Deck 16: What Research Tells Us and a Look to the Future

Question 1

Most research on community policing strategies shows ______________ effects on crime rates, drug abuse and trafficking, and fear of crime.

A)overwhelmingly positive
B)fairly positive and statistically significant
C)only modest and statistically insignificant
D)absolutely no

Answer 1

C

Question 2

______________ isomorphism occurs when an organization copies or imitates another.

A)Normative
B)Coercive
C)Refractive
D)Mimetic

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Experiments in criminal justice raise ethical as well as ______________ issues.

A)quality
B)objectivity
C)subjectivity
D)privacy

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to the text, contrary to conventional wisdom law enforcement is:

A)not open to research.
B)predictable.
C)unpredictable.
D)open to research.

Question 5

According to the text, to validate an evaluation conducted by survey, ______________ of the distributed surveys must be returned.

A)at least 20 percent
B)at least 60 percent
C)85 percent
D)all

Question 6

What organization is a think tank focusing on issues of crime and justice?

A)Justice Research Association
B)Police Foundation
C)PERF
D)SEARCH

Question 7

The Action Research Model is:

A)a cyclical, multistep process.
B)a nomination process for research topics.
C)a process of development for grant-initiated research.
D)the implementation process of the research.

Question 8

Which organization for law enforcement research is a national membership organization -created by and for the states, dedicated to improving the criminal justice system through effective application of information and identification technology?

A)JRSA
B)Police Foundation
C)PERF
D)SEARCH

Question 9

The problems that have been associated with police research have been related to:

A)the lack of department support of the research.
B)the lack of community involvement in the research.
C)the current exclusionary style of conducting research by academics who are more interested in generating publications than in providing useful information for departments.
D)none of the above

Question 10

Futurists operate under three fundamental premises.Which of the following is not one of those principles?

A)The future is not predictable.
B)The future is not predetermined.
C)Future outcomes can be influenced by individual choice.
D)The future is static.

Question 11

______________ isomorphism occurs when organizations adopt something due to pressure either from the state or other organizations.

A)Normative
B)Coercive
C)Refractive
D)Mimetic

Question 12

According to the text, all of the following are ways a law enforcement agency can use data from research except:

A)to justify equipment purchases.
B)for grant applications.
C)for disciplinary decisions.
D)for hiring decisions.

Question 13

The NIJ's Locally Initiated Research Partnerships in Policing usually involves partnerships between the local police department or other law enforcement agency and:

A)elementary schools throughout the state.
B)a local university.
C)local community corrections.
D)national crime prevention organizations such as MADD.

Question 14

This organization was created in 1979 to enhance law enforcement as a profession and to improve law enforcement.

A)IACP
B)NOBLE
C)CALEA
D)PERF

Question 15

To evaluate the effectiveness of specific community policing strategies, police departments should consider data from all of the following except:

A)the health care system.
B)schools.
C)community surveys.
D)homeless shelters.

Question 16

The Police Foundation conducted the classic Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, which showed that increasing or decreasing the level of routine preventive patrol-the -backbone of police work-had ______________ on crime, fear of crime, or citizen -satisfaction with police services.

A)marked positive effect
B)no appreciable effect
C)a negative effect
D)determined that further study was necessary to determine if there was an effect

Question 17

When departments are involved in the creation of surveys, they are more likely to use the research.This is an example of:

A)process research.
B)action research.
C)partner research.
D)practical research.

Question 18

______________ isomorphism results from professionalism, with influences coming from such organizations as the Police Executive Research Forum.

A)Normative
B)Coercive
C)Refractive
D)Mimetic

Question 19

Experts in police research have made a number of recommendations to improve police-researcher coordination.Which of the following is not one of those recommendations -discussed in the text?

A)Law enforcement agencies should partner with only seasoned researchers to carefully design research.
B)Law enforcement agencies should train their leaders in evaluating potential research to ensure their ability to identify suitable research partners and to recognize relevant -research topics.
C)Agencies should establish regular forums through which their own research interests and priorities are communicated.
D)Law enforcement agencies should be willing to initiate research partnerships on regional, national and local levels.

Question 20

At the heart of experimental design are the experimental and control conditions, which are:

A)random.
B)calculated.
C)intentional.
D)selective.

Question 21

According to the text, when reading case studies, one can have reasonable confidence about the kinds of steps taken by the police in a neighborhood to provide accessibility, improve responsiveness, and increase communication with residents.

Question 22

According to the text, surveys can be conducted:

A)in person.
B)on the phone.
C)by mail.
D)all of the above

Question 23

Experiments in criminal justice raise both ethical and privacy issues.

Question 24

Which research foundation has created a center for survey research?

A)JRSA
B)Police Foundation
C)PERF
D)SEARCH

Question 25

The COPS Office has increased the number of sworn officers per capita by 3 percent -nationwide and has also had a significant effect on the adoption of new and effective police practices.

Question 26

Research has shed little light on the types of community policing activities in which various departments across the country are engaged.

Question 27

Crime statistics are the only way to sufficiently evaluate the effectiveness of the community policing strategy.

Question 28

According to the text, this research method involves the random assignment of individuals to experimental (treatment) and control (no treatment) conditions:

A)partnership research.
B)random assignment.
C)action research.
D)experimental design.

Question 29

According to the text, which of these community policing tenets are of increased importance when facing budget cuts that reduce the number of officers on the street?

A)community partnerships
B)organizational transformation
C)problem solving
D)All are correct.

Question 30

One of the best models for police-researcher alliance is an action research approach.This approach was first used by Lewin in what decade?

A)1970s
B)1960s
C)1950s
D)1940s

Question 31

Mimetic isomorphism occurs when an organization copies or imitates another organization.

Question 32

Surveys may be used to determine what citizens believe are a neighborhood's main -problems.

Question 33

According to the text, even the most well-intentioned witnesses can identify the wrong -person or fail to identify the perpetrator of a crime.

Question 34

Criminologist Larry Sherman proposed a new model of law enforcement called:

A)action policing.
B)community-based policing.
C)evidence-based policing.
D)none of the above

Question 35

A new model of law enforcement proposed in 1998 by Larry Sherman is called -community-oriented policing.

Question 36

Assistance in experiments in criminal justice is available through the NIJ's Locally Initiated Research Partnerships in Policing.

Question 37

Much of what is known about community policing derives from case studies of community policing practices in cities throughout the country.

Question 38

According to the text, this research method emphasizes full participation in the research by everyone directly affected by the process and results:

A)partnership research.
B)random assignment.
C)action research.
D)experimental design.

Question 39

According to the text, what do most experts believe will have the most profound impact on the collective ability of the federal, state, and local governments to protect the United States?

A)asymmetric threats
B)technological innovations
C)domestic terrorism
D)global terrorism

Question 40

In the NIJ's Locally Initiated Research Partnerships in Policing, partners share responsibility throughout the entire project, jointly selecting an area of interest and collaborating on the research design, implementation and interpretation of findings.

Question 41

______________ research emphasizes full participation by everyone directly affected by the process and results.

Question 42

At the heart of ______________ is the random assignment of individuals to experimental and control conditions.

Question 43

______________ isomorphism occurs when organizations adopt something as a result of pressure either from the state or other organizations.

Question 44

As stated by the authors, most experts believe that technological innovation will have the most profound impact on the collective ability of the federal, state and local governments to protect the United States.

Question 45

According to the American Judicature Society, ______________ by eyewitness was the -leading cause of wrongful conviction in more than 75 percent the first 183 DNA -exonerations in the United States.

Question 46

Globalization and the trend toward a decreasingly networked world economy will become more pronounced within the next 5 years.

Question 47

The effectiveness of community policing is often measured using ______________ for a given jurisdiction.

Question 48

Hundreds of agencies across the United States and Canada have become ______________ and more are going through the process every year.

Question 49

Illustrate and explain the Action Research Model, labeling each step.

Question 50

What role should research play in community policing?

Question 51

In reality, ______________ is more a philosophy than a model to use when confronted with an issue or problem.

Question 52

______________ means "similar in structural characteristics" and results in a one-size-fits-all approach to community policing.

Question 53

Describe how futurists work.What will their role be in policing?

Question 54

______________ isomorphism results from professionalism, with influences coming from such organizations as PERF and IACP.

Question 55

____________ isomorphism occurs when an organization copies or imitates another.

Question 56

Discuss the Schuster's research on eyewitness testimony and how DNA testing has -influenced convictions.

Question 57

As pointed out in the text, contrary to conventional wisdom, law enforcement agencies are actually quite open to the research process.

Question 58

Discuss the impact of the economic downturn on policing in the United States and the varied responses by the law enforcement community.