Deck 14: The Context of Development I: the Family

Question 1

The family is most closely aligned with which part of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?

A)Microsystem
B)Mesosystem
C)Exosystem
D)Macrosystem

Answer 1

Microsystem

Question 2

____ is the process by which society's favored beliefs, values, and actions are learned by the child.

A)Transactionalism
B)Coparenting
C)Socialization
D)Information processing

Answer 2

Socialization

Question 3

According to ecologists, most direct influences on an infant will come from and be experienced in the

A)macrosystem.
B)chronosystem.
C)exosystem.
D)microsystem.

Answer 3

microsystem.

Question 4

On a particular day, Dandelion, a single mom, interacts with her baby, her boss, a social worker, and her prison parole officer. These multiple influences on her are best understood in terms of ____ theory.

A)Erikson's psychosocial
B)Bronfenbrenner's ecological system
C)Freud's psychoanalytic
D)Piaget's cognitive

Question 5

____ theory construes the environmental context as a set of richly layered influences that surround the child.

A)Erikson's psychosocial
B)Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems
C)Lorenz's ethological
D)Skinner's behavioral

Question 6

Whose theoretical perspective is especially compatible with the systems approach to families?

A)Piaget's cognitivism
B)Freud's psychoanalysis
C)Vygotsky's socioculturalism
D)Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems

Question 7

The connections between microsystems are called

A)exosystems.
B)mesosystems.
C)macrosystems.
D)chronosystems.

Question 8

The temporal dimension of Bronfenbrenner's model is called the

A)macrosystem.
B)microsystem.
C)exosystem.
D)chronosystem.

Question 9

Juliana's teachers at school work closely with her parents to align what happens at school and home for Juliana. This cooperation between school and home illustrates Juliana's

A)microsystem.
B)mesosystem.
C)exosystem.
D)macrosystem.

Question 10

For Bronfenbrenner, the microsystem is

A)the universe of tiny creatures in the backyard.
B)the immediate family.
C)the child's neighborhood.
D)general American culture.

Question 11

In Bronfenbrenner's view, the macrosystem refers to

A)the immediate family.
B)the extended family.
C)the particular cultural or social class context in which development occurs.
D)the school system.

Question 12

The ____ systems perspective provides a rich description of the multiple environmental influences that can influence development.

A)ecological
B)learning
C)ethological
D)cognitive

Question 13

A slogan for Uri Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory would be,

A)"Unconscious thoughts fill the child's mind."
B)"Nature has provided the child with innate abilities."
C)"Rewards and punishments shape the child's behavior."
D)"The child is affected by multiple levels of environmental influence."

Question 14

Contexts of which children are not a part, but that do influence their development, are called

A)ecological systems.
B)microsystems.
C)mesosystems.
D)exosystems.

Question 15

The principle that families are embedded within larger cultural contexts supports ____ theoretical perspective.

A)Piaget's cognitive
B)Skinner's behavioral
C)Freud's psychoanalytical
D)Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems

Question 16

Tim, a teenager, notices that he is treated differently now than as a child, because of his age. These changes are

A)microsystemic influences.
B)operant punishments.
C)chronosystemic effects.
D)exosystemic influences.

Question 17

In ecological systems theory, MICROSYSTEM is to MACROSYSTEM as ____ is to ____.

A)FAMILY :: SOCIETY
B)TIME :: GEOGRAPHY
C)LEARNING :: SPENDING
D)INSTINCT :: LEARNING

Question 18

What percentage of U. S. children are raised in some kind of a family?

A)7%
B)33%
C)72%
D)99%

Question 19

In ecological systems theory, the parents' workplaces would be part of the child's

A)exosystem.
B)mesosystem.
C)microsystem.
D)chronosystem.

Question 20

Joshua's parents enjoy their work immensely. The fact that they enjoy their work ultimately influences their general life satisfaction and the way they interact with Joshua.The impact of how Joshua's parents feel about their own jobs is captured in the _____ in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory.

A)microsystem
B)macrosystem
C)mesosystem
D)exosystem

Question 21

Aunt Gushy smiles at, hugs, and handles all of her nephews and nieces, and she expresses genuine affection toward them. Aunt Gushy is strong on the quality of

A)scaffolding of egocentric speech.
B)external locus of control.
C)acceptance/responsiveness.
D)demandingness/control.

Question 22

Jade and Maury have an infant son. Jade largely does the cooking, but Maury always cleans up so that Jade can give the baby a bath after dinner. After the kitchen is clean, Maury and Jade confer to determine what chores are left and how to divide their time so that they both get to be with the baby before bedtime. Jade and Maury are engaged in

A)coparenting.
B)socialization.
C)promotion of volitional functioning.
D)authoritative parenting.

Question 23

Which of the following best defines a family?

A)Two parents living with their biological children
B)Roomates in a dorm or apartment who plan to stay together throughout their college years
C)A group of neighbors on the same block who have lived on that block for over a decade and who are very fond of each other
D)Two or more people related by birth, marriage, adoption, or choice with emotional ties and responsibilities to each other

Question 24

Which of the following illustrates reciprocal influence?

A)A smiling infant attracts her mother's attention, and mother smiles back, making the baby cackle
B)A parent losing his or her patience
C)A child misbehaving
D)A husband cheating on a wife

Question 25

Early research on socialization tended to focus on

A)reciprocal influence between parent and child.
B)how mothers influence their children's character and conduct.
C)how fathers influenc their children's character and conduct.
D)how children influence their parents' character and conduct

Question 26

A family unit consisting of a wife/mother, husband/father, and their dependent child/children is a(n)

A)extended family.
B)co-parenting unit.
C)nuclear family.
D)chronosystem.

Question 27

A slogan of the process of socialization would be,

A)"Learn your own culture."
B)"Be on guard for possible dangers."
C)"Always mingle with others."
D)"Don't be cruel to a heart that's true."

Question 28

In which sort of culture is an extended family arrangement associated with better patterns of psychological adjustment in the children?

A)Individualist culture
B)Western culture
C)Collectivist culture
D)Independent culture

Question 29

Fathers tend to be more engaged with their children when

A)their spouses are especially busy and the extra help is needed.
B)their relationship with their spouses is harmonious.
C)their relationship with their spouses is conflictual.
D)their spouses are insecurely attached to their children.

Question 30

Psychosocial theorist Erik Erikson argued that the child's serious socialization begins during

A)early infancy, prior to the age of 12 months.
B)late infancy, between the ages of one and two years.
C)toddlerhood, between the ages of two and three years.
D)early childhood, between the ages of four to six years.

Question 31

Zoe, Mick, and their two kids live with Zoe's parents. What kind of household is this?

A)Nuclear family
B)Atomic family
C)Extended family
D)Blended family

Question 32

What percent of households in 1995 comprised a "breadwinner" father, "housewife" mother, and two or more children?

A)75%
B)50%
C)25%
D)12%

Question 33

The complex network of relationships, interactions, and patterns of influence that characterize a family with three or more members is the definition of a(n)

A)family.
B)family social system.
C)traditional nuclear family.
D)extended family.

Question 34

Consider the following four couples living under economically difficult conditions. Who will experience the least disruption in their parenting due to the economic hardship?

A)Brenda and Bob, who live 1,000 miles from family and know a handful of people in their town
B)Josiah and Jennie, who are very involved in their church and established in their town
C)Hosea and Gomer, who were very involved in their jobs before they were both downsized
D)Seth and Carrie, who are both very shy and don't have a large circle of friends

Question 35

Parents who mutually support each other and function as a cooperative team are engaged in

A)coparenting.
B)divorce.
C)socialization.
D)promotion of volitional functioning.

Question 36

At least through the preschool years, the main source of socialization influences on the child is

A)the family.
B)the school.
C)the mass media, such as TV, radio, or video games.
D)children's groups, such as the Boy Scouts or Campfire Girls.

Question 37

The primary instrument of socialization is the

A)school system.
B)family.
C)neighborhood.
D)culture.

Question 38

A group of blood relatives from more than one nuclear family who live together form which kind of household?

A)Atomic family
B)Extended family
C)Coparenting household
D)Exosystem

Question 39

Definitions of desirable social behavior

A)may vary from culture to culture and change over time.
B)may vary from culture to culture.
C)may change over time.
D)remain culturally and temporally constant.

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of a traditional, nuclear family?

A)Jack and Diane, who live together with their biological, dependent children
B)Sarah and Mandy, who are raising Mandy's biological child
C)Mindy and Jeff, who are raising Jeff's daughter from a previous relationship
D)All of these are traditional, nuclear families

Question 41

The parenting style associated with the most positive outcomes in Western cultures is the ____ style.

A)authoritarian
B)permissive
C)uninvolved
D)authoritative

Question 42

Authoritative parents differ from authoritarian parents in that authoritative parents are

A)more intelligent.
B)better educated.
C)more flexible in the way they implement behavioral standards.
D)less involved with their children.

Question 43

Mr. and Mrs. Reasonable apply the ____ parenting style; they are consistent, controlling but flexible, sensitive, and accepting of their child.

A)authoritarian
B)permissive
C)uninvolved
D)authoritative

Question 44

The parents in the Goner family are typically away at night, and they often leave their three small children at home alone, to save money on babysitters. Their parenting style is

A)uninvolved.
B)authoritative.
C)authoritarian.
D)permissive.

Question 45

The dimension of parenting that refers to the amount of regulation or supervision parents undertake with their children is the ____ dimension.

A)responsiveness
B)affective sensitivity
C)demandingness/control
D)warmth/nurturance

Question 46

Children whose parents apply the ____ disciplinary style become impulsive, aggressive, self-centered, and bossy.

A)permissive
B)uninvolved
C)authoritative
D)authoritarian

Question 47

A slogan of the authoritative parental style would be,

A)"The child is a terrorist to be subdued."
B)"Children must not deter adults from their actions."
C)"The child deserves to control his or her own actions."
D)"Be warm, fair, moderate, and reasonable."

Question 48

____ parents have children with many positive traits such as secure attachment, high self-esteem, strong morality, and prosocial actions.

A)Decentrated
B)Neonativistic
C)Warmly responsive
D)Strict disciplinarian

Question 49

In her studies of parenting styles, Diane Baumrind applied this methodology:

A)carefully controlled experimentation.
B)correlation of parents' and childrens' scores.
C)ratings based on observations.
D)case studies of exceptional children.

Question 50

Parents who apply the ____ disciplinary style are especially likely to be involved with Vygotskian scaffolding, with good results.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)uninvolved
D)permissive

Question 51

Children who experience a permissive style of parenting in the home tend to be

A)bossy, impulsive, aggressive, and low in achievement.
B)self-reliant, socially responsible, cheerful, and achievement-oriented.
C)unfriendly, moody, easily annoyed, and aimless.
D)aggressive, hostile, selfish, and rebellious.

Question 52

The authoritative pattern of parenting is

A)a warm pattern in which children are free to express themselves; few demands are made, and little control is exerted.
B)a fair but reserved pattern in which the child knows the rules and the consequences for breaking the rules; no input is sought from the child, and the parents remain the sole authority.
C)reserved and aloof; few demands are made, and little control is exerted.
D)a warm pattern in which demands are imposed in a rational way and tailored to the child's abilities.

Question 53

The connection between authoritative parenting and positive developmental outcomes holds true for

A)all racial and ethnic groups in the United States.
B)only Caucasians, of all socioeconomic levels.
C)boys of all group identities, but not for girls.
D)low-income families, but not for middle or upper incomes.

Question 54

____ parenting yields the least successful outcomes.

A)Authoritarian
B)Authoritative
C)Permissive
D)Uninvolved

Question 55

Children of uninvolved parents display all of the following behavior patterns EXCEPT

A)high aggression as early as age three.
B)hostile and rebellious behavior.
C)a selfish disposition.
D)a future goal orientation.

Question 56

Parents who are LOW on the acceptance and responsiveness dimension of parenting are typically

A)selfish.
B)depressed.
C)quick to engage in damaging behaviors such as harsh criticism and punishment.
D)quick to communicate their love and affection for the child.

Question 57

The ____ parenting style was NOT among the three styles identified originally in Baumrind's research.

A)uninvolved
B)authoritative
C)permissive
D)authoritarian

Question 58

Mr. and Mrs. Stern are cold and reserved when handling their infant. They dress formally, even at home, and they worry that the baby may stain their clothes. The Sterns are LOW on parental

A)acceptance/responsiveness.
B)blending (at least from the perspective of others).
C)complexity of the step-parent home.
D)demandingness/control.

Question 59

The ____ parenting style is low on demandingness/control, and high on acceptance/responsiveness.

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)uninvolved
D)permissive

Question 60

A father shouts at his son, "Do as I say, not as I do." This emphasis on total obedience suggests the ____ parenting style.

A)uninvolved
B)permissive
C)authoritarian
D)authoritative

Question 61

When parents use an authoritative parenting style on adolescents, the adolescents tend to interpret questions about their whereabouts and activities as signs of

A)mistrust.
B)caring.
C)nosiness.
D)hostility.

Question 62

Chrissy is committed to using authoritative parenting strategies, even though her son is quite difficult to deal with. Over time, her patient willingness to emphasize what he should do (instead of what he should NOT do) results in an increase in his compliance level. This trajectory illustrates the _____ model of family influence.

A)parental effects
B)child effects
C)transactional
D)reciprocal influence

Question 63

Which strategy will promote the most well-adjusted adolescent?

A)Offer the adolescent independence--it's what she's fighting for
B)Exert a great deal of control--during adolescence is when they can make decisions that can ruin their lives
C)Offer the adolescent some choices and help him explore the alternatives as he makes his own decision
D)Offer lower levels of warmth so that the adolescent will want to "leave the nest"

Question 64

When parents scaffold an adolescent's decision-making so as to allow the adolescent the experience of self-determination when making personal decisions, the parents are engaged in

A)promotion of volitional functioning.
B)coparenting.
C)psychological control.
D)behavioral control.

Question 65

During adolescence, much of the parent-child conflict is fueled by parents adopting a(n) _____ perspective while the adolescent adopts a(n) _____ perspective.

A)social conventional; personal rights
B)personal rights; social conventional
C)emotional; cognitive
D)cognitive; emotional

Question 66

Connor is hyperactive, impulsive, and has poor self-control. Even though his parents try quite hard to use authoritative parenting strategies with him, over time, they gravitate toward more coercive, authoritative strategies. This trajectory illustrates the ____ model of family influence.

A)parental effects
B)child effects
C)transactional
D)reciprocal

Question 67

In which culture do parents tend to exert their authority for the longest period of time?

A)European American
B)African American
C)Asian American
D)Latino

Question 68

Heavy use of _____ control tends to be associated with suboptimal developmental outcomes.

A)behavioral
B)psychological
C)cognitive
D)physical

Question 69

When Kelly's daughter acts up, she tells her, "I can't believe you are even my daughter. How could you behave that way? You should be ashamed of yourself!" and then gives her the cold shoulder for the next hour. Which sort of control is Kelly exerting?

A)Psychological
B)Behavioral
C)Cognitive
D)Volitional

Question 70

A parent's practice of psychological control involves

A)the imposition of clear standards for behavior.
B)brainwashing young children into compliance.
C)withholding affection or inducing shame or guilt as a means of influencing a child's behavior.
D)terrorizing children in order to force them to do as they should.

Question 71

Brian Barber's research on the exercise of parental control distinguishes between _________ control.

A)positive and negative
B)behavioral and psychological
C)adequate and inadequate
D)rigid and flexible

Question 72

The sequence of events in Conger's family distress model is

A)economic pressure, parental depression, marital conflict, less sensitive parenting, child loss of emotional security, child acting out.
B)child acting out, parental depression, marital conflict, parent loss of emotional security, less sensitive parenting, economic pressure.
C)marital conflict, economic pressure, parental depression, less sensitive parenting, child loss of emotional security, child acting out.
D)parental depression, less sensitive parenting, child acting out, child loss of emotional security, marital conflict, economic pressure.

Question 73

____ parents are more successful than others at developing responsible autonomy in their teenage children.

A)Authoritarian
B)Authoritative
C)Permissive
D)Heteronomous

Question 74

Most developmental psychologists today favor the _____ model of family influence.

A)parental effects
B)child effects
C)transactional
D)sibling effects

Question 75

Regulating a child's conduct through reasonable and firm rules while simultaneously monitoring the child's behavior represents the application of

A)behavioral control.
B)psychological control.
C)positive reinforcement.
D)authoritarian parenting.

Question 76

Who proposed the family distress model?

A)Conger
B)Bronfenbrenner
C)Erikson
D)Baumrind

Question 77

The model of family influence that assumes parents influence their children rather than vice versa is called the

A)parental effects model.
B)child effects model.
C)reciprocal effects model.
D)transactional model.

Question 78

During which part of adolescence do conflicts dealing with self-governance peak?

A)Early adolescence
B)Mid-adolescence
C)Late adolescence
D)Emerging adulthood

Question 79

The most positive developmental outcomes are evident when parents

A)rely on firm behavioral control without resorting to the use of shame and guilt.
B)rely on psychological control and impose few rules for behavior.
C)avoid any control of the child's behavior.
D)are able to balance behavioral control with an equal amount of psychological control.

Question 80

Working-class parents tend to gravitate toward parenting strategies that are more _____ compared to their middle-class counterparts.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)permissive
D)neglectful