Deck 11: The Influence of Culture on Consumer Behavior

Question 1

________ consist of everyday or routine behavior.

A) Beliefs
B) Rituals
C) Cultures
D) Values
E) Customs

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Insights on what is suitable to wear for a specific occasion,and other dress codes,are something we learn through ________.

A) travel
B) culture
C) values
D) technical learning
E) consumer behavior

Answer 2

B

Question 3

________ are overt modes of behavior that constitute culturally approved or acceptable ways of behaving in specific situations.

A) Beliefs
B) Rituals
C) Cultures
D) Values
E) Customs

Answer 3

E

Question 4

________ consist of the very large number of mental or verbal statements that reflect a person's particular knowledge and assessment of something.

A) Beliefs
B) Rituals
C) Cultures
D) Values
E) Customs

Question 5

Given the broad and pervasive nature of ________,its study generally requires a detailed examination of the character of the total society.

A) culture
B) consumer behavior
C) subculture
D) social class
E) individualism

Question 6

The preference for lower classes for goods with an external point of identification constitutes a cultural difference on the ________ level.

A) supranational
B) national
C) individual
D) reference
E) group

Question 7

________ is a society's personality.

A) Social class
B) Culture
C) Conformity
D) Consumer behavior
E) Subculture

Question 8

Whereas ________ are guides for behavior,________ are usual and acceptable ways of behaving.

A) customs; beliefs
B) beliefs; values
C) customs; values
D) beliefs and values; customs
E) customs; beliefs and values

Question 9

Carla learned how to go about shopping for a new car when her father specifically sat her down and told her what to look for at dealerships and how to negotiate the best price.This constitutes ________.

A) formal learning
B) media learning
C) informal learning
D) televised learning
E) technical learning

Question 10

Product advertisements typically influence their audiences through ________.

A) formal learning
B) media learning
C) informal learning
D) televised learning
E) technical learning

Question 11

Jake learned what brands of food to buy at the grocery store by going grocery shopping with his mother as a child.This constitutes ________.

A) formal learning
B) media learning
C) informal learning
D) televised learning
E) technical learning

Question 12

The learning of one's own culture is known as ________.

A) acculturation
B) exculturation
C) proculturation
D) inculcation
E) enculturation

Question 13

Cultural beliefs,values and customs continue to be followed as long as ________.

A) we learn new ones from other cultures
B) that culture exists
C) they are similar to other cultures, beliefs and values
D) they yield satisfaction and other benefits
E) a society's members speak a common language

Question 14

In terms of consumer behavior,________ is defined as the sum total of learned beliefs,values,and customs that serve to direct the consumer behavior of members of a particular society.

A) conformity
B) individualism
C) culture
D) society
E) subculture

Question 15

Kim is actively saving money so that she can afford a downpayment on the purchase of a house because she thinks that home ownership is the key to creating wealth.This personal conviction in the value of home ownership is one of Kim's ________.

A) beliefs
B) rituals
C) cultures
D) norms
E) customs

Question 16

Greg and his brothers always put ketchup on their scrambled eggs at breakfast.This is an example of a ________.

A) belief
B) ritual
C) culture
D) value
E) custom

Question 17

Culture can exist and sometimes reveal itself at different perceived or subjective levels.The ________ level refers to shared core values,customs,personalities,and predispositional factors that tend to capture the essence of the character of the citizens of a particular country.

A) supernational
B) supranational
C) subnational
D) national
E) group

Question 18

Culture can exist and sometimes reveal itself at different perceived or subjective levels.The ________ level reflects the underlying dimensions of culture that impact multiple cultures or different societies.

A) supernational
B) supranational
C) subnational
D) national
E) group

Question 19

When do we become most aware of how culture has molded our own behavior?

A) when we are reminded of it on a daily basis
B) when we are adding ketchup to our hotdog
C) as we are growing up and being guided by our parents
D) when we are exposed to people with different values and customs
E) in school as we learn about what to do, and how and why to do it

Question 20

Values differ from beliefs because they ________.

A) serve as a guide for culturally appropriate behavior
B) are relatively large in number
C) are passing and easy to change
D) are tied to specific objects or situations
E) are narrowly accepted by a small number of members of a society

Question 21

Within a cultural context,advertising has the expanded mission of ________.

A) generating new consumer needs
B) acculturating the young
C) enhancing consumer awareness of the needs of others
D) replacing the family as the primary vehicle for consumer socialization
E) aiding in the dissemination of new tastes, habits, and customs

Question 22

When anthropologists immerse themselves in the environment under study,this technique is called ________.

A) value measurement
B) depth interviews
C) participant observation
D) group observation
E) content analysis

Question 23

The Nike Swoosh and the Coca-Cola label design are examples of ________.

A) nonverbal symbols
B) acculturation
C) verbal symbols
D) technical learning
E) enculturation

Question 24

Cards,presents,cakes,and candles are ________ for birthday rituals.

A) artifacts
B) values
C) beliefs
D) symbols
E) cultures

Question 25

The Protestant work ethic,which considers hard work to be wholesome,spiritually rewarding,and an appropriate end in itself,is one of the roots of the American value of ________.

A) efficiency
B) achievement
C) practicality
D) activity
E) success

Question 26

________ are personal goals,while ________ are the basic approaches that an individual might take to achieve those goals.

A) Instrumental values; terminal values
B) Social values; core values
C) Core values; cultural values
D) Terminal values, instrumental values
E) Cultural values; terminal values

Question 27

From a marketing standpoint,it is not the ritual that is important,but the ________.

A) result of the ritualistic behavior on society
B) outcome of the ritual
C) consistency of the ritual over time
D) artifacts that are associated with the performance of the ritual
E) the pervasiveness of the ritual in the society

Question 28

The ________ serves as the primary agent for enculturation.

A) teacher
B) media
C) religions institution
D) family
E) educational institution

Question 29

Towels,exercise clothes,water,and portable music players are ________ for going to the gym.

A) symbols
B) customs
C) ritual artifacts
D) beliefs
E) values

Question 30

A study of more than 250 ads appearing in eight issues of Seventeen magazine,four Japanese issues,and four American issues,found that teenage girls are portrayed differently.The researcher concluded that these "differences correspond to each country's central concepts of self and society." This study is an example of ________.

A) value measurement
B) consumer fieldwork
C) participant observation
D) field observation
E) content analysis

Question 31

Studying societies via analysis of the content of verbal,written,and pictorial communications is known as ________.

A) value measurement
B) consumer fieldwork
C) participant observation
D) field observation
E) content analysis

Question 32

In order to acquire a common culture,members of a society must have a common ________.

A) religion
B) language
C) history
D) goal
E) ethnicity

Question 33

Within cultural values,self-esteem and social recognition are examples of ________.

A) instrumental values
B) core values
C) cultural values
D) social values
E) terminal values

Question 34

Hype Mobile Phones wants to learn how consumers decide which mobile phones to purchase,so it places researchers in mobile phone stores and has them pose as sales people.In this example,researchers are ________.

A) third-party observers
B) actors
C) participant-observers
D) active researchers
E) imitators

Question 35

A ________ is anything that stands for something else.

A) verbal communication
B) nonverbal communication
C) symbol
D) ritualistic behavior
E) culture

Question 36

Price and channels of distribution are significant ________ of the marketer and the marketer's product.

A) verbal communications
B) rituals
C) cultures
D) symbols
E) enculturations

Question 37

A ________ is a type of symbolic activity consisting of a series of steps occurring in a fixed sequence and repeated over time.

A) communication
B) ritual
C) symbol
D) culture
E) target

Question 38

The learning of a new or foreign culture is known as ________.

A) acculturation
B) exculturation
C) proculturation
D) inculcation
E) enculturation

Question 39

The ________ is a widely used self-administered value inventory that is divided into terminal and instrumental value items.

A) Rokeach Value Survey
B) List of Values
C) VALS
D) Chapin's Value Structure Scale
E) Attitude Toward Helping Others Scale

Question 40

When marketers plan to sell their products in foreign or multinational markets,they must go through a process of ________ in order to ensure that their products and marketing messages are suitable for the foreign culture.

A) acculturation
B) exculturation
C) proculturation
D) inculcation
E) enculturation

Question 41

In the realm of consumer behavior ________ takes the form of standardized goods and services.

A) humanitarianism
B) efficiency
C) conformity
D) youthfulness
E) individualism

Question 42

The American value of ________ involves admiration of things that save time and effort.

A) freedom
B) efficiency
C) progress
D) individualism
E) material comfort

Question 43

Verve shampoo has come out with a new hair-care product that is a shampoo and conditioner in one,so consumers can wash and condition their hair in one easy step.This product appeals to Americans' value of ________.

A) efficiency
B) achievement
C) progress
D) activity
E) success

Question 44

Which of the following American core values serves as a social and moral justification for the acquisition of goods and services in a context such as "you worked for it," or "you deserve it?"

A) materialism
B) progress
C) achievement and success
D) external conformity
E) individualism

Question 45

Americans' love affair with products that save time and effort,such as the microwave,are examples of the important core value of ________ in this culture.

A) progress
B) achievement and success
C) activity
D) efficiency and practicality
E) external conformity

Question 46

In terms of consumer behavior,an appeal to ________ frequently takes the form of reinforcing the consumer's sense of identity with products or services that both reflect and emphasize that identity.

A) freedom
B) efficiency
C) progress
D) individualism
E) material comfort

Question 47

The concept of freedom in a consumer behavior sense relates to which of the following?

A) freedom of speech
B) freedom of press
C) freedom of worship
D) freedom of choice
E) freedom of movement

Question 48

Americans place an extraordinary amount of importance on being involved and keeping busy.This is a widely accepted core value that relates to ________.

A) achievement and success
B) freedom
C) efficiency and practicality
D) activity
E) external conformity

Question 49

One can express ________ by selecting products that friends do not have,or express ________ by purchasing similar or identical products.

A) individualism; conformity
B) collectivism; conformity
C) conformity; individualism
D) freedom of choice; materialism
E) materialism; humanitarianism

Question 50

Self-reliance,self-interest,self-fulfillment,self-esteem and self-confidence are all exceedingly popular expressions of ________,one of the American core values.

A) materialism
B) achievement and success
C) freedom
D) individualism
E) humanitarianism

Question 51

In terms of consumer behavior,the American value of ________ stimulates the acceptance of food products,activities,and equipment perceived to maintain or increase physical fitness.

A) freedom
B) health
C) progress
D) individualism
E) material comfort

Question 52

When Wendy's advertising emphasizes that a combo meal can come with any of a number of sides,not just fries,the company is appealing to American consumers' preference for ________.

A) freedom
B) efficiency
C) progress
D) individualism
E) material comfort

Question 53

For most Americans,________ signifies the attainment of "the good life," which includes a new car,a dishwasher,a hot tub and a variety of convenience and pleasure providing goods and services.

A) material comfort
B) achievement and success
C) freedom
D) progress
E) external conformity

Question 54

Advertisements for high-style clothing and cosmetics usually promise that their products will enhance the consumer's exclusive or distinctive character and set him or her apart from others.This is an appeal to which American core value?

A) materialism
B) achievement and success
C) freedom
D) individualism
E) humanitarianism

Question 55

________ has always been associated with bigger quantities of things,or,more of something.Recently,however,there has been a shift away from quantity towards quality.

A) Material comfort
B) Achievement and success
C) Freedom
D) Progress
E) External conformity

Question 56

The American core value of ________ is central to the belief that people can always improve themselves.

A) efficiency
B) progress
C) practicality
D) activity
E) success

Question 57

In an American cultural context,whereas ________ is its own direct award,________ implies an extrinsic reward.

A) success; achievement
B) activity; success
C) achievement; success
D) achievement; efficiency
E) success; efficiency

Question 58

In a consumption-oriented society,such as that of the U.S.,the core value of ________ often means the acceptance of change,new products,or services designed to fulfill unsatisfied needs.

A) achievement and success
B) activity
C) material comfort
D) progress
E) freedom

Question 59

The American value of ________ stimulates patronage of firms that compete with market leaders.

A) freedom
B) efficiency
C) progress
D) individualism
E) humanitarianism

Question 60

In the name of the core value of ________,Americans appear to be more receptive to product claims that stress "new," "improved," "longer lasting," "quicker," and increased strength.

A) achievement and success
B) activity
C) material comfort
D) progress
E) individualism

Question 61

A true appreciation of the influence that culture has on our daily life requires some knowledge of at least one other society with different cultural characteristics.

Question 62

DOG TREAT MINI CASE: Observing consumers at veterinary clinics, pet superstores, and grocery stores, Happy Dog determined that consumers were more likely to buy expensive dog treats at their veterinarians' offices than at grocery stores or pet superstores.Happy Dog researchers also observed that consumers spent less time looking at the pet treats before purchasing them when the treats were purchased at the veterinarian's office because they assumed that anything on offer at a veterinarian's office must be good for their pets.As a result of this research, Happy Dog Beef Treats are sold only at the offices of veterinarians and dog groomers and are more expensive than the average dog treat that pet owners might purchase at the supermarket.Happy Dog recently modified its treat recipe to come out with NEW, JUICIER Beef Treats for pet owners to use to reward their dogs.Advertisements promoting the new recipe show a young boy teaching his dog a series of tricks by rewarding her consistently with Happy Dog Beef Treats.At the end of the commercial, the boy cues his dog for the tricks in front of his parents, she performs, and his parents clap proudly.
In the DOG TREAT MINI CASE,Happy Dog uses which of the following types of research to identify the ideal channel of distribution for its dog treats?

A) value measurement instruments
B) survey research
C) content analysis
D) consumer fieldwork
E) focus groups

Question 63

WEDDING MINI CASE: Susan is planning her wedding.Susan knows what music is appropriate for her ceremony because she has been to a number of weddings before. She has questions, though, about the appropriate wording of her invitations, so she reviews the helpful information provided by professional wedding planners on specialist wedding sites to familiarize herself with customary wording and style rules.In choosing a wedding dress, Susan has decided to have a dress designer make a custom wedding dress for her.
In the WEDDING MINI CASE,Susan learned what music is appropriate for a wedding ceremony through ________.

A) formal learning
B) technical learning
C) enculturation
D) informal learning
E) acculturation

Question 64

SOUP MINI CASE: White Mountain Soups sells ready-to-eat soups packaged and sold in microwave-ready, single-serving plastic containers that can be used as bowls and then recycled.White Mountain makes a variety of soups, including New England clam chowder, vegetarian minestrone, and beef and tomato soups.Its advertising emphasizes the use of wholesome ingredients produced by independent farmers, and suggests that White Mountain soup can be a quick and easy lunch, or a wholesome mid-afternoon snack alternative to a bag of potato chips or a candy bar.
In the SOUP MINI CASE,White Mountain suggests that consumers eat a cup of White Mountain soup instead of a candy bar or bag of chips as an afternoon snack.If we consider taking a break for a mid-afternoon snacking to be a ritual for many consumers,the soup (or candy bar or bag of chips)would be considered the ________.

A) ritual artifact
B) ritualistic behavior
C) consumer value
D) symbol
E) acculturated activity

Question 65

DOG TREAT MINI CASE: Observing consumers at veterinary clinics, pet superstores, and grocery stores, Happy Dog determined that consumers were more likely to buy expensive dog treats at their veterinarians' offices than at grocery stores or pet superstores.Happy Dog researchers also observed that consumers spent less time looking at the pet treats before purchasing them when the treats were purchased at the veterinarian's office because they assumed that anything on offer at a veterinarian's office must be good for their pets.As a result of this research, Happy Dog Beef Treats are sold only at the offices of veterinarians and dog groomers and are more expensive than the average dog treat that pet owners might purchase at the supermarket.Happy Dog recently modified its treat recipe to come out with NEW, JUICIER Beef Treats for pet owners to use to reward their dogs.Advertisements promoting the new recipe show a young boy teaching his dog a series of tricks by rewarding her consistently with Happy Dog Beef Treats.At the end of the commercial, the boy cues his dog for the tricks in front of his parents, she performs, and his parents clap proudly.
In the DOG TREAT MINI CASE,Happy Dog's advertisement shows its Beef Treats as a means of fulfilling which of the following core American values?

A) humanitarianism
B) individualism
C) achievement
D) freedom
E) efficiency

Question 66

WEDDING MINI CASE: Susan is planning her wedding.Susan knows what music is appropriate for her ceremony because she has been to a number of weddings before. She has questions, though, about the appropriate wording of her invitations, so she reviews the helpful information provided by professional wedding planners on specialist wedding sites to familiarize herself with customary wording and style rules.In choosing a wedding dress, Susan has decided to have a dress designer make a custom wedding dress for her.
In the WEDDING MINI CASE,Susan has chosen to have her wedding dress custom made,in line with the core American value of ________.

A) material comfort
B) activity
C) conformity
D) humanitarianism
E) individualism

Question 67

Culture is associated with what a society's members consider to be a necessity and what they view as a luxury.

Question 68

Culture gradually but continually evolves to meet the needs of society.

Question 69

WEDDING MINI CASE: Susan is planning her wedding.Susan knows what music is appropriate for her ceremony because she has been to a number of weddings before. She has questions, though, about the appropriate wording of her invitations, so she reviews the helpful information provided by professional wedding planners on specialist wedding sites to familiarize herself with customary wording and style rules.In choosing a wedding dress, Susan has decided to have a dress designer make a custom wedding dress for her.
In the WEDDING MINI CASE,the wedding is considered a ________.

A) custom
B) value
C) ritual
D) belief
E) culture

Question 70

Like innate biological characteristics,culture is physiological in nature.

Question 71

SOUP MINI CASE: White Mountain Soups sells ready-to-eat soups packaged and sold in microwave-ready, single-serving plastic containers that can be used as bowls and then recycled.White Mountain makes a variety of soups, including New England clam chowder, vegetarian minestrone, and beef and tomato soups.Its advertising emphasizes the use of wholesome ingredients produced by independent farmers, and suggests that White Mountain soup can be a quick and easy lunch, or a wholesome mid-afternoon snack alternative to a bag of potato chips or a candy bar.
In the SOUP MINI CASE,White Mountain offers a variety of types of soup in order to appeal to which of the following American core values?

A) practicality
B) material comfort
C) individualism
D) freedom
E) external conformity

Question 72

DOG TREAT MINI CASE: Observing consumers at veterinary clinics, pet superstores, and grocery stores, Happy Dog determined that consumers were more likely to buy expensive dog treats at their veterinarians' offices than at grocery stores or pet superstores.Happy Dog researchers also observed that consumers spent less time looking at the pet treats before purchasing them when the treats were purchased at the veterinarian's office because they assumed that anything on offer at a veterinarian's office must be good for their pets.As a result of this research, Happy Dog Beef Treats are sold only at the offices of veterinarians and dog groomers and are more expensive than the average dog treat that pet owners might purchase at the supermarket.Happy Dog recently modified its treat recipe to come out with NEW, JUICIER Beef Treats for pet owners to use to reward their dogs.Advertisements promoting the new recipe show a young boy teaching his dog a series of tricks by rewarding her consistently with Happy Dog Beef Treats.At the end of the commercial, the boy cues his dog for the tricks in front of his parents, she performs, and his parents clap proudly.
In the DOG TREAT MINI CASE,Happy Dog uses its price and channels of distribution as ________ of the quality of its dog treats.

A) symbols
B) rituals
C) customs
D) values
E) beliefs

Question 73

DOG TREAT MINI CASE: Observing consumers at veterinary clinics, pet superstores, and grocery stores, Happy Dog determined that consumers were more likely to buy expensive dog treats at their veterinarians' offices than at grocery stores or pet superstores.Happy Dog researchers also observed that consumers spent less time looking at the pet treats before purchasing them when the treats were purchased at the veterinarian's office because they assumed that anything on offer at a veterinarian's office must be good for their pets.As a result of this research, Happy Dog Beef Treats are sold only at the offices of veterinarians and dog groomers and are more expensive than the average dog treat that pet owners might purchase at the supermarket.Happy Dog recently modified its treat recipe to come out with NEW, JUICIER Beef Treats for pet owners to use to reward their dogs.Advertisements promoting the new recipe show a young boy teaching his dog a series of tricks by rewarding her consistently with Happy Dog Beef Treats.At the end of the commercial, the boy cues his dog for the tricks in front of his parents, she performs, and his parents clap proudly.
In the DOG TREAT MINI CASE,Happy Dog's advertisement shows a boy training a dog by using a reward as the mode of communication,rather than punishment.Use of positive reinforcement in dog training is an example of a(n)________.

A) value
B) belief
C) custom
D) artifact
E) symbol

Question 74

WEDDING MINI CASE: Susan is planning her wedding.Susan knows what music is appropriate for her ceremony because she has been to a number of weddings before. She has questions, though, about the appropriate wording of her invitations, so she reviews the helpful information provided by professional wedding planners on specialist wedding sites to familiarize herself with customary wording and style rules.In choosing a wedding dress, Susan has decided to have a dress designer make a custom wedding dress for her.
In the WEDDING MINI CASE,Susan learns about appropriate invitation wording and style through ________.

A) formal learning
B) technical learning
C) enculturation
D) informal learning
E) acculturation

Question 75

Cultural beliefs,values,and customs continue to be followed as long as they yield satisfaction.

Question 76

WEDDING MINI CASE: Susan is planning her wedding.Susan knows what music is appropriate for her ceremony because she has been to a number of weddings before. She has questions, though, about the appropriate wording of her invitations, so she reviews the helpful information provided by professional wedding planners on specialist wedding sites to familiarize herself with customary wording and style rules.In choosing a wedding dress, Susan has decided to have a dress designer make a custom wedding dress for her.
In the WEDDING MINI CASE,a bridal bouquet would be considered a ritual ________.

A) artifact
B) symbol
C) culture
D) custom
E) value

Question 77

DOG TREAT MINI CASE: Observing consumers at veterinary clinics, pet superstores, and grocery stores, Happy Dog determined that consumers were more likely to buy expensive dog treats at their veterinarians' offices than at grocery stores or pet superstores.Happy Dog researchers also observed that consumers spent less time looking at the pet treats before purchasing them when the treats were purchased at the veterinarian's office because they assumed that anything on offer at a veterinarian's office must be good for their pets.As a result of this research, Happy Dog Beef Treats are sold only at the offices of veterinarians and dog groomers and are more expensive than the average dog treat that pet owners might purchase at the supermarket.Happy Dog recently modified its treat recipe to come out with NEW, JUICIER Beef Treats for pet owners to use to reward their dogs.Advertisements promoting the new recipe show a young boy teaching his dog a series of tricks by rewarding her consistently with Happy Dog Beef Treats.At the end of the commercial, the boy cues his dog for the tricks in front of his parents, she performs, and his parents clap proudly.
In the DOG TREAT MINI CASE,Happy Dog's development of NEW,JUICIER Beef Treats appeal to which of the following core American values?

A) activity
B) progress
C) humanitarianism
D) materialism
E) freedom

Question 78

SOUP MINI CASE: White Mountain Soups sells ready-to-eat soups packaged and sold in microwave-ready, single-serving plastic containers that can be used as bowls and then recycled.White Mountain makes a variety of soups, including New England clam chowder, vegetarian minestrone, and beef and tomato soups.Its advertising emphasizes the use of wholesome ingredients produced by independent farmers, and suggests that White Mountain soup can be a quick and easy lunch, or a wholesome mid-afternoon snack alternative to a bag of potato chips or a candy bar.
In the SOUP MINI CASE,White Mountain draws attention to its use of all-natural,wholesome ingredients in order to appeal to which of the following American core values?

A) individualism
B) freedom
C) external conformity
D) humanitarianism
E) fitness and health

Question 79

SOUP MINI CASE: White Mountain Soups sells ready-to-eat soups packaged and sold in microwave-ready, single-serving plastic containers that can be used as bowls and then recycled.White Mountain makes a variety of soups, including New England clam chowder, vegetarian minestrone, and beef and tomato soups.Its advertising emphasizes the use of wholesome ingredients produced by independent farmers, and suggests that White Mountain soup can be a quick and easy lunch, or a wholesome mid-afternoon snack alternative to a bag of potato chips or a candy bar.
In the SOUP MINI CASE,White Mountain draws attention to its patronage of independent local farmers in order to appeal to which of the following American core values?

A) humanitarianism
B) fitness and health
C) individualism
D) freedom
E) activity

Question 80

SOUP MINI CASE: White Mountain Soups sells ready-to-eat soups packaged and sold in microwave-ready, single-serving plastic containers that can be used as bowls and then recycled.White Mountain makes a variety of soups, including New England clam chowder, vegetarian minestrone, and beef and tomato soups.Its advertising emphasizes the use of wholesome ingredients produced by independent farmers, and suggests that White Mountain soup can be a quick and easy lunch, or a wholesome mid-afternoon snack alternative to a bag of potato chips or a candy bar.
From a consumer's point of view,in the SOUP MINI CASE,White Mountain's soup packaging is an appeal to which of the following American core values?

A) achievement
B) efficiency
C) material comfort
D) individualism
E) freedom