Deck 4: Sex, Gender, and Families

Question 1

Joshua is a student at a nearby university. He is a male, which refers to his ________.

A)sex
B)gender
C)sexual script
D)transsexuality
E)sexual self

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Carly's mom and dad take their role as parents very seriously. They want their children to conform to traditional expectations, so they make sure that Carly is dressed in pretty clothes, that she doesn't get too dirty, that she plays with dolls, and that she doesn't behave in ways that they consider too active or aggressive. This teaching process is called:

A)the double standard
B)a gender sharia
C)a gender curriculum
D)gender socialization
E)a sexual script

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In the more extreme form of genital cutting, ________, the vaginal lips and the clitoris are cut or scraped away and the outer portion of the vagina is stitched together, leaving a miniscule opening for menstrual blood and urine to escape the body.

A)clitoridectomy
B)sharia
C)hermaphrodite
D)intersexed
E)infibulation

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Gender is socially constructed. This means that:

A)some societies discriminate against women
B)values and norms are invented by a culture, and people learn these and follow the conventional rules
C)men are allowed more permissiveness in sexual behavior compared to women
D)anatomical categories are not easily identifiable
E)about .012 per 1,000 people are born with both male and female genitals

Question 5

Female genital cutting or mutilation:

A)has occurred among nearly 20 million women and girls around the world
B)was done by a doctor in about half of cases, according to a study of 2,000 women living in Egypt
C)is the equivalent of male circumcision
D)in countries where practiced, has widespread support among women
E)continues because it is deeply rooted in religious customs

Question 6

In what region(s)of the world is the gap between men and women's literacy rates the highest, according to the World Map?

A)South America
B)China
C)parts of Africa and the Middle East
D)China and parts of the Middle East
E) Indonesia and Brazil

Question 7

Transgender individuals:

A)feel most natural and comfortable expressing gendered traits that are associated with the other sex
B)are about 1 in 100,000 individuals in the U.S.
C)are more obvious among women than men because we allow men more leeway to behave in traditionally feminine ways
D)sometimes undergo intersex treatment
E)are punished by death among the Berdache, in Native American culture

Question 8

There is little social stigma when girls are labeled "tomboys," but suggesting that a boy is a "sissy" or "throws like a girl" is harsh criticism that is tantamount to social suicide. This suggests:

A)girls experience tremendous pressure to conform to culturally valued ideals
B)both boys and girls receive gender messages
C)infibulation has harmful effects on boys
D)perhaps boys experience even greater pressure to conform to gendered expectations than girls do
E)sharia involves different expectations in sports

Question 9

________ are born with both male and female genitals, which are then usually surgically reconstructed to adhere to the child's genetic chromosomes.

A)Heterosexuals
B)Herpetors
C)Hermaphrodites
D)Hartwellians
E)Hillopeans

Question 10

Regarding the "hidden curriculum":

A)it informally taught girls that academic achievement could mean forfeiting popularity; but today it appears that many girls and young women have a strong achievement ethic, are doing well in school, and are surpassing boys and young men
B)it shows how the dominant religion that is practiced teaches boys and girls about how to behave
C)it reminds us that infibulations have critical health consequences
D)it is an issue especially for minorities
E)it is an issue especially for Whites

Question 11

The experience of Dr. Barres, as discussed in the feature box, reveals:

A)most intersexed people are plagued with depression over the course of their lives
B)infibulation has critical health consequences
C)many women experience discrimination, and they may not even be aware of it
D)sex reassignment surgery leaves people feeling depressed because they feel they are neither male or female
E)trends in labor market segmentation

Question 12

Which family member encourages children to behave in the most sex-typed ways?

A)mothers
B)fathers
C)grandmothers
D)sisters
E)brothers

Question 13

________ is rooted in biology, whereas ________ refers to the culturally and socially constructed differences between males and females associated with masculinity and femininity.

A)Gender; sex
B)Hermaphrodite; gender
C)Transsexual; bisexual
D)Sex; gender
E)Sexual script; intersex

Question 14

Androgyny refers to:

A)anatomical categories that are not easily identifiable
B)people who are born with both male and female genitals
C)infant death rates in the first year of life
D)people who feel most natural and comfortable expressing gendered traits that are associated with the other sex
E)having both masculine and feminine traits in near equal proportion

Question 15

Generally speaking, race, ethnicity, and social class _________ affect gender socialization.

A)do not
B)do

Question 16

_________ refers to how we are taught the norms associated with being a male or female in our particular culture.

A)Gender training
B)Social construction
C)Gendered curriculum
D)Gender infibulation
E)Gender socialization

Question 17

Which of the following CORRECTLY illustrates the impact of race, ethnicity, and social class on gender socialization?

A)Black women and girls are more satisfied with their body types than are their White counterparts.
B)White girls are more likely than Black girls to say that they are beautiful, that they like their bodies, and that they like themselves the way they are.
C)Girls, particularly rich upper-class girls, are at the center of most television programming and play the most roles.
D)The upper class, especially upper-class Blacks, are the group most likely to support gender equality.
E)Actually, race, ethnicity, and social class do not impact gender socialization.

Question 18

What may explain sex differences?

A)biological influences
B)social influences
C)both biological and social influences
D)neither biological nor social influences

Question 19

There are likely several differences between men and women, on average. Which is NOT one of them?

A)Males are more active and aggressive than females.
B)Infant mortality rates are higher among females.
C)Males are affected with more genetic disorders and suffer from accidents at a higher rate than do females.
D)Females outperform males on tests that measure the recall of words or matching items.
E)Females may use more parts of their brain at once while males are more inclined to have focused responses.

Question 20

Why does women's average level of education affect women's status in society?

A)It offers women new viewpoints on the world and the ability to read and access information.
B)It creates greater conflict between husbands and wives.
C)It tends to increase fertility, and women's status improves with a greater number of children.
D)Women tend to leave the country after receiving an education and move to countries that are less patriarchal.
E)Women who are educated are most likely to practice Sharia.

Question 21

Eliza sees herself as having both masculine and feminine qualities in nearly equal proportions. This is called transsexual.

Question 22

Through a process called gender socialization, we are taught the norms associated with being male or female in our particular culture.

Question 23

Evan works full time, as does his sister Olivia. If these two represent average people earning average wages, it is likely that Olivia earns only ________ percent of Evan's pay.

A)95
B)90
C)80
D)72
E)66

Question 24

Many international organizations believe that family planning can have a large and direct impact on the quality of women's lives throughout the world. Which is NOT one of the reasons they would cite?

A)Postponing childbirth among young women increases their chances of receiving a good education.
B)Each year, more than 585,000 women die due to pregnancy-related causes.
C)Family planning can reduce maternal mortality by reducing the number of high-risk pregnancies, or by allowing women to space pregnancies further apart.
D)Family planning increases the abortion rate where abortion is legal and provides an important option when women cannot get their husbands to use condoms.
E)Family planning may limit the spread of HIV/AIDS-related diseases

Question 25

Dr. Barres, in the feature box, is an example of someone who is intersexed.

Question 26

Married women now have more education than their husbands.

Question 27

Gendered expectations are rapidly changing among Hispanics, with older people more likely to believe in traditional gendered expectations.

Question 28

Labor market segmentation:

A)is one of the major explanations for pay differentials between men and women
B)is the distinction between developing and more developed nations
C)is more commonly found among Blacks than Whites
D)is a result of illegal immigration and the high number of undocumented workers
E)explains why many women in developing nations do not use contraceptives

Question 29

Contraceptive use is rare in many developing nations, but _________ is a notable exception.

A)Chad
B)Ethiopia
C)China
D)the United States
E)England

Question 30

Gloria decided to change her last name when she got married. Since you have taken this course, you decided to share with her some facts about women changing their names. Which is NOT one of the facts you would share?

A)Changing wives' names is a carryover from older patriarchal and patrilineal customs where, upon marriage, a woman became the legal property of her husband.
B)Historically, last names were created to codify inheritance rules; the last name was the only way to show whom the father was.
C)Much of what people do in marriage is simply done out of habit, even when the tradition has no legal or financial basis.
D)A woman's name will automatically change to her husband's, unless she petitions the court to keep her maiden name.
E)There has been a large and steady increase in the likelihood of women retaining their maiden names or hyphenating their names when they marry.

Question 31

A clitoridectomy is the less extensive of the two methods of female genital cutting.

Question 32

Which of the following does the text offer as an example of patriarchy in the U.S.?

A)women now have more education than men
B)family is a primary agent of socialization
C)breast augmentation is the number one cosmetic surgical procedure
D)infibulation occurs in one of every five women in the U.S.
E)both boys and girls like to play with dolls

Question 33

The research in the opening vignette concludes that, across the globe, boys seem to preserve marriage by making marriages feel stronger, not by making divorces feel more problematic.

Question 34

According to wedding announcements in the New York Times, the percentage of women who kept their own last names after marriage between 1990 and 2000 ________.

A)doubled
B)tripled
C)increased tenfold
D)remained the same
E)declined

Question 35

The global gag rule:

A)provides U.S. funding for abortions only in cases of rape or incest
B)was enacted by President Obama
C) increases funding for family planning programs in many developing countries
D)helps women obtain equal pay for equal work, but allows them to file a complaint against their employer confidentially
E)denies funding for all family planning services to any organization that provides or counsels their patients on their options for abortion, or lobbies their governments for safe abortions, even if using their own, non-U.S. funds

Question 36

Which of the following is FALSE with respect to women workers?

A)Today 69 percent of married mothers, 71 percent of single mothers, and 80 percent of divorced, separated, or widowed mothers are employed for pay.
B)Until 1970 mothers tended to organize their labor around childbearing and childrearing, but today childbearing and childrearing are likely to be organized to fit the demands of work.
C)The median weekly earnings of women who are full-time wage and salary workers are about 80 percent of men's.
D)White and Asian American women earn wages closer to their male counterparts than do Black or Hispanic women.
E)Pay differentials between men and women decline significantly with increased education.

Question 37

Modern social science and biological researchers have found that men and women are far more alike than different.

Question 38

"Sex" refers to the culturally and socially constructed differences between males and females found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with femininity and masculinity.

Question 39

According to the feature box "The Sexualization of Young Girls," a mother struggles to understand why her daughter consumes pornography.

Question 40

What is the most common occupation for women?

A)waitress
B)secretary and administrative assistant
C)elementary and middle school teacher
D)customer service representative
E)manager

Question 41

__________ refers to the vaginal lips and the clitoris being cut or scraped away from a girl's body.

Question 42

________ is the process of teaching the cultural norms associated with being male or female.

Question 43

Compare and contrast "sex" and "gender." Be sure to include a discussion of social construction, and issues pertaining to their incongruence.

Question 44

We learn the culturally and socially prescribed traits associated with masculine or feminine patterns of behavior, indicating that gender is ________.

Question 45

The term "sex" refers to:

Question 46

On what continent do women have the lowest literacy rates, compared to men?

Question 47

A transsexual is:

Question 48

The ________ has cut millions of dollars targeted for family planning programs from any organization that has any linkages to abortion.

Question 49

Describe racial and ethnic differences in women's earnings as compared to men's earnings.

Question 50

Each year about 25,000 women die as a result of unsafe abortions, and nearly 100,000 women die due to pregnancy-related causes. In fact, in South America and Russia, complications during pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death for women of childbearing age.

Question 51

Michael is a man, but feels most natural and comfortable wearing dresses and make-up, and has a number of feminine hobbies. He is ________.

Question 52

Describe the research on sex differences. What is the cause of these differences?

Question 53

The term used to describe men and women often working in different types of jobs with distinct working conditions and pay is called ________.

Question 54

One of the key determinants of women's status in society is their average level of education.

Question 55

Among the leading occupations of U.S. employed women, the ratio of women's earnings to men's is generally around 95 percent.

Question 56

There is very little patriarchy in the U.S.

Question 57

List five (5)agents of socialization.

Question 58

Men and women often work in different types of jobs with distinct working conditions and pay, which is referred to as labor market segmentation.

Question 59

Describe the macro-level explanations for why women change their names when they marry.

Question 60

There are an estimated 215 million women in the developing world who want to delay or avoid pregnancy, but who are not using family planning services. List three (3)reasons why this is the case, according to the text.

Question 61

Describe the importance of family planning programs in developing nations, and how these programs have been affected by the global gag rule.

Question 62

Does patriarchy exist in Western nations like the U.S.? Defend your answer with information from the text.

Question 63

Describe how women's position in the U.S. labor market reflects the patriarchal nature of society. Include specific employment statistics to make your case.

Question 64

Write an essay about female genital cutting. Be sure to include the different types, why it is practiced, and its consequences.

Question 65

Describe the five (5)sources of gender socialization discussed in your text.