Deck 22: Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

Metabolic syndrome includes:

A) hypertension and obesity.
B) renal disease and proteinuria.
C) neurologic changes and weight loss.
D) autoimmune and hormonal diseases.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Type 2 diabetes:

A) is associated with insulin resistance.
B) cannot be controlled by nutrition therapy.
C) is associated with excess sugar intake.
D) is unaffected by weight loss.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Initial client symptoms of type 1 diabetes include polydipsia, polyuria, and:

A) dysphagia.
B) polyphagia.
C) pruritus.
D) polyneuropathy.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

An example of a health factor associated with insulin resistance is:

A) neuropathy.
B) impaired liver function.
C) impaired kidney function.
D) hyperlipidemia.

Question 5

The alpha cells of the pancreas synthesize:

A) glucagon.
B) insulin.
C) somatostatin.
D) epinephrine.

Question 6

The underlying cause of type 1 diabetes is:

A) atherosclerotic damage.
B) enzyme deficiencies that impair digestion.
C) obesity and lack of exercise.
D) an autoimmune attack on insulin-producing cells.

Question 7

The term that refers to an elevated blood glucose level is:

A) glycosuria.
B) glycosemia.
C) hyperglycemia.
D) hypoglycemia.

Question 8

The function of the beta cell portion of the pancreatic islets cells is to synthesize:

A) glucagon.
B) insulin.
C) somatostatin.
D) epinephrine.

Question 9

The hormone that is considered to be an antagonist to insulin is:

A) glucagon.
B) somatostatin.
C) thyroxine.
D) glucose.

Question 10

The pathophysiology of diabetes has most effect on the metabolism of:

A) carbohydrates and proteins.
B) proteins and fats.
C) carbohydrates and fats.
D) proteins and minerals.

Question 11

Clinical laboratory results found in uncontrolled type 1 diabetes include:

A) hypoglycemia.
B) hypertriglyceridemia.
C) anuria.
D) glycosuria.

Question 12

The normal range for blood glucose is:

A) 20 to 50 mg/dL.
B) 50 to 100 mg/dL.
C) 70 to 120 mg/dL.
D) 100 to 150 mg/dL.

Question 13

People with type 1 diabetes have a problem with the function of cells in their:

A) intestine.
B) adrenal gland.
C) pancreas.
D) liver.

Question 14

Sources of blood glucose include dietary carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and:

A) liver glycogen.
B) adipose tissue.
C) alcohol.
D) fiber.

Question 15

The pancreatic sensors of blood glucose levels are located in the:

A) alpha cells.
B) beta cells.
C) delta cells.
D) juncture points of the alpha, beta, and delta cells.

Question 16

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by:

A) slow development in older adults.
B) rapid development before age 40.
C) infrequent occurrence of ketoacidosis.
D) a strong relationship to obesity.

Question 17

The delta cells of the pancreas synthesize:

A) glucagon.
B) insulin.
C) somatostatin.
D) epinephrine.

Question 18

One of the major functions of insulin is to:

A) convert fat to glucose.
B) decrease protein synthesis.
C) stimulate fat breakdown.
D) promote uptake of amino acids.

Question 19

A population group that has a genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes is:

A) Russians.
B) Eskimos.
C) Japanese.
D) Pima Indians.

Question 20

In people with type 1 diabetes, insulin production is:

A) unaffected.
B) increased.
C) intermittent.
D) deficient.

Question 21

A self-management technique that guides insulin prescriptions for clients with type 1 diabetes is:

A) weighing daily.
B) self-monitoring of blood glucose.
C) daily urine testing.
D) calculating intake and output.

Question 22

The dose of insulin required for a meal is usually about 1 unit of insulin per:

A) 5 g carbohydrate.
B) 10 g carbohydrate.
C) 15 g carbohydrate.
D) 20 g carbohydrate.

Question 23

Insulin is a(n):

A) enzyme.
B) neurotransmitter.
C) glycoprotein.
D) hormone.

Question 24

In order to prevent ketosis, women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) should consume at least:

A) 1200 to 1500 kcal/day.
B) 1500 to 1700 kcal/day.
C) 1700 to 1800 kcal/day.
D) 1800 to 2000 kcal/day.

Question 25

The hormone that regulates blood glucose level by inhibiting interactions of insulin and glucagon is:

A) thyroxine.
B) epinephrine.
C) somatostatin.
D) growth hormone.

Question 26

Development of type 2 diabetes is closely linked to:

A) young age at onset.
B) being underweight.
C) physical inactivity.
D) high sugar intake.

Question 27

The nutrient that produces ketones as a by-product of metabolism is:

A) carbohydrate.
B) protein.
C) fat.
D) glucose.

Question 28

The effects of glucagon include:

A) activating insulin receptors on the cell membranes.
B) converting excess glucose to fat for storage.
C) triggering insulin release when blood glucose levels are high.
D) causing breakdown of liver glycogen.

Question 29

A common symptom among people with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes is:

A) jaundice.
B) weight loss.
C) night sweats.
D) poor wound healing.

Question 30

Development of complications of type 1 diabetes can be minimized by:

A) weight loss.
B) aggressive insulin therapy.
C) strenuous exercise.
D) preventing hypoglycemia.

Question 31

Insulin may be used by clients with type 2 diabetes if they:

A) are unsuccessful with weight loss.
B) are unable to achieve glycemic control with nutrition therapy.
C) are unable to achieve glycemic control with oral agents.
D) prefer more flexibility in meal planning.

Question 32

Basic objectives in the care of the person who has diabetes include maintaining normal blood glucose levels, preventing complications, and:

A) restricting caloric intake.
B) instructing about insulin administration.
C) avoiding alcohol use.
D) maintaining optimal nutrition.

Question 33

Clients with type 1 diabetes can achieve more consistent blood glucose control using:

A) intensive insulin therapy.
B) oral antidiabetic drugs.
C) urine testing.
D) glycated hemoglobin testing.

Question 34

Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents is related to:

A) frequency of snacking.
B) consumption of fast food.
C) overweight and obesity.
D) stress and depression.

Question 35

The type of insulin that has its peak activity 11 hours after administration and acts for approximately 20 to 29 hours is:

A) rapid acting.
B) intermediate acting.
C) long acting.
D) extended release.

Question 36

One way that people with impaired glucose tolerance can prevent development of type 2 diabetes is to:

A) eat less sugar.
B) eat less fat.
C) lose weight.
D) avoid alcohol.

Question 37

People who have diabetes are at particular risk for:

A) hepatitis.
B) gallbladder disease.
C) coronary artery disease.
D) bronchitis.

Question 38

A standard blood test that is used to evaluate long-term management and control in clients who have diabetes is:

A) glycated hemoglobin level.
B) self-monitoring of blood glucose.
C) plasma glucose level.
D) glucose tolerance test.

Question 39

One of the most common tools used for meal planning for clients with type 1 diabetes, based on the primary nutrient affecting postprandial blood glucose levels and insulin requirements, is:

A) carbohydrate counting.
B) the standard American Diabetes Association (ADA) diet.
C) personalization and individualization.
D) the Food Guide Pyramid.

Question 40

Common complications of diabetes affect the:

A) liver, pancreas, and spleen.
B) kidney, eye, and nerve tissue.
C) heart, liver, and brain.
D) adrenal, parotid, and thyroid glands.

Question 41

Infants born to mothers with GDM may have macrosomia because:

A) glucose crosses the placenta, but maternal insulin does not.
B) maternal insulin crosses the placenta, but glucose does not.
C) both maternal insulin and glucose cross the placenta.
D) neither maternal insulin nor glucose cross the placenta.

Question 42

Historically, type 2 diabetes is typically diagnosed after age:

A) 30 years.
B) 40 years.
C) 50 years.
D) 60 years.

Question 43

A major focus of the dietary prescription for people who have type 2 diabetes is to:

A) eat more fruit and vegetables.
B) avoid foods that contain sugar.
C) avoid snacks between meals.
D) lose weight.

Question 44

Nutrition therapy for diabetes is based on:

A) the ADA meal plan.
B) avoidance of sugar.
C) the individual's usual eating habits.
D) insulin administration.

Question 45

Infants born to mothers with GDM may experience:

A) hyperglycemia.
B) hypoglycemia.
C) low birth weight.
D) ketosis.

Question 46

For a client with GDM, an acceptable blood glucose level 2 hours after a meal would be:

A) 110 mg/dL.
B) 130 mg/dL.
C) 150 mg/dL.
D) 170 mg/dL.

Question 47

If someone with type 1 diabetes starts drinking alcoholic beverages an hour before a meal, they are likely to experience:

A) ketoacidosis.
B) polyuria.
C) hyperglycemia.
D) hypoglycemia.

Question 48

A client with diabetes would need to adjust or modify his or her diet if he or she is:

A) eating at home.
B) experiencing loss of sleep.
C) ill or under stress.
D) having company for dinner.

Question 49

One way in which oral hypoglycemic drugs act to lower elevated blood glucose levels is by:

A) reducing peripheral uptake of glucose.
B) preventing the release of glucose from dietary carbohydrates.
C) stimulating hepatic glucose output.
D) stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin.