D) it exists in all occupational categories

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of a "pink-collar" job?

A) nurse
B) women in the entertainment industry
C) part-time secretary for a small business
D) a dental hygienist

Question 46

Which hypothesis sees differences between the earnings of women and men as the result of differences between women's and men's levels of education, skills, training, and work experience?

A) structural sexism
B) human capital
C) devaluation
D) double jeopardy

Question 47

Since 1980, what has happened to the number of women with university degrees?

A) it has declined substantially
B) it has almost doubled
C) it has increased tenfold
D) it has almost tripled

Question 48

In which year were women granted the right to vote in federal elections in Canada?

A) 1908
B) 1918
C) 1928
D) 1938

Question 49

According to Guy and Newman, which type of labour that women typically engage in is devalued?

A) emotional
B) practical
C) ethical
D) manual

Question 50

Who was Canada's first female prime minister?

A) Roberta Bondar
B) Nellie McClung
C) Kim Campbell
D) Sheelagh Whittaker

Question 51

Queer theorists would argue that gender is which of the following?

A) a social construct
B) only applicable to heterosexuals
C) denied to gays and lesbians
D) developed through the socialization process

Question 52

Generally speaking, which of the following applies to Canadian women and political participation?

A) Men and women now have an equal number of participants.
B) The more important the office, the less likely women are to be elected.
C) Men hold approximately 95 percent of all political offices in Canada.
D) Women have made massive strides in the western provinces.

Question 53

In Canada, which of the following occupations has four times as many women as men?

A) elementary school teaching positions
B) postsecondary school teaching positions
C) full professorships
D) retail trade managers

Question 54

What kind of sexism refers to the ways in which the belief system of a society-its norms, values, beliefs, and symbols-perpetuates the subordination of an individual or group because of the sex classification of that individual or group?

A) expressive
B) cultural
C) institutional
D) structural

Question 55

Recently, legislation aimed at getting rid of some of the structural sexism in Canada has focused on which of the following?

A) formal equality
B) substantive equality
C) cultural equality
D) residual equality

Question 56

Which type of sexism refers to the ways in which the organization of society, and specifically its institutions, subordinates individuals and groups based on their sex classification?

A) reverse
B) cultural
C) manifest
D) structural

Question 57

Which of the following is referred to as occupational sex segregation?

A) a subfield in sociology that studies gender differences in job performance
B) unfair treatment of employees on the basis of their sex
C) an invisible barrier that prevents women from moving into top corporate positions
D) the concentration of women in certain occupations and men in other occupations

Question 58

According to Olson, women tend to earn fewer doctoral degrees for which of the following reasons?

A) they are discouraged from doing so by their parents
B) they experience financial limitations
C) they elect to choose marriage and motherhood over career paths
D) they have access to fewer opportunities

Question 59

In which province(s) were women over the age of 21 first granted the right to vote in provincial elections?

A) Quebec and Prince Edward Island
B) British Columbia and Ontario
C) Nova Scotia and Newfoundland
D) Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta

Question 60

Which of the following is another name for structural sexism?

A) polite sexism
B) institutional sexism
C) reverse sexism
D) cultural sexism

Question 61

The textbook discusses an experiment conducted at the University of Waterloo that showed male and female university students, all of whom were good at math, some advertisements that were either gender-stereotyped or gender-neutral. According to this study, what happened when female students who had seen the female-stereotyped advertisements subsequently took a math test?

A) They performed better than their male counterparts.
B) They performed better than the women who had seen the gender-neutral advertisement.
C) They did not perform as well as their male counterparts.
D) Their performance was not affected at all by the advertisements.

Question 62

According to Sapiro (1994), what do male-female differences in communication style reflect?

A) inborn or biological differences between the sexes
B) gender preferences
C) the power structure and authority relations
D) legal/political issues

Question 63

In Signorielli's (1998) analysis of gender images in six media (television, movies, magazines, music videos, TV commercials, and print), which of the following did she find?

A) In general, media content stressed the importance of appearance and relationships for girls and women.
B) Across the six media, men were more likely than women to be portrayed as thin or very thin.
C) In general, media content stresses the importance of careers and work for girls/women.
D) Sexism was on the increase in ads featuring men.

Question 64

According to the Sadker and Sadker study (1990), which of the following best describes teacher/student interactions?

A) teachers devote the same amount of time to both sexes
B) teachers pay more attention to male students
C) teachers pay more attention to female students
D) younger teachers pay more attention to their students

Question 65

Which of the following do the "time-availability approach," the "relative resources approach," and "gender role ideology" attempt to explain?

A) what men and women study at university/college
B) the division of household labour
C) the glass ceiling
D) women's overrepresentation in "pink-collar" jobs

Question 66

Which of the following would best illustrate how men suffer from gender role socialization?

A) men are now expected to have perfect bodies like women have been for years
B) men are now expected to be more emotional
C) men are expected to be very successful in their careers
D) men are expected to assume roles that were traditionally female in nature

Question 67

What is a father mopping floors and changing diapers an example of?

A) compliance
B) gender tourism
C) gender swapping
D) mitigating circumstances

Question 68

Which of the following best describes why men have higher rates of mortality than women?

A) they have more responsibilities than women
B) they worry more about financial matters
C) they tend not to use cardiovascular equipment at the gym
D) they engage in riskier behaviours

Question 69

Which of the following is an excellent example of cultural sexism?

A) the portrayal of women in advertising
B) occupational barriers for women
C) legal barriers that exclude women from being promoted
D) the analysis of the role of women in the military

Question 70

According to a study done by Pollock (2000), which of the following is likely to be a victim of violent crime?

A) disabled women
B) immigrants
C) women in general
D) men in general

Question 71

Which explanation for the continued traditional division of household labour argues that the division of labour is a consequence of traditional socialization?

A) the time-availability approach
B) the relative resources approach
C) gender role ideology
D) the sex ratio

Question 72

Which of the following does cultural sexism support?

A) total equality between men and women
B) legal reform of patriarchal laws
C) fair opportunities for women in the performing arts
D) subordination of people because of their sex

Question 73

When did "first wave" feminism occur?

A) the early 1800s
B) the early 1900s
C) the decade 1960-1970
D) the early part of the twenty-first century

Question 74

Which of the following is an example of a major criticism directed at "second wave" feminism?

A) they were too radical for many women
B) they focused too much on custody rights
C) they ignored the typical housewife
D) they ignored minority groups

Question 75

What did Purcell and Stewart (1990) find that storybooks used in schools tended to depict?

A) males as adventurous, clever, brave, and income producing
B) females as aggressive and dominating
C) males as passive up to when they reach puberty
D) both sexes as highly open to adult influence

Question 76

Which of the following statements reflects the "relative resources approach"?

A) Relatives (extended family members) are now helping with domestic responsibilities.
B) Household work has nothing to do with household income.
C) Two incomes are an economic necessity.
D) The spouse with the least power is relegated to the most unrewarding tasks.

Question 77

In Canada in 1997, when compared to children in two-parent families, which of the following applied to children in female-headed, lone-parent families?

A) They were slightly less likely to be in a low-income situation.
B) They were twice as likely to be in a low-income situation.
C) They were almost five times as likely to be in a low-income situation.
D) They were about half as likely to be in a low-income situation.

Question 78

According to a study done by Witt (1996), how are females likely to be depicted in textbooks?

A) aggressive
B) in need of help
C) responsible
D) intelligent

Question 79

Which of the following are women serving in the military and playing pro basketball, and men dieting and undergoing cosmetic surgery, all examples of?

A) transsexualism
B) transvestism
C) homoeroticism
D) gender tourism

Question 80

Which of the following is a good example of "hostile environment" harassment?

A) a boss offering a promotion in exchange for sexual favours
B) a co-worker putting up a calendar with suggestive pictures on it
C) an employee threatening to walk off the job because of a boss who harasses other employees
D) a teacher offering a higher grade in exchange for a sexual favour