Deck 7: Minerals and Water

Question 1

Physiologic functions of potassium include:

A) acid-base balance.
B) regulation of insulin production.
C) monitoring sodium excretion.
D) formation of hemoglobin.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Two important physiologic functions of phosphorus are:

A) general metabolism and bone formation.
B) heme formation and hormone synthesis.
C) acid-base balance and detoxification.
D) synthesis and absorption of fatty acids.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A health problem that can lead to hypokalemia is:

A) dependence on vitamin supplements.
B) dependence on caffeinated beverages.
C) myocardial infarction.
D) diabetic acidosis.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A factor that serves as the mechanism for regulating excretion of sodium from the body is:

A) the amount of water consumed.
B) body pH.
C) the hormone aldosterone.
D) vitamin D activity.

Question 5

The mineral that is present in the body in the greatest amount is:

A) sodium.
B) potassium.
C) calcium.
D) iron.

Question 6

Important metabolic functions of sodium include fluid balance, acid-base balance, and:

A) muscular action.
B) release of glycogen.
C) regulation of enzyme production.
D) control of body temperature.

Question 7

Minerals in extracellular fluid that regulate water balance are:

A) calcium and potassium.
B) sodium and chloride.
C) phosphorus and magnesium.
D) iron and zinc.

Question 8

Hormones that are involved in maintaining calcium balance in the body include calcitonin, calcitriol, and:

A) thyroxine.
B) parathyroid hormone.
C) insulin.
D) epinephrine.

Question 9

Binding agents such as oxalic acid and phytic acid inhibit absorption of:

A) potassium.
B) sodium.
C) fluoride.
D) calcium.

Question 10

Studies suggest that an increase in potassium intake can:

A) lower blood triglycerides.
B) lower blood pressure.
C) raise high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels.
D) raise blood sugar levels.

Question 11

The greatest amount of calcium is used in:

A) bone formation.
B) blood clotting.
C) neuromuscular activity.
D) enzyme activation.

Question 12

Variations in the body fluid concentration of sodium largely determine distribution of water by:

A) diffusion.
B) osmosis.
C) absorption.
D) excretion.

Question 13

Hypokalemia may occur as the result of:

A) excessive sodium intake.
B) prolonged diarrhea.
C) the use of multivitamins.
D) prolonged immobilization.

Question 14

A condition that is a serious complication of an elevated serum potassium level is:

A) sodium imbalance.
B) hypertension.
C) muscle irritability.
D) vomiting.

Question 15

Low serum phosphorus levels may occur in individuals recovering from diabetic acidosis because:

A) phosphorus absorption is disrupted.
B) phosphorus is used in active carbohydrate absorption and metabolism.
C) excess phosphorus is produced by the metabolic imbalance.
D) phosphorus buffer systems are depleted during acidosis.

Question 16

A mineral that participates in transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contraction is:

A) calcium.
B) selenium.
C) chlorine.
D) phosphorus.

Question 17

Chlorine can be found in the body as chloride ions in:

A) hemoglobin.
B) bile.
C) gastric secretions.
D) skeletal tissue.

Question 18

Of the following foods, the type that provides the most calcium per serving is:

A) eggs.
B) whole grains.
C) dairy products.
D) leafy vegetables.

Question 19

The mineral that is found primarily in the intracellular fluid compartment is:

A) sodium.
B) chloride.
C) potassium.
D) magnesium.

Question 20

The greatest concentration of sodium is found in:

A) intestinal fluid.
B) extracellular fluid.
C) intracellular fluid.
D) metabolic fluid.

Question 21

For public health purposes, the level of fluoridation in public water supplies should be:

A) 0.5 ppm.
B) 1.0 ppm.
C) 2.0 ppm.
D) 3.5 ppm.

Question 22

Iron has an important metabolic function in:

A) oxygen transport.
B) thyroxine synthesis.
C) calcium and phosphorus balance.
D) neutralizing gastric secretions.

Question 23

The group of people most likely to exhibit signs of iron deficiency is:

A) breast-fed infants.
B) school-age children.
C) underweight men.
D) women of childbearing age.

Question 24

Zinc is important throughout the life cycle, but especially during:

A) pregnancy.
B) young adulthood.
C) middle adulthood.
D) older adulthood.

Question 25

The amino acids that contain sulfur are:

A) phenylalanine and lysine.
B) threonine and tyrosine.
C) methionine and cysteine.
D) leucine and tryptophan.

Question 26

When a person experiences impairment of taste, the condition is known as:

A) hypogeusia.
B) hyposomia.
C) hypostasis.
D) hypothermia.

Question 27

Symptoms of impaired sense of taste and smell are sometimes caused by a deficiency of:

A) zinc.
B) chromium.
C) chlorine.
D) magnesium.

Question 28

Factors that favor absorption of iron include:

A) vitamin A.
B) vitamin C.
C) zinc.
D) intestinal flora.

Question 29

The second most common type of malnutrition worldwide is:

A) iron deficiency anemia.
B) protein-energy malnutrition.
C) osteoporosis.
D) vitamin A deficiency.

Question 30

Chromium facilitates the action of:

A) thyroxine.
B) lipase.
C) testosterone.
D) insulin.

Question 31

A genetic disease that causes iron overload is:

A) goiter.
B) hypochromic anemia.
C) hyperchromic anemia.
D) hemochromatosis.

Question 32

A major benefit of fluoride is:

A) providing structural support to cells.
B) preventing anemia.
C) preventing dental caries.
D) slowing the aging process.

Question 33

The clinical problem associated with defective iodine uptake and use is:

A) hypertension.
B) excessive weight loss.
C) abnormal cardiac function.
D) abnormal thyroid function.

Question 34

The metabolic function of iodine is to:

A) produce energy.
B) maintain the nervous system.
C) maintain dental health.
D) help synthesize thyroxine.

Question 35

Sulfur is found in the body in:

A) proteins.
B) stored fat.
C) DNA.
D) glycogen.

Question 36

Trace minerals are called "trace" because they are:

A) less important than other minerals.
B) found in a limited number of food sources.
C) found in small quantities in the body.
D) difficult to analyze in the laboratory.

Question 37

A major function of selenium is:

A) as an antioxidant.
B) thyroxine production.
C) red blood cell formation.
D) glycogen production.

Question 38

The mineral that enhances the ability of the tooth structure to withstand the erosive effect of bacterial acid is:

A) zinc.
B) calcium.
C) chromium.
D) fluoride.

Question 39

The minerals involved in hemoglobin synthesis are:

A) molybdenum and cadmium.
B) magnesium and manganese.
C) iron and zinc.
D) iron and copper.

Question 40

The most reliable dietary source of iodine is:

A) seafood.
B) legumes.
C) iodized table salt.
D) enriched cereals.

Question 41

The percentage of body water in the average person is:

A) 40% to 50%.
B) 50% to 60%.
C) 60% to 70%.
D) 70% to 80%.

Question 42

The hormone that causes the kidneys to retain sodium is called:

A) vitamin D.
B) thyroxine.
C) adrenaline.
D) aldosterone.

Question 43

The term used to denote concentration of electrolytes in a given volume of fluid is:

A) valence.
B) milliequivalent.
C) gram molecular weight.
D) pH.

Question 44

If a cell is surrounded by a hypertonic solution, it will:

A) lose water and shrink.
B) gain water and swell.
C) be broken down.
D) eventually burst.

Question 45

Solutes found in body fluids that influence movement of water include plasma proteins, glucose, and:

A) electrolytes.
B) minerals.
C) vitamins.
D) calcium.

Question 46

The extracellular fluid compartment contains blood plasma, dense tissue fluid, interstitial fluid, and:

A) metabolic water.
B) fluid within cells.
C) secretory fluid.
D) sweat.

Question 47

Distribution of water content in a person's body is related to the amount of:

A) body fat.
B) bone density.
C) muscle mass.
D) circulating blood.

Question 48

The organic molecules responsible for creating colloidal osmotic pressure are:

A) glucose molecules.
B) sodium ions.
C) plasma proteins.
D) amino acids.

Question 49

The plasma protein that exerts the greatest colloidal osmotic pressure is:

A) fibrinogen.
B) prothrombin.
C) albumin.
D) hemoglobin.

Question 50

The action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidney will result in:

A) sodium retention.
B) water excretion.
C) sodium excretion.
D) water retention.

Question 51

The term metabolic water refers to water that is:

A) contained in foods.
B) consumed orally.
C) moving from compartment to compartment.
D) formed from oxidation of nutrients.

Question 52

Older adults may be at risk for dehydration because:

A) fluid needs increase with age.
B) they absorb less fluid from their intestines.
C) they lose more water through their lungs and skin.
D) their thirst mechanism is diminished.

Question 53

The name of an ion that possesses a positive charge is a(n):

A) anion.
B) cation.
C) acid.
D) base.