Deck 2: Historical Perspectives and Guidance Theories

Question 1

Vygotsky said that children interact through ____________________, and through these socialand cultural interactions learn the values of their society.

Answer 1

​dialogues

Question 2

Constructivists believe that behavior and learning result from the interactions between internaldevelopment and the ____________________ environment.

Answer 2

​external

Question 3

Piaget thought that children must create their own knowledge through stages of____________________ with the environment.

Answer 3

interaction​

Question 4

Children enjoy and learn well from an environment that offers a fairly wide range of difficulty inwhich they are allowed the ____________________ to choose toys, games, and interactionsmatched to their ability level.

Question 5

Piaget believed that children are little scientists who constantly create and test their own____________________ of the world.

Question 6

Ethologists study behaviors in terms of natural ____________________in natural settings.

Question 7

Vygotsky is remembered primarily for identifying what he called the ____________________.

Question 8

One of the oldest debates related to children is disagreement over how children developpersonality and intelligence: the ____________________ versus nurture controversy.

Question 9

The____________________ practices carried out by adults can help children learn how toparticipate in a democracy by developing the necessary skills.

Question 10

Adults may have difficulty changing old habit patterns in dealing with children, but change ispossible with motivation and ____________________.

Question 11

By the early 1900s, momentum had begun to build promoting the ____________________ studyof the development of children and the dissemination of pertinent information to parents.

Question 12

Contemporary educators identify three philosophical perspectives: that of the____________________, the maturationists, and the constructivists.

Question 13

Montessori and Dewey set out to reform education, but ________ tried only to understand andexplain how children think and learn.

Question 14

Behaviorists believe that behavior and learning result from ____________________ forces such as reinforcement.

Question 15

During the past century, ideas about children were influenced by two world wars, periods ofeconomic depression and prosperity, and the changing role of women in the workforce, as well asby growing scientific interest in child development ____________________.

Question 16

Today, our guidance methods must teach children to think, not just to ____________________.

Question 17

____________________ plays an important role in shaping parents', teachers', and caregivers'philosophies about children and child rearing.

Question 18

Child care has brought_____________ to many children's lives.

Question 19

Maturationists believe that behavior and learning hinge on ____________________ processessuch as maturation and motivation.

Question 20

Urie Bronfenbrenner co-developed an important program called _____________.

Question 21

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.a.Parental guidance, teaching effectiveness, television, and other external influences

Swaddling​

Question 22

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.​


Appropriate work habits​

Question 23

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.​


Autocracy​

Question 24

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.​


Constructivists​

Question 25

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.​


Zone of proximal educational development

Question 26

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.​


Ethologists​

Question 27

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.​


Democracy​

Question 28

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.​


Initiative and self-reliance

Question 29

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.​


Concept of citizenship​

Question 30

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.​


Failure to thrive syndrome​

Question 31

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.​


Social constructivist view of human behavior​

Question 32

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.​


John Locke​

Question 33

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.​


Behaviorists​

Question 34

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.​


Maturationists​

Question 35

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.​


Anarchy​

Question 36

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.​


John Dewey​

Question 37

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.​


Carl Rogers​

Question 38

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.​


Predetermined stages of mental growth

Question 39

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.​


Ability to cooperate in teamwork​

Question 40

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.a.Parental guidance, teaching effectiveness, television, and other external influences

Nature​

Question 41

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.a.Parental guidance, teaching effectiveness, television, and other external influences

Lev Vygotsky​

Question 42

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.a.Parental guidance, teaching effectiveness, television, and other external influences

Friedrich Froebel​

Question 43

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.a.Parental guidance, teaching effectiveness, television, and other external influences

Tokens​

Question 44

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.a.Parental guidance, teaching effectiveness, television, and other external influences

Maria Montessori​

Question 45

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.a.Parental guidance, teaching effectiveness, television, and other external influences

George Michael Gazda​

Question 46

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.a.Parental guidance, teaching effectiveness, television, and other external influences

Nurture​

Question 47

Jean Piaget argued that​

A)children are "empty vessels" just waiting to be filled with knowledge.
B)adults should direct children's play to achieve optimal learning.
C)children construct their own learning through their interactions with the environment.
D)all of these.

Question 48

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.a.Parental guidance, teaching effectiveness, television, and other external influences

Alfred Adler​

Question 49

Vygotsky believed that​

A)children develop primarily as a result of their interaction with adults.
B)child learning is closely tied to history and culture.
C)language is the most important cognitive tool acquired by children.
D)children develop best when exposed to skills, words, concepts, and tasks that are justbeyond their ability.
E)all of these.

Question 50

Alfred Adler's guidelines include which of the following principles?​

A)Acting instead of talking in heated conflict situations
B)Doing things for children that they can do for themselves
C)Providing rewards to motivate desired behaviors
D)Withdrawing emotionally from an out-of-control child
E)All of these

Question 51

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.a.Parental guidance, teaching effectiveness, television, and other external influences

Child guidance​

Question 52

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.a.Parental guidance, teaching effectiveness, television, and other external influences

Urie Bronfenbrenner​

Question 53

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.a.Parental guidance, teaching effectiveness, television, and other external influences

Modify​

Question 54

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.a.Parental guidance, teaching effectiveness, television, and other external influences

Robert R.Carkhuff​

Question 55

Carl Rogers proposed that​

A)one's self-concept is independent of the perceptions of others.
B)human beings have an underlying "actualizing tendency."
C)ethics is not a primary concern for therapists.
D)clients should be required to comply with expectations.

Question 56

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.a.Parental guidance, teaching effectiveness, television, and other external influences

Custodial care​

Question 57

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.a.Parental guidance, teaching effectiveness, television, and other external influences

Jean Piaget​

Question 58

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.a.Parental guidance, teaching effectiveness, television, and other external influences

Tabula rasa​

Question 59

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.a.Parental guidance, teaching effectiveness, television, and other external influences

Disciplinary tactics​

Question 60

​Match each definition to the corresponding term.a.Parental guidance, teaching effectiveness, television, and other external influences

Philosophy​

Question 61

Maturationists see the development of proper behavior as an adult-directed process.

Question 62

The constructivist view assumes that the external environment alone determines a child'sdevelopment of personality and intelligence.

Question 63

Child care and guidance practices have not changed dramatically through the years.

Question 64

Mindless habits a child really wants to change can probably be treated quickly and effectivelythrough constructivist strategies.

Question 65

Children can learn how to function in a democracy by developing the necessary skills, such asconcepts of citizenship, self-reliance, appropriate work habits, and ability to cooperate inteamwork.

Question 66

In his social constructivist view, Alfred Adler proposed that human beings​

A)are little more than passive victims of their own environment and heredity.
B)cannot help striving for self-gratification because of their feelings of superiority andegocentricity.
C)are capable of living together peacefully and cooperatively rather than competitively.
D)all of these.
E)none of these.

Question 67

Jean Piaget's theory held that children's mental processes​

A)develop in predetermined stages of growth.
B)enable children to progressively construct their own knowledge.
C)cause the thinking of children to be qualitatively different from the thinking of adults.
D)all of these.

Question 68

The maturationists are​

A)those holding the view that internal predisposition, physiological characteristics, orinherited traits account for the essential psychological makeup of a human being.
B)those holding the view that the environment is the primary determinant of humanbehavior and that objectively observable behavior constitutes the essential psychologicalmakeup of a human being.
C)those holding the Piagetian view that a human being's essential psychological makeupderives from a dynamic interactive process based on both innate cognitive structures andexternal experiences.
D)none of these.

Question 69

A society in which people freely follow their own individual desires and interests is called a(n)

A)autocracy.
B)anarchy.
C)democracy.
D)all of these.
E)none of these.

Question 70

If interactions in the environment are too difficult, children become frustrated and discouraged.

Question 71

Robert Carkhuff and George Gazda​

A)refined Carl Rogers's theories about interpersonal interactions into practical, hands-ontechniques beneficial to therapists and educators.
B)discovered that early childhood learning takes place in stages that progress like buildingblocks, with each building on the previous level.
C)were best known for their theories of central nervous system development in primatesand early brain association in human infants.
D)all of these.

Question 72

Carl Rogers's theory of personality was based on​

A)the external manipulation of human beings through incentive rewards to gently shapepositive behavior.
B)his work as a clinical psychologist and his deep respect for the dignity of all humanbeings.
C)the idea that children and adults are incapable of understanding their own inner motivesand thus are incapable of guiding their own destiny without external control fromauthority figures.
D)all of these.

Question 73

Piaget believed that​

A)meaningful learning begins at age six.
B)learning is dependent on a child's genetic makeup, inherited intellectual capacity, andpotential physiological aptitude.
C)children are not empty vessels to be filled with knowledge, but instead are active buildersof their own knowledge.
D)a child's long-term intellectual development is limited to the quality of the educationalcurriculum and academic instruction provided during the years of formal schooling.
E)all of these.

Question 74

The principles of social equality and respect for the individual within a cohesive community areessential to​

A)absence of any form of control, chaos, and disorder.
B)autocracy.
C)control by a single person having unlimited power.
D)democracy.
E)anarchy.

Question 75

Developmentally appropriate practice revolves around the basic assumption that earlydevelopment results from the interaction between children's inner capacity and motivation andtheir external environment.

Question 76

Settings where children live, work, and play function as their small version of society.

Question 77

Maturationists perceive that learning comes from​

A)inside the child.
B)qualified teaching and parenting.
C)a combination of maturation and environment.
D)all of these.
E)none of these.

Question 78

The zone of proximal development is​

A)commonly referred to in developmentally appropriate practice as the block center.
B)an area of potential learning identified by Lev Vygotsky.
C)a period in which children take a short break from learning before they again resumemeaningful activity.
D)the stage between sensorimotor and preoperational.

Question 79

Vygotsky's theory of development​

A)states that children learn through social interactions by means of their culture.
B)is much different from Piaget's theory, which states that children act on theirenvironment to learn.
C)asserts that children socially interact through what he calls dialogues through whichchildren learn the cultural values of their society.
D)proposes that all human activities occur in cultural settings and cannot be understoodapart from the culture.
E)all of these.

Question 80

Adults rarely have difficulty changing old habit patterns in dealing with children once they knowthe habits are unproductive.