Deck 3: Victims and Victimization

Question 1

Which of the following households is most vulnerable to crime?

A)a rented urban home in the west
B)an owned rural home in the west
C)a rented suburban home in the east
D)an owned rural home in the east

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Some victims, especially ______ develop a persistent and paralyzing fear that they will be re-victimized.

A)whites
B)the elderly
C)males
D)widows

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Gender affects victimization risk. Which of the following is a significant gender
Difference?

A)Men are less likely to be victims of violent crime.
B)Women are more likely to be victims of robbery.
C)Women are more likely to be victimized by a stranger.
D)Women are more likely to be victimized by someone they know.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The long-term stress associated with crime victimization resulting in depression, anxiety, flashbacks, and recurring nightmares is called:

A)post-traumatic stress disorder.
B)disassociation disorder.
C)psychosis anxiety.
D)victimization anxiety.

Question 5

Victim risk diminishes rapidly after age:

A)25
B)30
C)35
D)40

Question 6

Research indicates that _____ is significantly related to female violent victimization rates.

A)economic inequality
B)school inequality
C)religious inequality
D)discipline inequality

Question 7

People living in rural areas have a victimization rate almost __________ than that of city dwellers.

A)25% higher
B)50% higher
C)25% lower
D)50% lower

Question 8

Females are ___ more likely than males to be victims of rape and sexual assault.

A)two times
B)four times
C)six times
D)eight times

Question 9

Victimization risk is influenced by marital status. Which of the following groups has the lowest rate of victimization?

A)divorced people
B)widows and widowers
C)single people
D)divorced and single people

Question 10

Tom has been repeatedly victimized while wearing the home team's football jersey while sitting on the visiting team's side of the football field. What aspect of repeat victimization accounts for Tom's troubles?

A)target vulnerability
B)target gratifiability
C)target hostility
D)target antagonism

Question 11

__________ refers to a victim's physical weakness or psychological stress that renders them incapable of resisting or deterring crime.

A)Target vulnerability
B)Target gratifiability
C)Target hostility
D)Target antagonism

Question 12

In her study of rape survivors, Courtney Aherns found that the treatment survivors receive from legal, medical, and mental health services is so destructive that victims cannot help feeling:

A)"re-tried."
B)"re-blamed."
C)"re-raped."
D)"re-pained."

Question 13

Being abused or neglected as a child __________ the odds of being arrested, both as a juvenile and as an adult.

A)decreases
B)increases
C)initially increases then decreases
D)does not impact

Question 14

What discovery prompted the scientific study of victims?

A)the discovery that society focuses on the offender's role in the crime process
B)the discovery that victims play an important role in the crime process
C)the discovery that the crime process is skewed toward offenders
D)the discovery that the crime process is skewed toward victims

Question 15

The elderly are most often victims of a narrow band of crimes that includes:

A)robberies.
B)burglaries.
C)frauds.
D)assaults.

Question 16

Which victimization theory claims that victims may initiate, either actively or passively, the confrontation that leads to their victimization?

A)victim precipitation theory
B)deviant place theory
C)victim impulsivity theory
D)routine activities theory

Question 17

Referencing the social ecology of victimization, in general, where is a violent crime more likely to take place?

A)in a post office
B)in a school
C)in a private home
D)in a park

Question 18

Why are schools the locale of a great deal of victimization?

A)Because schools lack adult supervision during class times.
B)Because schools are populated by teenage males.
C)Because schools lack adult supervision during lunch hours.
D)Because schools are populated by antisocial teens

Question 19

If the cost of the justice system, legal costs, and treatment costs are included, the total annual monetary loss due to crime is ___ or about ____ per U.S. citizen.

A)$150 billion - $18
B)$250 billion -$180
C)$350 billion - $800
D)$450 billion - $1800

Question 20

Victims of crime, especially childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crime themselves. This abuse-crime phenomenon is termed:

A)the cycle of abuse.
B)the cycle of crime.
C)the cycle of violence.
D)the cycle of victimization.

Question 21

Males are more likely than females to be the victims of violent crime.

Question 22

The poorest Americans are also the most likely victims of violent and property crimes.

Question 23

Victim compensation is financial aid awarded to victims to repay them for loss and injury. Who ordinarily pays compensation?

A)victim advocates
B)the offender
C)victim compensators
D)the state

Question 24

Until about 40 years ago, crime victims were viewed by criminologists as passive targets who were considered to be in the "wrong place at the wrong time."

Question 25

The view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors: the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presences of motivated offenders is called:

A)victim precipitation theory.
B)routine activities theory.
C)life-style theory.
D)deviant place theory.

Question 26

Children who are psychologically, sexually, or physically abused are more likely to suffer low self-esteem and be more suicidal as adults.

Question 27

_____ programs assist victims who feel isolated and vulnerable and who are in need of immediate or emergency services.

A)Crime reaction
B)Crisis intervention
C)Victim impact
D)Disaster service

Question 28

Some victims, especially the elderly, the poor, and minority group members, develop a persistent and paralyzing fear that they will again become victimized.

Question 29

Schools are the locale of a great deal of victimization because they are populated by a dangerous segment of society, teenage males.

Question 30

Approximately two-thirds of rapes and sexual assaults occur between the hours of 6:00 p.m. and 6:00
a.m.

Question 31

What category of victim precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker?

A)impulsive precipitation
B)passive precipitation
C)reflexive precipitation
D)active precipitation

Question 32

Males are more likely than females to be victimized by someone they know.

Question 33

Research on males and females indicates a strong association between victimization and which personality characteristic?

A)stubbornness
B)impulsivity
C)tenacity
D)depression

Question 34

According to Cohen and Felson, why did crime rates increase between 1960 and 1980?

A)Because unemployment rose resulting in an increase in motivated offenders.
B)Because the amount of suburban neighborhoods decreased resulting in a population shift to urban neighborhoods.
C)Because a demographic bulge in the population resulted in an increased number of motivated offenders.
D)Because guardians decreased as a result of increased female participation in the workforce.

Question 35

Counselors who help victims to understand the operations of the criminal justice system, who guide victims through the justice process, and who may provide transportation to and from court are called:

A)victim advisors.
B)victim reconcilers.
C)victim advocates.
D)victim compensators.

Question 36

Psychological disorders are prevalent among victims of domestic violence.

Question 37

Victims tend to be passive people who rarely become involved in crime themselves.

Question 38

According to deviant place theory, the greater their exposure to dangerous places, the more likely people will become victims of crime and violence. Which factor does not characterize a deviant/dangerous place?

A)a highly transient neighborhood
B)a neighborhood with educational and residential properties
C)a poor neighborhood
D)a neighborhood with commercial and residential properties

Question 39

Mediated face-to-face encounters between victims and their attackers that are
Designed to produce restitution agreements are called:

A)recidivist prevention programs.
B)trial diversion programs.
C)victim-offender reconciliation programs.
D)alternative dispute resolution programs.

Question 40

The most controversial element of the victims' rights movement is the:

A)removal of witness protection programs.
B)development of offender registration laws.
C)creation of restitution programs.
D)unconstitutional nature of victim impact statements.

Question 41

State Victims' Bills of Rights generally include allowing the victim to be consulted in determining an appropriate sentence.

Question 42

The European Union's Framework Decision sets out minimum standards for the treatment of victims of crime.

Question 43

Describe how victim advocates and crisis intervention programs assist victims.

Question 44

Discuss how criminologists' views about the role of victims and criminal behavior have changed over time.

Question 45

Every state has a Victim's Bill of Rights. What are the general rights legally accorded to victims of crime?

Question 46

Identify and discuss the costs of victimization and the problems that victims experience.

Question 47

Does prior victimization enhance or reduce the chances of future victimization? Explain how and/or why.

Question 48

Discuss the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on crime victims and explain how PTSD can lead to a "cycle of violence."

Question 49

People with high-risk lifestyles have a lower risk of victimization due to the extra precautions they take.

Question 50

Referencing the social ecology of victimization, when and where is a crime most likely to happen?

Question 51

Explain how victim impulsivity is associated with victim precipitation. Why does this personality trait contribute to victimization risk?

Question 52

Social and demographic characteristics distinguish victims from non-victims. Discuss gender, age, and marital status in terms of victimization risk.

Question 53

Reconciliation programs are based on the concept of restorative justice.

Question 54

Households that have experienced victimization in the past are the least likely to experience victimization again in the future.

Question 55

Describe the household that is most likely and least likely to be victimized.