Deck 3: Learning and Motivation

Question 1

The basic premise in Maslow's need hierarchy is that the lowest-level unsatisfied need has the least motivating potential.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

An increase in pay or a large bonus for closing a large sale are examples of extrinsic motivators.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Need theories have important implications for training and development because employees' needs are the only factors that should be considered when designing a training program.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge and skills,and a change in individual behaviour as a result of some experience.

Question 5

The famous psychologist B.F.Skinner used the terms negative reinforcement and punishment synonymously.

Question 6

There are two types of goal orientations,including a mastery or learning goal and a performance goal orientation.

Question 7

An individual with an internal locus of control believes their actions have little impact on their behaviour.

Question 8

Conditioning theory suggests that trainees should be encouraged and reinforced throughout the training process.

Question 9

Self-efficacy is positively related to training motivation.

Question 10

A proximal goal is a long-term goal that is not linked to a short-term goal.

Question 11

Social cognitive theory involves three key components: observation,self-efficacy,and feedback.

Question 12

Pedagogy is the traditional approach to learning used to educate children,youth,and adults.

Question 13

Kurt Kraiger and colleagues developed a classification scheme for learning outcomes that includes cognitive outcomes,skill-based outcomes,and affective outcomes.

Question 14

Given that individuals have learning style preferences,better learning outcomes take place when only preferred learning styles are used in the learning process.

Question 15

According to Robert Gagné,learning outcomes associated with training can be classified into five general categories: verbal information,intellectual skills,cognitive strategies,motor skills,and procedural.

Question 16

Knowledge compilation is related to learning knowledge,facts,and information.

Question 17

Learning style is the way in which an individual gathers information,processes,and evaluates it during the goal setting stage of learning.

Question 18

Research suggests that there is little connection between organizational commitment and training motivation.

Question 19

Self-efficacy is related to judgments that people have about their ability to successfully perform an activity.Therefore,self-efficacy is task specific.

Question 20

Learning motivation predicts learning and training outcomes and is influenced by environmental and individual factors.

Question 21

The textbook describes implications of adult learning theory for training and development.Which of the following does the textbook NOT consider?

A) material should be presented in an entertaining manner
B) material should leverage learners' experiences
C) learners should be consulted in the needs analysis process
D) learners should be provided opportunities to learn on their own

Question 22

Cognitive ability is synonymous with a traditional definition of intelligence.

Question 23

What is the first stage of the ACT theory?

A) knowledge compilation
B) declarative knowledge
C) procedural knowledge
D) knowledge acquisition

Question 24

Which of the following is part of the broad categories of learning outcomes developed by Kurt Kraiger and colleagues?

A) knowledge organization
B) affective outcomes
C) verbal organization
D) proximal outcomes

Question 25

What are the two ways in which motivation theories are categorized?

A) extrinsic and intrinsic theories
B) process and need theories
C) mastery and performance theories
D) Maslow's need hierarchy and expectancy theory

Question 26

What concept best describes a hockey player's belief that he/she is able to score two goals in one game?

A) self-awareness
B) observation
C) self-efficacy
D) self-regulation

Question 27

John Anderson's ACT theory describes learning as a process across three stages.Which of these stages is NOT part of the ACT theory?

A) declarative knowledge
B) knowledge compilation
C) adaptive knowledge
D) procedural knowledge

Question 28

According to Robert Gagné,which of the following is generally related to the learning outcome associated with intellectual skills?

A) being able recall the capital of Argentina
B) being able to remember the last three Stanley Cup winners
C) being able to recite the alphabet
D) being able to operate a tractor

Question 29

Which phrase best describes the goals and objectives of training?

A) Training is simply the means for accomplishing the goal, and the goal is learning.
B) Training is the process of acquiring knowledge and skills.
C) Training occurs when a new behaviour has been learned and it can be thought of as a skill.
D) Training occurs when employees develop an understanding and connection to work.

Question 30

What additional input must be incorporated into social cognitive theory for observed behaviours to be attempted?

A) self-motivation
B) self-assessment
C) self-regulation
D) self-efficacy

Question 31

Within the context of the conditioning process,what is the ultimate goal of chaining?

A) to reward each step involved in performing a task for a set period of time
B) to continue to reward each step in perpetuity
C) to reward only the complete task, not the individual steps
D) to continue to reward both steps and final tasks for a set period of time

Question 32

Which of the following best describes the conditioning theory concept known as generalization?

A) the conditioned response occurs in circumstances different from those during learning
B) the reinforcement of each step in a process until it is mastered
C) the reinforcement of entire sequences of a task
D) the desired behaviour that is associated with a learning outcome

Question 33

Why does ACT theory have important implications for learning and training?

A) It suggests that motivational interventions might be more or less effective depending on the stage of learning.
B) It recognizes that learning is a stage-like process that involves four important stages.
C) It indicates that similar types of learning take place at different stages throughout the learning process.
D) It relies on a complete assessment of the training needs of the participants prior to designing the training event.

Question 34

Observational learning requires four key elements including attention,retention,reproduction,and reinforcement.What type of activity is associated with reproduction?

A) employees must be aware and observe the behaviour
B) employees must observe and encode the behaviour
C) employees must practice and rehearse the behaviour
D) employees must continue to apply the behaviour

Question 35

Why do managers use conditioning theory principles with training and development?

A) to indoctrinate employees with organizational culture
B) to discipline employees with negative consequences
C) to develop awareness for organizational rites and ceremonies
D) to influence employee actions and behaviours

Question 36

What type of motivation theory is expectancy theory?

A) need
B) goal
C) process
D) expectation

Question 37

What is one input that is necessary to assess an individual's learning style?

A) The way he/she evaluates information through abstract conceptualization.
B) The way he/she self-regulates his/her behaviour through active experimentation.
C) The way he/she gathers information through concrete experience.
D) The way he/she responds to anomalous information sources through reflective observation.

Question 38

According to the expectancy theory,a number of factors determine the level of effort a trainee will direct toward a specific training activity.Which of the following is considered by this theory as a determinant factor?

A) wanting to succeed
B) mastery of task
C) training setting
D) valence

Question 39

Which psychologist's theories support the following statement: "Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour in response to a particular stimulus or set of stimuli"?

A) Alfred Aldler
B) Burrhus Frederic Skinner
C) Clayton Paul Alderfer
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 40

How does ERG theory differ from Maslow's need theory?

A) ERG theory provides a rigid hierarchy of needs in which one must move up the hierarchy in a lock-step fashion.
B) Maslow's need theory assumes that a lower-level need must be gratified before a higher-level need becomes motivational.
C) ERG theory states that if individuals are unable to satisfy a higher-level need, the desire to satisfy a lower-level need will decrease.
D) Maslow's need theory has the basic premise that physiological needs have the greatest motivating potential.

Question 41

Training motivation is synonymous with which of the following?

A) motivation to learn
B) motivation to train
C) motivation to perform
D) motivation to change

Question 42

Define locus of control.Differentiate between internal and external locus of control,and explain the impact of locus of control on training motivation.

Question 43

Compare and contrast the need theories developed by Maslow and Alderfer.

Question 44

List and briefly describe the four characteristics goals must have in order to be motivational.

Question 45

The attitude of a trainee influences learning.Which of the following attitudinal factors are supportive of learning?

A) organizational engagement, job satisfaction, and job involvement
B) learning, intrinsic motivation, and intellectual capital
C) training and development, locus of control, and self-efficacy
D) learning, individual behaviour, and performance

Question 46

The model of training effectiveness in the textbook supports linkages between several variables.Which of the following is NOT a linkage supported by this model?

A) linkage between training and learning
B) linkage between learning and individual performance
C) linkage between learning and organizational effectiveness
D) linkage between training and motivation

Question 47

What is the equation for effort within expectancy theory?

A) Effort = Probability × (Valence/Mastery)
B) Effort = Expectancy × (Mastery + Valence)
C) Effort = Probability × (Valence - Instrumentality)
D) Effort = Expectancy × (Instrumentality × Valence)

Question 48

In the model of training effectiveness,what is the step in the model that occurs as a result of improved behaviour and performance?

A) training motivation; and job attitudes and needs
B) personality characteristics; and self-efficacy and locus of control
C) learning and retention; and individual behaviour and performance
D) organizational effectiveness

Question 49

What training conclusions can be drawn for an individual with an internal locus of control?

A) Persons with an internal locus of control tend to have lower self-efficacy for training.
B) Persons with an internal locus of control tend to have higher training motivation.
C) Persons with an internal locus of control tend to have higher anxiety about training.
D) Persons with an internal locus of control tend to make a weaker link between effort and training.

Question 50

List and briefly describe the five general categories of learning outcomes identified by Gagné.Provide an example of each.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of a motivational goal?

A) specific
B) challenging
C) proximal
D) supported with feedback

Question 52

Contrast the learning needs of children vs.the learning needs of adults in terms of personality,motivation,roles,openness and barriers to change,experience,and orientation to learning.
Now that you have contrasted the leaning needs of children vs.adults,identify how an instructor could use those differences to enhance the learning experience of students.

Question 53

What is the major implication of expectancy theory as it relates to training?

A) Expectancy theory revolves around the trainee's motivation to attend a training program, to learn, and to apply what is learned on the job.
B) Expectancy theory revolves around the likelihood that training probabilities can be determined for the trainee without the use of subjective measures.
C) Expectancy theory revolves around the attractiveness of training consequences or second-level intrinsic or extrinsic outcomes for the trainee.
D) Expectancy theory revolves around the subjective ratings for the trainee associated with the attractiveness of second-level training outcomes.

Question 54

How is the concept of training motivation defined?

A) trainees' beliefs about how their behaviour is controlled
B) the direction, intensity, and persistence of learning-directed behaviour
C) the motivation that stems from a direct relationship between a worker and the task
D) the relationship between worker, task, and valence

Question 55

Marie,a fourth year Human Resource student,is able to comprehend and summarize Chapter 3 of the textbook to a very high standard.What is Marie demonstrating?

A) intellectual capital
B) human capital
C) cognitive ability
D) psychomotor ability

Question 56

John wants to set a new world record in speed skating.What type of goal is John pursuing?

A) mastery
B) distal
C) proximal
D) performance