Deck 15: The Context of Development

Question 1

The child's peers who match his or her age tend to

A)exert superordinate commanding influences on others.
B)be subordinate and submissive to others.
C)share equal-status contacts with one another.
D)develop mean-world beliefs.

Answer 1

share equal-status contacts with one another.

Question 2

Two toddlers are playing tag. "I chase you!" shouts one to the other. "You chase me." says the second one in reply. The fact that one child is acting as "chasee" and the other as "chaser" in this tag game illustrates

A)complementary roles.
B)supplementary roles.
C)interpersonal conflict.
D)interrole conflict.

Answer 2

complementary roles.

Question 3

While a child matures, interactions with child companions ______, and/but interactions with adult companions ______.

A)increase; increase
B)increase; decrease
C)decrease; increase
D)decrease; decrease

Answer 3

increase; decrease

Question 4

The ability to share meaning, goals, and intentions with a social partner is called

A)complementary roles.
B)intersubjectivity.
C)socialization.
D)interpersonal relations.

Question 5

Which of the following does NOT illustrate a peer relationship?

A)Two first-grade girls playing Uno
B)A three- and five-year-old child enjoying a game of tag
C)A seven-year-old and his 14-year-old babysitter playing frisbee
D)A mom and child playing badminton

Question 6

Developmentally, the child's peers are

A)social equals whose behavior complexity matches the child's.
B)anyone with whom the child has frequent daily contact.
C)anyone who shares similar interests with the child.
D)teachers, parents, or others who offer Vygotskian scaffolding when assistance is requested or needed.

Question 7

____ refers to the child's interest in interacting with others and to get their attention or approval.

A)Sociometry
B)Cooperative learning
C)Theory of mind
D)Sociability

Question 8

Identify the correct developmental sequence for peer sociability in infants and toddlers, from earlist to latest.

A)Offering toys :: taking turns :: coordinated interactions
B)Coordinated interactions :: taking turns :: offering toys
C)Offering toys :: coordinated interactions :: taking turns
D)Taking turns :: offering toys :: coordinated interactions

Question 9

Babies first begin to interact with other infants at the age of about

A)birth.
B)one week.
C)two months.
D)six months.

Question 10

Of these types of preschoolers' play, ____ is the simplest.

A)cooperative play
B)associative play
C)parallel play
D)nonsocial activity

Question 11

Social settings that affect, but do not contain, the child illustrate Bronfenbrenner's

A)microsystem.
B)mesosystem.
C)chronosystem.
D)exosystem.

Question 12

When psychologists refer to the two worlds of childhood, they mean the

A)society of peers and adult/child transactions.
B)cognitive and social expectations.
C)physical and psychological events.
D)religious and secular societies.

Question 13

Children begin to spend most of their free time among peers beginning at the age when they

A)are successfully toilet trained.
B)enter school.
C)are old enough to attend summer camp.
D)begin to date others during adolescence.

Question 14

A sense of _____ is essential to the emergence of pretend play.

A)vision
B)empathy
C)emotional intelligence
D)intersubjectivity

Question 15

The relations between a child and her immediate environment illustrate Bronfenbrenner's

A)microsystem.
B)mesosystem.
C)exosystem.
D)macrosystem.

Question 16

____ is the most socially complex type of play activity among preschoolers.

A)Associative play
B)Nonsocial activity
C)Cooperative play
D)Parallel play

Question 17

Which researcher developed the categorizaiton scheme for five categories of play varying in social complexity?

A)Parten
B)Howes and Matheson
C)Rutter
D)Rosen

Question 18

When age differences exist among children, older children tend to

A)assert more power in relationships.
B)express feelings of dependency or embarrassment.
C)behave very differently than older siblings.
D)act similarly as when peers share age equality.

Question 19

A popular, outgoing child who enjoys being the "life of the party" is strong on the trait of

A)psychological androgyny.
B)aptitude-treatment interaction.
C)sociability.
D)controversy.

Question 20

Luke is a developmentally normal kindergartener. Who is is peer?

A)A kindergartener with Down syndrome with whom he share no interests
B)A fifth-grader with Asperger's with whom Luke loves to play Star Wars
C)A third-grader who is intellectually advanced and prefers to interact with teens
D)A teenaged babysitter that Luke loves to play board games with

Question 21

Carol Howes argued that play promotes all of the following EXCEPT

A)communication skills.
B)independence.
C)compromise.
D)better emotional sensitivity.

Question 22

Play for children in the United states teaches them to

A)assert their individual identities.
B)keep their own egos under control.
C)promote group harmony.
D)regulate their emotions to avoid conflict

Question 23

What behavior pattern is most likely to predict a child being rejected by peers?

A)Pushy and self-serving
B)Watch and attempt to understand what is going on, then comment constructively
C)Hover around the edge of the group
D)Shy away from other children's bids for attention

Question 24

Heterosexual crowds

A)become preoccupied with "gay-bashing."
B)peak during middle childhood and decline thereafter.
C)are diverse and relatively immune from stereotyping.
D)become common during mid to late adolescence.

Question 25

True peer groups among children first emerge during

A)toddlerhood.
B)early childhood.
C)middle childhood.
D)adolescence.

Question 26

Which type of play is a Korean preschooler most likely to be seen doing?

A)Acting out a superhero theme with friends
B)Bossing a playmate around
C)Playing house
D)Pretending that a villain is chasing him or her

Question 27

At a video arcade, children without money quietly observe those who do while they play video games. The observers engage in

A)cooperative play.
B)associative play.
C)onlooker play
D)parallel play.

Question 28

Relative to cliques, adolescent crowds are

A)larger and more loosely organized.
B)more secretive and ritualized.
C)more focused on sexual orientation issues.
D)more prone to discriminate unfairly against minorities.

Question 29

Which two peer relations terms are most closely related?

A)Popularity and nonsocial activity
B)Cross-pressure and parallel play
C)Peer acceptance and popularity
D)Coaching and peer-only model

Question 30

It can be hard for an early teenage newcomer to make friends on first arrival because

A)newcomers' racial identities are hard to identify.
B)cliques have already been formed.
C)authoritarian parents are often strict about discipline.
D)during adolescence, many are confused about their sexual orientation.

Question 31

____ children tend not to be noticed, but ____ children arouse widely varying feelings in others.

A)Rejected; popular
B)Controversial; average-status
C)Neglected; controversial
D)Popular; rejected

Question 32

Nine-month-old Censari is "playing with" her 10-month-old friend Ellie. Each of the girls is playing with brightly colored blocks in the same room but don't even notice what the other is doing. These two girls are displaying

A)cooperative play.
B)parallel play.
C)complementary play.
D)simple pretend play.

Question 33

When doing ____ play, children help each other achieve their shared goals.

A)competitive
B)cooperative
C)parallel
D)associative

Question 34

Which sort of play in preschool LEAST suggests that a preschool child may be rejected by peers in the future?

A)Active, functional solitary play
B)Enacting violent fantasy themes
C)Angry, aggressive play
D)Pretend, cooperative play

Question 35

Identify the correct sequence of social complexity for preschoolers' play, beginning with the simplest.

A)Parallel play :: associative play :: cooperative play
B)Associative play :: parallel play :: cooperative play
C)Cooperative play :: associative play :: parallel play
D)Associative play :: cooperative play :: parallel play

Question 36

Regarding peer acceptance, REJECTED CHILD is to NEGLECTED CHILD as ____ is to ____.

A)SOCIOMETRY :: STATISTICS
B)CONSENSUS :: CONTROVERSY
C)CLIQUE :: CROWD
D)HATING :: IGNORING

Question 37

Which of these factors is known to be a good predictor of the child's later social competency with peers?

A)Lack of aggressive bullying
B)Cognitive complexity of play
C)Having a richly uninhibited fantasy life with daydreams
D)Parents' consistent application of authoritarian discipline

Question 38

Tweedledom and Tweedledee, three-year-old twins, work side by side assembling building blocks, but they rarely ever talk. They are doing

A)nonsocial activity.
B)parallel play.
C)cooperative play.
D)associative play.

Question 39

A ____ is a small group of close, same-sex friends who interact often.

A)club
B)mutual stimulation social system
C)clique
D)crowd

Question 40

Peer groups are characterized by all of the following factors EXCEPT

A)regular interactions.
B)a sense of belonging.
C)the presence of norms regarding dress, behavior, and attitudes/beliefs.
D)freedom of individual expression.

Question 41

A school principal is working with a committee to develop a policy regarding participation in extracurricular activities at his high school. Which of the following statements would be best supported by existing research on extracurricular activity and school effectiveness?

A)Students must have a B-average or higher to participate in extracurricular activities.
B)Students must have a C-average or higher to participate in extracurricular activities.
C)Students must have a D-average or higher to participate in extracurricular activities.
D)Extracurricular activities should be open to all students regardless of academic performance.

Question 42

Your sister is moving to a new city and wants to investigate which area's schools are most effective. Based on Rutter's research, you tell her to find out _____ about each area school district.

A)the number of discipline reports, attendance records, and data on academic progress
B)average income and highest level of education for constituent families
C)the academic credentials of the teachers and principles
D)the property tax levy

Question 43

At what age is school effectiveness most likely to be related to extracurricular activities?

A)Elementary school
B)Middle school
C)High school
D)Middle and high school

Question 44

What is the maximum number of students that should ideally be placed in kindergarten and first-grade classrooms?

A)18
B)20
C)24
D)26

Question 45

Controversial children are those who are

A)actively disliked by most of their peers.
B)liked by their peers but disliked by their teachers.
C)liked by many of their peers and disliked by many of their peers.
D)neither liked nor disliked by their peers.

Question 46

Aggression is generally associated with unfavorable peer status at any age except for

A)preadolescent and early adolescent boys.
B)preadolescent and early adolescent girls.
C)toddler boys.
D)toddler girls.

Question 47

A child says, "Goofus, everyone here agrees that you are a stupid jerk!" If the assertion is true, then it implies that Goofus is a(n) ____ child.

A)sociometrically popular
B)average-status
C)neglected
D)rejected

Question 48

Voltaire, a French philosopher, wrote, "To live well, you must live unseen." Voltaire would argue that the ____ child's situation is better than most would realize.

A)neglected
B)controversial
C)popular
D)rejected

Question 49

Being a neglected child is like

A)a battery that powers a radio.
B)blending unnoticeably into the background.
C)winning an election every day.
D)having an irritating pebble in one's shoe.

Question 50

Effective schools are those that

A)achieve their goals regardless of students' ethnic or socioeconomic identities.
B)are generously funded through taxes.
C)apply sociometric techniques to identify disruptive students.
D)experience frequent problem behaviors, but suppress them via authoritarian discipline.

Question 51

Teaching children manners, cooperation, consideration for others, and good citizenship is part of the ____ of schooling.

A)manifest destiny
B)informal curriculum
C)psychological androgyny
D)aptitude-treatment interaction (ATI)

Question 52

When children play with unfamiliar peers, it is possible to predict their status with those peers based on

A)their family's socioeconomic status.
B)the patterns of behavior they display.
C)their size in weight and height.
D)their intelligence level.

Question 53

Sarai has started a new preschool. She hangs around a group of girls, watching them play with dolls for a while. Then she suggests that they play a wedding with the dolls, and joins in. Sarai is likely to be _____ by the group, based on her behavior pattern.

A)accepted
B)rejected
C)neglected
D)ignored

Question 54

Clark appears to be shy and somewhat withdrawn. He is not talkative, rarely tries to enter games with other children, and seldom calls attention to himself. Clark could best be described as a ____ child.

A)controversial
B)rejected-aggressive
C)popular
D)neglected

Question 55

An example of age differences in popularity relates to how a child interacts with

A)teachers.
B)children from ethnically diverse backgrounds.
C)members of the opposite sex.
D)parents.

Question 56

Children's popularity among peers is assessed with

A)sociometric techniques.
B)a prospective study.
C)meteorological assessment of cross-pressures.
D)evaluations of their mean-world beliefs.

Question 57

Which two groups should perform most similarly on a cognitive task?

A)Good students who go to effective and ineffective schools
B)Bad students who go to effective and ineffective schools
C)Good students who go to an ineffective school, and bad students who go to an effective school
D)Bad students who go to an ineffective school, and good students who go to an effective school

Question 58

Which of these young children is "hurried," according to David Elkind's expressed concerns?

A)Elliptica, who competes in elementary school sports
B)Algo, age three, whose parents enrolled him in an academic preschool
C)Junker, who builds Lego toys without adult interference
D)Morff, age four, who turned down a chance to attend preschool

Question 59

Which of the following does NOT contribute to children being ultimately accepted by unfamiliar peers?

A)They are effective at initiating social interactions.
B)They respond positively to others' bids for attention.
C)They first watch and attempt to understand what is going on within the group.
D)They often criticize or disrupt group activities.

Question 60

Studies of U.S. children in a normal versus extended school year reveal that

A)students in the normal (180-day) year perform better.
B)students in the extended (210-day) year perform better.
C)students perform the same regardless of the type of school year.
D)the longer school year lowers performance due to heightened stress.

Question 61

When Morrison et al., compared the cognitive performance of children who had just made the age cutoff for entering first grade with children who had just missed the cutoff and spent the year in kindergarten, they found

A)no difference in cognitive skills for these two groups.
B)higher performance on language, but not math, for the first-grade group.
C)higher performance on math, but not language, for the first-grade group.
D)higher performance in both math and language for the first-grade group.

Question 62

Rutter's research on effective schools studied schools serving

A)a variety of socioeconomic statuses.
B)lower socioeconomic statuses.
C)low to middle-low socioeconomic statuses.
D)middle to high socioeconomic statuses.

Question 63

When are children most likely to watch television?

A)Spring
B)Winter
C)Summer
D)Fall

Question 64

Children of age ____ years or below would be interested in a scrambled sequence of TV events because they are not yet capable of understanding a causal chain of story events.

A)seven
B)nine
C)11
D)13

Question 65

For the average child, TV viewing peaks at the age of ____ years and then declines.

A)three
B)seven
C)11
D)15

Question 66

According to Rutter and others, a factor that has been found to be highly predictive of "effective" schooling is

A)higher levels of monetary support.
B)a clear focus on academic goals.
C)the introduction of ability tracking.
D)the use of an "open" classroom design.

Question 67

According to the text, television and the Internet are part of a child's

A)microsystem.
B)mesosystem.
C)exosystem.
D)chronosystem.

Question 68

At what age will a child first understand that "Joe" on Blue's Clues is not really "Joe"and that he has other characteristics than those he portrays on the show?

A)Two
B)Four
C)Six
D)Eight

Question 69

Research suggests that adding money to a school's budget

A)will always increase the effectiveness of the school.
B)rarely increases the effectiveness of the school.
C)may have less to do with the quality of education students receive than one might think.
D)is more important than the number of qualified teachers in the school.

Question 70

In the U.S., preschoolers and gradeschoolers watch an average of ____ hours of TV each day.

A)one to two
B)three to four
C)five to six
D)seven to eight

Question 71

Research shows that the transition from elementary school to junior high is _____ a transition from elementary school to middle school.

A)much harder than
B)equally difficulat as
C)much easier than
D)preferred to

Question 72

To which activity do children devote more time than that spent watching TV?

A)Visiting with friends
B)School and homework activities
C)Eating and chores
D)Sleeping

Question 73

Which of these is NOT a feature of academically effective schools?

A)Class time is focused efficiently on lessons.
B)Clear focus is on academic goals.
C)Teachers cooperate on faculty teams.
D)Emphasis is on physical discipline in the classroom.

Question 74

Rutter used all of the following features to distinguish "effective" schools from "ineffective" ones EXCEPT

A)students exhibited fewer problem behaviors.
B)school attendance was more regular.
C)students made more academic progress.
D)students were from wealthier families.

Question 75

Which of the following factors contributes to effective schooling?

A)Monetary support
B)Physical discipline
C)Grouping students by IQ or academic achievement
D)Faculties who work as a team

Question 76

An extended school year has _____ days.

A)150
B)180
C)210
D)365

Question 77

A person's skill at understanding how information is conveyed on the TV screen is called

A)video informatrics.
B)televised inferential logic.
C)visuo-spatial intelligence.
D)television literacy.

Question 78

When TV became available to the remote Canadian town of Notel, which of these child outcomes did NOT happen after several years?

A)Rise in intelligence test scores
B)Decline in community involvement
C)Decline of reading skills
D)Rise in gender stereotyping

Question 79

The correlation between schools' financial support and educational effectiveness is

A)strongly negative; the thriftiest schools are most effective.
B)nonexistent; there is no relationship.
C)weakly positive.
D)strongly positive; the wealthiest schools achieve the best results.

Question 80

Max is very worried about his son, who is about to move to middle school. What should he do to make this transition as smooth as possible for his son?

A)Make sure his son knows that the performance standards are high in his new school
B)Talk to his son about the ways the new school might be different
C)Tighten up his discipline so his son will learn to adapt to the lowered autonomy of middle school
D)Stay on the sidelines so as not to be a helicopter parent