Deck 2: Hereditary Influences on Development

Question 1

Mitosis is like

A)a shark that eats its own tail.
B)lengthening a tablecloth by pulling on one end.
C)making photocopies of a written report.
D)deleting a computer file.

Answer 1

making photocopies of a written report.

Question 2

The ways in which a person's inherited characteristics are observable or measurable is referred to as

A)phenotype.
B)genotype.
C)shared environmental influence.
D)concordance rate.

Answer 2

phenotype.

Question 3

Which of these is the correct size sequence of genetic materials, ordered from smallest to largest?

A)Chromosome :: DNA :: gene
B)Chromosome :: gene :: DNA
C)DNA :: gene :: chromosome
D)Gene :: chromosome :: DNA

Answer 3

DNA :: gene :: chromosome

Question 4

PHENOTYPE is to GENOTYPE as ____ is to ____.

A)MASCULINE :: FEMININE
B)VISIBLE :: HIDDEN
C)SOLITARY :: SOCIAL
D)DARKNESS :: LIGHT

Question 5

The DNA molecule has a special ability to

A)duplicate itself.
B)survive beyond the baby's holistic death.
C)send/receive paranormal psychic information.
D)locate and swim in the direction of an ovum.

Question 6

The particular combination of genes that one inherits is one's

A)autosome.
B)genetic imprint.
C)phenotype.
D)genotype.

Question 7

The ____ is the earliest developmental stage at which the young organism contains the hereditary material from both mother and father.

A)egg
B)embryo
C)zygote
D)fetus

Question 8

As the zygote moves through the fallopian tube toward the uterus, it

A)undergoes little change until after implantation.
B)begins to reproduce itself through the process of meiosis.
C)begins to reproduce itself through the process of mitosis.
D)undertakes such rapid differentiation that by the time of implantation, it already looks quite human.

Question 9

____ are tiny threadlike strands of hereditary material found in the nucleus of every cell.

A)Zygotes
B)Chromosomes
C)Genetic imprints
D)Alleles

Question 10

The biological process of mitosis is described as the

A)"untwisting" of the double helix cell structure.
B)expansive growth via cellular replication.
C)consumption and metabolism of nutrients.
D)decline and gradual death of the cell.

Question 11

At conception, all of the following events take place EXCEPT

A)a sperm cell penetrates the lining of the ovum.
B)a biochemical reaction functions to repel other sperm.
C)a new cell nucleus forms around the genetic material provided by father and mother.
D)crossing over begins the process of replication.

Question 12

Hereditary information is transmitted from ____ to ____.

A)introversion; extraversion.
B)phenotype; genotype.
C)parents; offspring.
D)offspring; parents.

Question 13

The theme of Chapter 2 is best described as

A)the dominance of nurture over nature.
B)the dominance of nature over nurture.
C)the complex interplay of nature and nurture.
D)how nature and nurture are moderated by religious belief and religious experience.

Question 14

One's ____ develops most directly from inheritance.

A)concordance rate
B)genotype
C)phenotype
D)nonshared environmental influence (NSE)

Question 15

Conception involves the

A)division of cells via mitosis.
B)study of concordance rates among twins.
C)dominance of some alleles over others.
D)union of sperm and egg.

Question 16

Cellular mitosis

A)ends at conception.
B)ends at birth.
C)combines genetic information from both parents.
D)continues throughout the lifespan.

Question 17

The earliest stages of cellular mitosis typically occur

A)in the ovaries.
B)in the fallopian tubes.
C)in the uterus.
D)at the moment of birth.

Question 18

NATURE is to NURTURE as ____ is to ____.

A)SHARED :: NONSHARED ENVIRONMENTAL EXPERIENCE
B)CONTRACEPTION :: FERTILITY
C)HEREDITY :: ENVIRONMENT
D)RECESSIVE :: DOMINANT

Question 19

The fertilized ovum is identified as a(n)

A)zygote.
B)dominant allele.
C)bundle of joy.
D)empathic concern.

Question 20

Which of these presents the correct movement path sequence of the ovum/zygote, from earliest to last?

A)Fallopian tube :: ovary :: uterus
B)Ovary :: fallopian tube :: uterus
C)Uterus :: fallopian tube :: ovary
D)Uterus :: ovary :: fallopian tube

Question 21

The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are irrelevant to one's sexual identity are called

A)canalizers.
B)chorionic villus samples.
C)autosomes.
D)codominators.

Question 22

Crossing over, an event of meiosis, is like

A)a politician who switches political parties.
B)changing one's sexual orientation.
C)falling asleep during a boring lecture.
D)shuffling a deck of cards to get unique outcomes.

Question 23

The LEAST genetic variability is found within which pair of relatives?

A)Brother and sister
B)Monozygotic twins
C)Wife and husband
D)Grandparent and grandchild

Question 24

The only circumstance under which two people will share a genotype is when those two people are

A)biological siblings.
B)step-siblings.
C)monozygotic twins.
D)dizygotic twins.

Question 25

Your aunt says with a smile, "Let me show you my karyotype!" She wants to show you a(n)

A)ovum, being fertilized in a test tube.
B)picture of her 23 chromosomal pairs.
C)outline chart of which relatives have had genetic defects.
D)phenotype of a canalized trait.

Question 26

In males, the sex chromosomes consist of

A)one X chromosome.
B)two Y chromosomes.
C)two X chromosomes.
D)one X and one Y chromosome.

Question 27

For every 1,000 births, about ____ birth(s) will be of monozygotic twins.

A)1
B)4
C)50
D)300

Question 28

Monozygotic twins are the result of

A)two ova, each fertilized by different sperm.
B)the "crossing over" phenomenon.
C)a single fertilized ovum splitting into two zygotes.
D)the process of mitosis.

Question 29

When does genetic crossing over happen?

A)Prior to intercourse, when gametes are produced
B)During orgasm, the peak event of intercourse
C)During conception, when sperm enters the ovum
D)Just prior to the moment of birth

Question 30

What are gametes?

A)Chromosomal defects that prevent mitosis
B)Aphrodisiacs (love potions)
C)Medical personnel who deliver babies
D)Female ova or male sperm

Question 31

Monozygotic (identical) twins are ____ than dizygotic (fraternal) twins in the population.

A)more often male
B)more often female
C)numerically more common
D)numerically less common

Question 32

MEIOSIS is to MITOSIS as ____ is to ____.

A)MALE :: FEMALE
B)MIXING :: GROWTH
C)NORMAL :: DEPRAVED
D)NATURE :: NURTURE

Question 33

The developing child inherits ____ percent of his or her genes from the father and ____ percent from the mother.

A)10; 90
B)50; 50
C)90; 10
D)99; 1

Question 34

Siblings who ____ share all the same genes.

A)have the same biological parents
B)have experienced similar nurturant care
C)developed from the same zygote
D)are exactly the same age

Question 35

Sex differences are determined by the

A)23rd pair of human chromosomes.
B)mother's ovum.
C)process of mitosis.
D)process of implantation.

Question 36

According to the principle of ____, meiosis can result in extreme diversity of genetic outcomes.

A)independent assortment
B)sex-linked inheritance
C)selective breeding
D)canalization

Question 37

The function of the body's germ cells is to

A)communicate messages over long distances.
B)generate either sperm or ova for reproduction.
C)attack and kill bacteria that invade the cell.
D)produce hormones that are dumped into the bloodstream.

Question 38

The sex of an embryo is determined by the genetic contribution from the

A)father.
B)mother.
C)parent who contributes the dominant gene at site 23.
D)parent who contributes the recessive gene at site 23.

Question 39

Each person is genetically unique because of the aftereffects of sexual

A)phenotypes.
B)concordance rates.
C)mitosis.
D)meiosis.

Question 40

Through the process of meiosis, unique new combinations of genetic material are generated during

A)range of reaction.
B)crossing over.
C)miscarriage.
D)genetic counseling.

Question 41

Brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes. Suppose that two brown-eyed parents gave birth to a blue-eyed child. It may be inferred that

A)a man other than the husband is the father of the child.
B)the husband is the father, but the wife is not the mother.
C)both parents are homozygous for brown eyes.
D)both parents are heterozygous for brown/blue eyes.

Question 42

The genetic characteristics of the ____ determine the baby's sexual identity.

A)older siblings
B)father's sperm
C)mother's ovum
D)parents' shared wishes

Question 43

When a person is homozygous for an inherited trait, the alleles inherited from mother and father are

A)one recessive and the other dominant.
B)both the same.
C)for homosexual orientation.
D)unlikely to be expressed in the phenotype.

Question 44

Genes have all the following functions EXCEPT

A)guiding the differentiation of cells.
B)controlling the pace and timing of development.
C)producing specific amino acids for proteins.
D)determining the content of what is learned.

Question 45

DOMINANT TRAIT is to RECESSIVE TRAIT as ____ is to ____ in phenotypes.

A)STRONG :: WEAK
B)COMMON OCCURRENCE :: RARE OCCURRENCE
C)FAVORABLE :: UNFAVORABLE
D)HUMAN :: ANIMAL

Question 46

Two parents whose phenotypes both show a dominant trait will have a child who shows the recessive version of the trait

A)under no circumstances.
B)only if one of the parents has a genetic defect.
C)if the child receives the recessive allele from both parents.
D)with complete certainty.

Question 47

Nature's principle for genetic sexual identity is,

A)"In the absence of any sex chromosome, develop as a girl."
B)"In the absence of a Y-chromosome, develop as a girl."
C)"If the cell has just 23 single chromosomes, develop as a boy."
D)"If the cell lacks any sex chromosomes, develop as a boy."

Question 48

Mendel's experiments on the inheritance of dominant vs. recessive traits in pea seeds showed that

A)the best traits tend to be dominant.
B)the worst traits tend to be dominant.
C)humans inherit traits from the foods they eat.
D)the offspring's traits are not merely blends of the parents' traits.

Question 49

A baby's genetic sexual identity is determined when

A)the parents pledge to remain faithful to each other.
B)conception occurs.
C)the embryonic stage has been completed.
D)the fetus emerges from the womb during birth.

Question 50

A person who carries two dominant or two recessive genes is said to be ____ for that trait.

A)heterozygous
B)homozygous
C)codominant
D)corecessive

Question 51

Genes exert their influences on development by

A)psychically changing the cell's future actions.
B)managing the production of amino acids necessary for cell development.
C)ensuring that experiential factors solely affect the child's development.
D)causing cells to wither and die.

Question 52

One trait that illustrates the concept of simple dominant/recessive inheritance is

A)color blindness.
B)AB blood type.
C)nearsightedness.
D)intelligence.

Question 53

During the 1800s, Gregory Mendel studied the inheritance of traits that are

A)developed via learning.
B)strongly influenced by nutrition.
C)controlled by single pairs of genes.
D)controlled by multiple pairs of genes.

Question 54

One notion of biological inheritance is that traits of the two parents are blended, like mixing paint colors, to form the phenotypic traits of the offspring. This notion was ____ Mendel's experimental results with peas.

A)disconfirmed by
B)unrelated to
C)supported by
D)developed from

Question 55

When a trait appears in an all-or-none fashion in the phenotype, then it is known that the trait

A)is controlled by a single pair of genes.
B)is controlled by a group of many pairs of genes.
C)develops from learned experience.
D)is influenced by nutritional food intake.

Question 56

A recessive trait will appear in the offspring's phenotype when its allele is inherited from

A)the mother only.
B)the father only.
C)neither mother nor father.
D)both father and mother.

Question 57

Brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes. Two brown-eyed parents could have a blue-eyed child

A)never, under any circumstances.
B)if a blue-eyed allele is inherited from the mother.
C)if a blue-eyed allele is inherited from the father.
D)if a blue-eyed allele is inherited from both parents.

Question 58

One trait that illustrates the principle of codominance is

A)AB blood type.
B)Down syndrome.
C)color blindness.
D)diabetes.

Question 59

For traits that are determined by single pairs of genes, recessive traits occur on population phenotypes ____ than those of dominant traits.

A)more often
B)equally often
C)less often
D)with weaker strength

Question 60

The specific pairs of genes that control a characteristic are

A)phenotypes.
B)ranges of reaction.
C)alleles.
D)autosomes.

Question 61

Codominance of genetic traits is like

A)mixing paint pigments to get a halfway blend.
B)either winning or losing a coin toss.
C)being unable to see what clothes are worn beneath an outer garment.
D)walking on a treadmill but getting nowhere.

Question 62

____ traits are those for which the phenotype typically can display many continuous variations rather than appearing in an all-or-none fashion.

A)Polygenic
B)Mendelian
C)Genetically counseled
D)Genetically imprinted

Question 63

The principle of codominance ____ Mendel's classic principles of inheritance.

A)supports
B)is irrelevant to
C)contradicts
D)simplifies

Question 64

Men are more susceptible to some disabling conditions such as red/green colorblindness because

A)men are not apt to attend to their healthcare needs.
B)families tend to take better care of female children.
C)the Y chromosome lacks the corresponding gene that might counteract the effect of the specific allele associated with the condition.
D)the male immune system is weaker than the female immune system.

Question 65

____ is a codominant recessive trait for which, in heterozygous persons, the recessive trait is partially expressed in the phenotype, causing a person's red blood cells to assume an unusual crescent shape.

A)Cystic fibrosis
B)Albinism
C)Tay-Sachs disease
D)Sickle-cell anemia

Question 66

Concerning sex-linked genetic characteristics, most are ____ and appear most often in ____ phenotypes.

A)beneficial; male
B)beneficial; female
C)disabling; male
D)disabling; female

Question 67

Traits that ____ tend to display the all-or-none pattern of phenotypic expression.

A)show simple dominance/recessiveness
B)are codominant
C)are polygenic
D)are developed experientially via learning

Question 68

Most of the characteristics of interest to psychologists, such as personality, are influenced by

A)multiple genes.
B)the 23rd chromosome pair.
C)one autosome.
D)the 21st chromosome pair.

Question 69

About ____ percent of newborns are in perfect condition, lacking any congenital defects.

A)99
B)95
C)82
D)52

Question 70

Sickle-cell anemia is a severe blood disorder that causes massive clustering of red blood cells, which results in

A)lung disease.
B)sever motor problems.
C)mental retardation.
D)inefficient oxygen distribution.

Question 71

Suppose that a child developed mild symptoms of sickle-cell anemia. It may be correctly inferred that

A)the child is heterozygous for the sickle-cell trait.
B)the child received the sickle-cell trait from both parents and is homozygous for this disorder.
C)the sickle trait is absent from the child's alleles.
D)the symptoms developed from experiential learning.

Question 72

Sex-linked genetic characteristics appear in phenotypes

A)of women more often than men.
B)of men more often than women.
C)of women and men rarely and equally.
D)of women and men often and equally.

Question 73

Children of mixed race often have skin that is lighter than one parent's and darker than the other parent's. This outcome is consistent with the genetic principle of

A)sex-linked characteristics.
B)genetic mutation and crossing over.
C)recessive Mendelian traits.
D)codominance of traits.

Question 74

Sex-linked genetic characteristics

A)are controlled by genes located on autosomes.
B)develop via experiential learning.
C)are controlled by genes located at the 23rd chromosome pair.
D)distinguish sex offenders from other adults.

Question 75

Sickle-cell anemia is a rare disease generally, but it is more common among ____ than among people of other races.

A)Hispanics
B)African Americans
C)Asian Americans
D)Caucasians

Question 76

Which of these illustrates the presence of a recessive sex-linked allele?

A)A girl develops Huntington's chorea.
B)A girl falls and cuts her knee, which bleeds slightly.
C)A woman with normal color vision is mother of a son with red/green color blindness.
D)Everyone in a family shares normal color vision.

Question 77

A woman may develop a recessive sex-linked defective genetic trait

A)under no circumstances.
B)if her Y sex chromosome bears a dominant allele.
C)if she is homozygous for the recessive trait.
D)with certainty when she is heterozygous for the trait.

Question 78

Genetic codominance

A)was shown by Mendel's experiments with pea seeds.
B)follows the simple pattern of dominance/recessiveness.
C)may permit each allele to be expressed in the phenotype.
D)only produces "invisible traits" that are not shown in any phenotypes.

Question 79

Which of these traits is NOT polygenic?

A)Body height
B)Skin color
C)Body weight
D)Hemophilic blood clotting

Question 80

When a genetic trait is influenced by heterozygous codominant alleles,

A)only the dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype.
B)only the recessive allele is expressed in the phenotype.
C)both alleles may be partially expressed.
D)only the effects of learned experience will become evident in the phenotype.