Deck 2: Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism

Question 1

The hormone secretin stimulates production of a buffering solution for the duodenum by the:

A) stomach.
B) liver.
C) pancreas.
D) oxyntic cells.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The substance that acts as an emulsifier and helps absorb digested fat is:

A) bile.
B) trypsin.
C) lipase.
D) cholecystokinin (CCK).

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The lining of the stomach and intestine is protected from self-digestion by:

A) pepsinogen.
B) bile.
C) mucus.
D) fat.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

After ingested food is mixed and churned with gastric secretions, the resulting semifluid mass is called:

A) a bolus.
B) chyme.
C) rennin.
D) glycogen.

Question 5

Types of muscular movement that occur in the intestine are:

A) longitudinal and circular.
B) expulsion and traction.
C) tonus and clonus.
D) intermittent and continuous.

Question 6

An enzyme secreted by the salivary glands is:

A) pepsin.
B) trypsin.
C) sucrase.
D) amylase.

Question 7

The factor most likely to stimulate digestive secretions is:

A) smelling or seeing food.
B) grocery shopping.
C) fasting.
D) exercise.

Question 8

The release of gastric secretions is stimulated by nerve and hormonal stimuli and the:

A) ingestion of water.
B) swallowing reflex.
C) presence of food in the stomach.
D) closing of the pyloric sphincter.

Question 9

The muscle layer on the outside of the intestinal wall is called the:

A) serosa.
B) mucosa.
C) submucosa.
D) muscularis mucosae.

Question 10

The substance that activates pepsinogen to pepsin is:

A) bile.
B) gastrin.
C) secretin.
D) hydrochloric acid.

Question 11

The rate of gastric emptying depends on the:

A) time of day food is consumed.
B) composition of food consumed.
C) rate of food consumption.
D) frequency of eating.

Question 12

The rhythmic contractions that propel food through the intestinal tract are called:

A) segmentation.
B) peristalsis.
C) cardiospasm.
D) pendular movements.

Question 13

Digestion of protein by pepsin in the stomach requires a pH between:

A) 1.8 and 3.5.
B) 4.8 and 7.0.
C) 6.8 and 8.5.
D) 7.8 and 10.0.

Question 14

Mucus is produced by the salivary glands and the:

A) intestinal glands.
B) esophageal glands.
C) pineal gland.
D) islets of Langerhans.

Question 15

Regurgitation or reflux of acidic stomach contents back into the esophagus is known as:

A) hiatal hernia.
B) diverticulitis.
C) gastroenteritis.
D) gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Question 16

The interrelated network of nerves within the gastrointestinal wall that regulates its muscular action is known as the:

A) gastric nerve plexus.
B) biliary nerve plexus.
C) intramural nerve plexus.
D) intestinal nerve plexus.

Question 17

The hormone that prevents excessive gastric activity is:

A) gastrin.
B) enterogastrone.
C) secretin.
D) cholecystokinin.

Question 18

The parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands are found in the:

A) mouth.
B) stomach.
C) pancreas.
D) duodenum.

Question 19

The actions involved in the process of digestion are:

A) thermal and chemical.
B) chemical and segmental.
C) muscular and chemical.
D) mechanical and thermal.

Question 20

The action of biting, chewing, and breaking up ingested food into smaller particles is called:

A) peristalsis.
B) segmentation.
C) metabolism.
D) mastication.

Question 21

Probiotics are:

A) indigestible carbohydrates that promote growth of health-promoting bacteria.
B) antibiotics that prevent growth of harmful bacteria.
C) nutritional supplements of health-promoting bacteria.
D) commercial fiber supplements that have a laxative effect.

Question 22

Gas formation in the colon is the result of:

A) ingesting refined foods.
B) ingesting too much water.
C) swallowing air while eating.
D) bacterial action on organic compounds.

Question 23

The valve that controls the passage of chyme from the small intestine into the cecum is called the:

A) ileocecal valve.
B) pyloric valve.
C) cardiac valve.
D) hepatic valve.

Question 24

Bacteria found in the colon are important because they:

A) synthesize important vitamins.
B) complete the process of absorption.
C) synthesize some minerals.
D) finish the process of digestion.

Question 25

The primary nutritional function of the large intestine is:

A) absorption of fats.
B) excretion of waste products.
C) excretion of bacteria.
D) absorption of water.

Question 26

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the:

A) muscles.
B) pancreas.
C) liver.
D) spleen.

Question 27

The end products of digestion of macronutrients include fatty acids, amino acids, and:

A) monosaccharides.
B) polysaccharides.
C) enzymes.
D) cholesterol.

Question 28

In addition to active transport, a process involved in absorbing food in the small intestine is:

A) pinocytosis.
B) excretion.
C) phagocytosis.
D) electrochemical diffusion.

Question 29

Chylomicrons are:

A) formed in the hepatic system.
B) composed of triglycerides and cholesterol only.
C) absorbed in the large intestine.
D) cleared from the blood by lipoprotein lipase.

Question 30

The small, fingerlike projections into the intestinal lumen are called:

A) villi.
B) goblets.
C) lacteals.
D) polyps.

Question 31

The pathogenic bacterium associated with peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer is:

A) Lactobacillus.
B) Bifidobacterium.
C) H. pylori.
D) E. coli.

Question 32

Feces are composed mainly of bacteria, mucosal cells, mucus, and:

A) bile.
B) enzymes.
C) fiber.
D) chyme.

Question 33

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is produced in the:

A) duodenum.
B) stomach.
C) pancreas.
D) liver.

Question 34

After absorption, the end products of carbohydrate and protein digestion enter the:

A) enterohepatic circulation.
B) gastrointestinal circulation.
C) common bile duct.
D) portal blood system.

Question 35

Absorption of most nutrients occurs in the:

A) large intestine.
B) small intestine.
C) stomach.
D) mouth.

Question 36

The stimulus for the release of cholecystokinin (CCK) is the:

A) presence of food in the stomach.
B) presence of fat in the duodenum.
C) entry of acid chyme into the ileum.
D) entry of bile into the gallbladder.

Question 37

The process of converting glycogen to glucose is called:

A) glucogenesis.
B) glycogenolysis.
C) glyconeogenesis.
D) gluconeogenesis.

Question 38

The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to contract is:

A) secretin.
B) cholecystokinin (CCK).
C) gastrin.
D) gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP).

Question 39

The production of glucose from protein, lactate, or glycerol is called:

A) glycolysis.
B) gluconeogenesis.
C) glycogenolysis.
D) glucogenesis.

Question 40

The component of fat that can be used to make glucose (by gluconeogenesis) is:

A) glycogen.
B) fatty acids.
C) glycerol.
D) monoglyceride.

Question 41

Synthesis of protein is governed by:

A) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the cell nucleus.
B) daily variations in protein intake.
C) blood glucose levels.
D) metabolism in the liver.

Question 42

A major function of glucose is to:

A) produce energy.
B) transport oxygen to cells.
C) convert fat to glycogen.
D) maintain body weight.

Question 43

The hormone that breaks down liver glycogen to glucose during fasting or sleep is:

A) thyroxine.
B) glucagon.
C) cortisone.
D) insulin.

Question 44

The hormone that acts to lower blood sugar levels is:

A) insulin.
B) glucagon.
C) thyroxine.
D) epinephrine.

Question 45

The substance that serves as a vehicle for fat transport in the bloodstream is:

A) fatty acids.
B) glycerol.
C) lipoproteins.
D) amino acids.

Question 46

Metabolic and hormonal responses are triggered to restore blood glucose to normal when blood glucose level decreases to:

A) 70 mg/dL.
B) 85 mg/dL.
C) 90 mg/dL.
D) 100 mg/dL.

Question 47

The hormone that conserves fat is:

A) cortisone.
B) glucagon.
C) insulin.
D) epinephrine.

Question 48

A hormone that has an anabolic effect is:

A) parathyroid hormone.
B) cortisone.
C) gonadotropins.
D) epinephrine.

Question 49

Hormones that increase the release of free fatty acids include:

A) insulin and glucagon.
B) cortisol and thyroxine.
C) somatostatin and gastrin.
D) lipoprotein lipase and secretin.

Question 50

During the process of deamination, the nitrogen portion of amino acids is converted to:

A) ammonia.
B) protein.
C) purines.
D) glycogen.