Deck 22: The Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Circulation

Question 1

A continuous capillary differs from a fenestrated capillary because

A)this is a classification by location only, and does not have any structural significance.
B)a continuous capillary has a continuous media and externa; a fenestrated one does not.
C)the endothelium is a complete lining, with endothelial cells connected by tight junctions and anchoring junctions, which is untrue for a fenestrated capillary.
D)a continuous capillary has pores arranged in an ordered pattern; a fenestrated one does not.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following applies to elastic arteries

A)These vessels distribute blood to the skeletal muscles and internal organs of the body.
B)They have a poorly defined adventitia.
C)The media of these arteries contains a high density of elastic fibers and relatively few smooth muscle cells.
D)The media consists of scattered smooth muscle fibers that do not form a complete layer.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is a unique mechanism of exchange used by sinusoidal capillaries

A)diffusion through endothelial cells
B)filtration through gaps between endothelial cells
C)active transport from the interstitium to the lumen
D)diffusion through pores
E)vesicular transport from the lumen to the interstitium

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Why do arteries lack the valves that are commonly present in veins

A)The blood pressure in arteries is too high to permit valves to function correctly.
B)No explanation is known.
C)The statement is untrue; arteries have valves.
D)Arterial blood pressure is high enough that no valves are required to prevent the regurgitation of blood in the wrong direction.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 5

Which is the layer of the arterial wall that thickens to the greatest degree in atherosclerosis

A)adventitia
B)media
C)intima
D)tunica adventitia
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 6

The total length of blood vessels in the body is estimated to be

A)30 feet.
B)1 mile.
C)thousands of miles.
D)over a million miles.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 7

The outermost layer of a blood vessel is (the)

A)adventitia.
B)intima.
C)media.
D)endothelium.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 8

Which of the following is not one of the four mechanisms responsible for exchange in capillaries and sinusoids

A)diffusion across the capillary endothelial cells
B)diffusion through gaps between adjacent endothelial cells
C)diffusion through the pores in fenestrated capillaries and sinusoids
D)vesicular transport by endothelial cells
E)primary active transport

Question 9

Which of the following is true of an artery

A)The vessel walls are relatively thin.
B)Blood flow is the slowest of all classes of vessels.
C)The histological structure permits a two-way exchange of substances between the blood and body cells.
D)It has a relatively thick media.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 10

The outermost layer of a blood vessel, which is very thick, composed chiefly of collagen fibers, with scattered bands of elastic fibers is the

A)media.
B)intima.
C)external elastic membrane.
D)adventitia.
E)internal elastic membrane.

Question 11

Large veins include the

A)superior vena cava.
B)inferior vena cava.
C)cephalic vein.
D)brachial vein.
E)superior and inferior venae cavae.

Question 12

Underneath the endothelium of arteries is a layer of

A)smooth muscles.
B)elastic fibers.
C)collagen fibers.
D)adipose tissue.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 13

Another name for muscular arteries is

A)small arteries.
B)elastic arteries.
C)conducting arteries.
D)distribution arteries.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 14

Vessels that sometimes do not have a basal lamina are called

A)fenestrated capillaries.
B)continuous capillaries.
C)sinusoidal capillaries.
D)lacteals.
E)venules.

Question 15

Blood vessels, in correct order from the largest to the smallest, are: (1)capillaries
(2)aorta
(3)elastic arteries
(4)arterioles
(5)muscular arteries

A)1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B)5, 4, 3, 2, 1
C)2, 5, 3, 4, 1
D)1, 3, 5, 2 or 1
E)5, 3, 2 or 4, 1

Question 16

Muscular arteries

A)are larger than elastic arteries and smaller than arterioles.
B)serve as the cushion to prevent sudden rises in blood pressure from causing trouble for the circulation.
C)are exemplified by the aorta.
D)have a thick media with a large amount of smooth muscle fiber within them.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 17

Which of the following is common around joints

A)central channel
B)metarteriole
C)arteriovenous anastomoses
D)arterial anastomoses
E)precapillary sphincter

Question 18

Veins are much more easily distended under pressure than are arteries

A)because their walls are thinner and contain a lower proportion of smooth muscle fibers.
B)because of vasoconstriction.
C)because their walls are thicker, and veins contain a greater proportion of elastic fibers and collagen.
D)only in a few specialized cases.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 19

A very thick connective tissue sheath, primarily composed of collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers, that blends into the surrounding tissues and assists in anchoring the blood vessel, is (the)

A)media.
B)adventitia.
C)external elastic membrane.
D)capillary wall.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 20

You could expect to find fenestrated capillaries in

A)the bone marrow.
B)the liver.
C)skeletal muscle.
D)the pituitary gland.
E)skin.

Question 21

Which of these is a tributary of the inferior vena cava or azygous system

A)superior mesenteric vein
B)lumbar vein
C)left colic vein
D)inferior mesenteric vein
E)splenic vein

Question 22

The hepatic portal vein carries blood

A)high in nutrients.
B)high in oxygen.
C)high in acid.
D)from the kidneys.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 23

The ascending aorta begins at (the)

A)external carotid artery.
B)apex of the heart.
C)conus arteriosus.
D)aortic valve.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 24

The smallest arteries in the lungs that provide blood to the capillary networks that surround the lung air saccules are the

A)left and right pulmonary arteries.
B)ascending aorta.
C)pulmonary arterioles.
D)alveoli.
E)pulmonary veins.

Question 25

Unpaired arteries that branch from the abdominal aorta include the

A)suprarenal.
B)superior mesenteric.
C)phrenic.
D)gonadal.
E)lumbar.

Question 26

What is the significance of the presence of two sets of veins, one superficial and the other deep, in the neck and extremities

A)These vessels have a completely different distribution and so must be located far from one another.
B)There is no known significance for this phenomenon.
C)This distribution is important for regulation of body temperature.
D)This placement is important in the regulation of the distribution of hormones in the circulation.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 27

The radial side of the upper arm and forearm contains a long superficial vein named the

A)basilic vein.
B)cubital vein.
C)radial vein.
D)median antebrachial vein.
E)cephalic vein.

Question 28

In the leg, the femoral artery becomes the

A)popliteal artery.
B)deep femoral artery.
C)tibial artery.
D)saphenous artery.
E)iliac artery.

Question 29

The pericardium is supplied by (the)

A)coronary circulation.
B)thyrocervical trunk.
C)internal thoracic artery.
D)vertebral artery.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 30

The pulmonary circuit contains about ________ percent of the total volume of blood.

A)5
B)15
C)9
D)22
E)31

Question 31

Which of the following is a paired branch of the abdominal aorta

A)celiac
B)renal
C)superior mesenteric
D)inferior mesenteric
E)median sacral

Question 32

Which of the following is the right branch of the celiac trunk

A)right gastric artery
B)common hepatic artery
C)cystic artery
D)splenic artery
E)gastroduodenal artery

Question 33

The cerebral arterial circle "encircles" which of the following

A)great vessels (arteries and veins)at the base of the heart
B)phrenic arteries to the diaphragm
C)infundibulum of the pituitary gland
D)carotid arteries (internal and external)
E)all vessels and passageways passing through the mediastinum

Question 34

Blood vessel names tend to change at

A)anatomic boundaries.
B)branching points.
C)connections with other vessels.
D)All of the answers are correct.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 35

Which structures or processes prevent excessive loss of blood pressure during severe bleeding

A)venous valves
B)venoconstriction
C)vasodilation
D)arteriosclerosis
E)arteriovenous anastomoses

Question 36

The midbrain and lateral surfaces of the cerebral cortex receive blood from the

A)common carotid artery.
B)anterior cerebral artery.
C)external carotid artery.
D)basilar artery.
E)middle cerebral artery.

Question 37

Large arteries that tend to branch after a short distance are called

A)trunks.
B)anastomoses.
C)muscular arteries.
D)metarteries.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 38

The pulmonary circuit is composed of arteries and veins that transport blood between

A)the portal system and the liver.
B)the heart and the lungs.
C)the digestive system and the liver.
D)the heart and the rest of the body.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 39

Because of their proximity to the surface, ________ are usually used to obtain blood samples.

A)deep veins
B)superficial veins
C)jugular veins
D)venules
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 40

Blood leaving the heart in the pulmonary arteries has a relatively

A)low carbon dioxide level.
B)high pH level.
C)low oxygen level.
D)high oxygen level.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 41

The longest vein in the body is the

A)small saphenous vein.
B)great saphenous vein.
C)femoral vein.
D)cephalic vein.
E)sartorius vein.

Question 42

In fetal circulation, deoxygenated blood goes away from the fetus in (the)

A)umbilical arteries.
B)umbilical vein.
C)ductus arteriosus.
D)placental arteries.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 43

After leaving the thoracic cavity and passing over the outer border of the first rib, the subclavian artery becomes the

A)brachial artery.
B)radial artery.
C)clavicular artery.
D)axillary artery.
E)ulnar artery.

Question 44

The left side of the posterior thoracic wall drains blood into the

A)hemiazygos vein.
B)azygous vein.
C)highest intercostal vein.
D)esophageal veins.
E)hemiazygos and highest intercostal veins.

Question 45

The opening that permits blood to flow between the atria of the fetal heart is (the)

A)foramen ovale.
B)ductus venosus.
C)ductus arteriosus.
D)ligamentum arteriosum.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 46

Which of the following empties directly into the hepatic portal vein

A)hepatic veins
B)lumbar veins
C)superior mesenteric vein
D)the suprarenal veins
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 47

The parietal branches of the thoracic aorta include the

A)superior phrenic arteries.
B)intercostal arteries.
C)mediastinal arteries.
D)pericardial arteries.
E)superior thoracic and intercostal arteries.

Question 48

Which of the following drains into the external iliac veins

A)gluteal veins.
B)internal pudendal veins.
C)femoral veins.
D)obturator veins.
E)lateral sacral veins.

Question 49

The common iliac arteries divide to form a branch that enters the pelvic cavity and a branch called the ________ that proceeds to the lower limb.

A)inferior branches
B)femoral arteries
C)inguinal arteries
D)external iliac arteries
E)sacral arteries.

Question 50

In fetal circulation, blood may bypass the pulmonary circuit by passing from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta through the

A)fossa ovale.
B)ligamentum arteriosum.
C)ductus venosus.
D)ductus arteriosus.
E)umbilical arteries.

Question 51

After passing from the thoracic cavity over the border of the first rib, the subclavian artery changes its name. The name changes continue along the arm and to the hand. In correct order, these names are: (1)superficial palmar arch
(2)deep palmar arch
(3)brachial artery
(4)radial artery
(5)axillary artery
(6)ulnar artery

A)1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
B)6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
C)1 or 4, 2, 3 or 5, 6
D)5, 3, 4 or 6, 1 or 2
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 52

Which of the following organs drains its blood through the hepatic portal system

A)kidney
B)stomach
C)suprarenal gland
D)uterus
E)urinary bladder

Question 53

The right common carotid artery and right subclavian arteries are branches of (the)

A)thyrocervical trunk.
B)vertebral artery.
C)brachiocephalic trunk.
D)aortic arch.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 54

The brachiocephalic vein receives blood from the

A)subclavian vein.
B)external jugular vein.
C)internal jugular vein.
D)vertebral vein.
E)All of the answers are correct.

Question 55

Which of the following is involved in draining blood and CSF from the lateral portion of the brain from the cavernous sinus to the internal jugular veins

A)straight sinus
B)superior sagittal sinus
C)petrosal sinus
D)temporal veins
E)external jugular veins

Question 56

The first paired branches of the abdominal aorta are the

A)inferior phrenic arteries.
B)superior mesenteric arteries.
C)gonadal arteries.
D)renal arteries.
E)common iliac arteries.

Question 57

At the ankle, the anterior tibial artery becomes (the)

A)lateral plantar artery.
B)dorsalis pedis artery.
C)medial plantar artery.
D)dorsal plantar arch.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 58

In an adult, the interatrial septum bears a shallow opening that marks the site of the original foramen ovale, which is (the)

A)ductus arteriosus.
B)ligamentum arteriosum.
C)fossa ovalis.
D)ductus venosus.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 59

What problem will occur in a newborn in whom the foramen ovale has failed to close

A)This is not a problem; it is normally open until adulthood.
B)Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood will be able to mix freely.
C)Blood will be able to flow freely between the two ventricles.
D)The hepatic portal system will not be able to return blood to the vena cava.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 60

The systemic circulation, which supplies capillaries in the majority of the body, begins at the ________ and ends at the ________.

A)right ventricle; left atrium
B)left ventricle; right atrium
C)left atrium; left ventricle
D)right atrium; left ventricle
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 61

If serious hemorrhaging occurs, the ________ center of the medulla causes stimulation of the smooth muscles of the walls of medium-sized blood vessels to reduce loss of blood.

Question 62

About two-thirds of the total blood volume is in the ________.

Question 63

The ________ circuit brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Question 64

Capillaries in the kidney are classified as ________.

Question 65

________ is characterized by endothelial changes and plaque accumulation. (Note: Be sure to capitalize the first letter of your answer).

Question 66

Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circulation drains via the superior vena cava and the ________.

Question 67

The most important blood vessels in autoregulation of blood flow are the ________.

Question 68

The smaller muscular arteries and arterioles change their diameter in response to local conditions or to ________.

Question 69

Connections between arteries and veins that may reduce the impact of a temporary or even a permanent occlusion of a single blood vessel are ________.

Question 70

The vertebral arteries enter the cranium at the foramen magnum, where they fuse along the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata to form the ________.

Question 71

The umbilical artery carries blood that is relatively ________ in oxygen concentration.

Question 72

The blood vessel type that is present in the body in the greatest numbers is the ________.

Question 73

Within the capillary bed a relatively direct means of arteriole-venule communication is provided by the ________.

Question 74

Age-related changes in the heart include

A)increased maximum cardiac output.
B)reduction in the elasticity of the fibrous skeleton.
C)increased size of coronary vessels.
D)decreased pressures in the great vessels.
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 75

The layer of stretchy fibers found between the media and adventitia is called the ________.

Question 76

The blood supply to the superior surface of the muscular diaphragm is provided by the ________.

Question 77

The smooth muscle fibers of the media decrease the diameter of the blood vessel, in a process called ________.

Question 78

Venules and medium-sized veins contain the most blood at about ________ percent of the blood volume at rest. (Note: Be sure your answer is a numeral, e.g. "5" vs "five").

Question 79

There are usually four ________ that return blood to the left atrium.

Question 80

The ________ resembles a capillary and provides a direct means of artery-vein communication.