Deck 9: Becoming a Parent

Question 1

Approximately what percentage of married couples in the world use some form of contraceptive?

A)35%
B)55%
C)65%
D)80%
E)90%

Answer 1

B

Question 2

There are several different ways to calculate fertility rates. Which is NOT one of them?

A)average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime
B)the number of children born per 1,000 women aged 15-49
C)the number of children born per 100 married couples
D)the number of children born per 1,000 population

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The one-child policy in China consists of several rules. Which is NOT one of these?

A)delayed marriage and delayed childbearing
B)fewer and healthier births
C)one child per couple
D)any pregnancy after the first one must be aborted

Answer 3

D

Question 4

According to the World Map 9.1, which countries have fertility rates well below replacement level?

A)South Korea, Taiwan, Western Europe, Eastern Europe
B)United States
C)Middle East, Western Europe, Northern Africa
D)South Africa, United States
E)Indonesia, China, United States

Question 5

In the developing world, mortality rates have started to decline because of:

A)fewer numbers of women of childbearing age
B)imbalanced sex ratios
C)HIV and AIDs cures
D)fewer babies being born
E) improved sanitation, vaccinations, and medicines

Question 6

A typical two-parent middle-class family spends about $________, pre-tax, to raise a child to age 18.

A)$55,000
B)$86,000
C)$112,000
D)$153,000
E)$220,000

Question 7

Which group has the lowest fertility rate, according to Figure 9.2?

A)Hispanics
B)Asian/Pacific Islanders
C)Blacks
D)Whites
E)both Asian/Pacific Islanders and Whites

Question 8

Ireland, a predominantly Catholic country, loves children, and encourages people to have lots of them. Lorraine and her husband do not want any children, and her Irish parents are pleading with her to reconsider: "Don't be so selfish," they say, "you'll be lonely in old age." This is an example of:

A)prosentiment
B)pronatalism
C)ART
D)profertility
E)proconception

Question 9

In contrast to China, which is drastically trying to limit births, ________ is trying to increase its number of births.

A)India
B)Japan
C)France
D)Mexico
E)Canada

Question 10

Wendy stayed home from work for a year after her son was born, forfeiting the salary she earned as a loan officer for a bank. When she decided to go back to work, her position was filled and she had to find another one. The position she landed was at a slightly lower level, and the pay was somewhat less. Economists would talk about these as:

A)cost benefit analysis
B)the rewards and costs paradigm
C)opportunity costs
D)FMLA costs
E)direct financial costs

Question 11

Why did the birthrate drop so significantly in the 1960s and 1970s?

A)A greater number of women were of childbearing age, which naturally results in fewer babies being born.
B)More women began going to college.
C)Blacks gained employment in new fields.
D)The number of married women working outside the home declined.
E)The retirement age dropped.

Question 12

Yue is researching the one-child policy in China. She has discovered:

A)the one-child policy has not worked because most Chinese oppose the policy and have a second child secretly
B)China's population has been reduced by about 50 million people because of the policy--?about the population of California, Oregon, and Washington combined
C)China's policy has resulted in a sex-ratio imbalance; in 2000 nearly 50,000 fewer female births were recorded than what would be expected
D)China has banned elective amniocentesis and has attempted to restrict the use of ultrasound scanners to determine the sex of the fetus so that parents will not know if they are having a boy or girl until their child is born
E)girls have been abandoned, killed, or aborted because the Chinese do not like children

Question 13

A relationship in which one woman gives birth for another person or couple, who then adopts or takes legal custody of the child, is called:

A)ART
B)IVF
C)substitute parenting
D)cultural motherhood
E)surrogacy

Question 14

According to Figure 9.1, the U.S. fertility rate dropped dramatically during two periods in history. What periods were these?

A)1920-1935; 1985-2000
B)1940-1950; 1970-1980
C)1930-1945; 1990-2004
D)1920-1935; 1960-1975
E)1960-1975; 1990-2004

Question 15

A study by the Pew Charitable Trust asked people where they find the most fulfillment in their lives. Eighty-five percent of parents said:

A)their careers
B)their minor children
C)their spouse
D)their jobs
E)their adult friends

Question 16

In addition to fertility rates, population statistics such as the median age also reflect a country's ________.

A)level of education
B)percent of women in the labor force
C)mortality rates
D)one-child policy
E)number of babies born

Question 17

Multiple partner fertility, according to the opening vignette in Chapter 9, refers to:

A)new mothers, but not fathers, reporting higher levels of social integration compared to their childless counterparts
B)new parents having greater self-esteem than those without children
C)men and women having children by two or more partners
D)fathers, but not mothers, reporting greater self-esteem than do those without children
E)the rise in families who have three or more children

Question 18

With respect to infertility in the U.S.:

A)it affects women more often than men
B)it often goes undiagnosed until a couple has had at least three years of unprotected intercourse or until she has suffered a miscarriage
C)it can sometimes be helped with ART, which includes all fertility treatments in which neither the egg or sperm are handled
D)about 12 percent of women of childbearing age have received an infertility service
E)it averages about seven ART attempts to have a successful birth

Question 19

Judith Cates, profiled in the feature box, is unusual because:

A)she had a baby at the age of 11
B)she delivered sextuplets
C)she delivered a baby while undergoing a sex change operation to be a man
D)she did not know she was pregnant until she delivered a baby
E)) she had twins while in her late 50s

Question 20

What characterizes women who do not have children?

A)They have likely completed college or graduate school.
B)They were usually born in another country and migrated to the U.S. as young children.
C)They tend to live in small towns or rural areas.
D)They are disproportionately Hispanic or White.
E)They comprise nearly 10 percent of women between the ages of 40-44.

Question 21

The one-child policy in China is both praised and condemned around the world.

Question 22

The number of international adoptions has __________ in recent years.

A)increased sharply
B) increased somewhat
C)stabilized
D)declined somewhat
E)declined sharply

Question 23

Infertility is the inability to get pregnant after one year of trying.

Question 24

With respect to the medicalization of childbirth in the U.S.:

A)until the 17th century, childbirth was generally not considered to be a medical event
B)midwives were the first physician specialty, and they worked closely with obstetricians to help women have babies
C)the desire to eliminate midwives was primarily motivated by increasing the safety of birth
D)as providers shifted from midwives to obstetricians, women were given more power and control over the childbirth experience
E)because it was difficult to apply all the new technology at home, births were moved to a hospital, and by 1900 physicians in hospitals were attending about half of all births

Question 25

The transition to parenthood:

A)is surprisingly easy to most new parents
B)is innate
C)is surprisingly difficult
D)is easy for mothers but not for fathers
E)is similar for men and women because they tend to think about babies in similar ways and analyze their thoughts so that they fit the image of "good" mothers and fathers

Question 26

Although most people are not very concerned if a man becomes a father at age 50, attitudes toward a woman becoming a mother at 50 are far more negative.

Question 27

Population statistics reflect both fertility rates and death rates.

Question 28

One reason that studies bleakly conclude that the costs of children outweigh the benefits may be because the rewards are more emotional and therefore difficult to measure.

Question 29

Most adults think that children are not very important for a successful marriage.

Question 30

Which of the following is true about adoption?

A)Private adoptions are no longer legal because of the concern that it was "baby buying."
B)Public adoptions occur through licensed public agencies that specialize in placing children in adoptive families.
C)An open adoption was the common procedure in the past, but now most are either closed or semi-open.
D)One study of how adoption is treated in college-level family textbooks found that the positive points outweighed the negative points about adoption, but just barely.
E)Most adoptive parents are unmarried, but highly educated and have higher than average incomes.

Question 31

Which country has the least generous maternity and family leave policies?

A)Bangladesh
B)India
C)Nigeria
D)U)S.
E)Spain

Question 32

Ryan and Jane want to adopt a baby. What information are they likely to encounter?

A)The number of open adoptions declined when the Association of Black Social Workers suggested that open adoption was cultural genocide because the minority children placed in White families do not learn about their own history and culture.
B)They better get married because it is extremely difficult for singles to adopt.
C)If they are lesbian, they should be aware that only 29 states allow for openly gay or lesbian adoption.
D)If they live in a state that does not allow gays and lesbians to openly adopt, then one partner may adopt and then the other partner applies as a second parent or co-parent.
E)If they want to adopt a child from another country, Guatemala is the most popular option.

Question 33

Japan reasoned that if it can encourage mothers to stay out of the labor force, families might choose to have more births. Consequently it has begun a national campaign to encourage mothers not to work.

Question 34

With respect to remaining voluntarily childfree:

A)the decision is usually made all at once
B)men are more likely than women to want to have children
C)the childfree are clearly disadvantaged in many ways
D)the childfree tend to have weaker relationships with their partners
E)the childfree have more relationships with friends because they have the time to pursue leisure activities

Question 35

According to World Map 9.1, much of Africa and South America have a total fertility rate of 5.0 and over.

Question 36

Nearly 20 percent of women between the ages of 40 and 44 do not have children, up from about 10 percent a generation ago.

Question 37

What does the World Health Organization think about the C-section rate in the United States?

A)It says that many are medically unnecessary, potentially dangerous, and do not improve infant or maternal mortality statistics.
B)It is happy to report that the rate of C-sections has declined for the first time in 20 years.
C)It uses the U.S. as a model because lots of other countries have many Cesarean births that are medically unnecessary and do not improve infant or mortality statistics.
D)They note that the number of C-sections has stabilized while birth outcomes have improved.
E)Actually, no accurate records are kept for the World Health Organization.

Question 38

Birthrates in the U.S. have dropped significantly since 2000, and are at an all-time low.

Question 39

Alice Rossi suggests why the transition to parenthood can be so challenging. Which is NOT one of her reasons?

A)Pronatalist sentiment may pressure people to become parents even when they may not want to or be ready to be parents.
B)Most people, as they remember their own childhoods, are surprised to find that being a parent is quite different from being a child.
C)Most parents have little or no prior experience in child care.
D)Becoming a parent is abrupt, unlike other roles.
E)Complex changes must occur in the couple's relationship, and activities become more instrumental.

Question 40

Which is a component of the Family Medical Leave Act?

A)It allows 6 weeks of paid time off to have a baby or to care for an immediate family member with a specified medical condition.
B)It allows 6 weeks of paid time off to have a baby vaginally, or 12 weeks for a Cesarean section, but it does not cover any other conditions.
C)It is only eligible for people who work in businesses with over 5 people, and the employee must have worked full-time for 2 years.
D)It requires employers with over 50 employees to provide 12 weeks of unpaid leave to employees to care for themselves or their immediate family with specified medical conditions.
E)It allows for 6 weeks of paid leave, and then 52 weeks of unpaid leave, to employees to care for themselves or their family with specified medical conditions, but the employee must have worked full-time for 3 years.

Question 41

Population statistics, such as median age, reflect two important trends that occur at different points of the lifespan. These two trends are ________.

Question 42

Your mother was adopted when she was a baby. She knows nothing about her birth mother or father because the records were sealed. She has no way to trace her biological ancestry. This is an example of a/an ________ adoption.

Question 43

Distinguish between direct financial costs and opportunity costs and give an example of each.

Question 44

Infertility is defined as:

Question 45

List two (2)controversies discussed in your text surrounding ART.

Question 46

In a public adoption, an attorney working for a family may contact social workers, other attorneys, doctors, or place a notice in a newspaper looking for a woman who intends to relinquish her child, and the adopting couple will likely offer to pay the birth mother's medical fees, and perhaps her living expenses while pregnant.

Question 47

Childbirth used to be a natural process and was not seen as a medical event. That largely changed after the 19th century as childbirth gradually involved obstetricians, hospitals, high-tech equipment, and possibly surgery. This is called:

Question 48

Is it appropriate to place minority children in White adoptive families? Some have objected, calling it cultural genocide. What does the research show?

Question 49

Birth centers are ________.

Question 50

Children are born every minute all over the world; however, what is considered normal childbirth practices in one place may be seen as barbaric in another.

Question 51

List two (2)social reasons for delayed parenthood.

Question 52

China's one-child policy program consists of three (3)main components. These are ________.

Question 53

A cultural value that encourages childbearing is called ________.

Question 54

Provide the four (4)reasons that the transition to parenthood can be so challenging, according to Alice Rossi.

Question 55

The images of a "good father" and "good man" contradict one another, but this is not necessarily the case for women who are mothers.

Question 56

List three (3)of the goals of Japan's Angel Plan:

Question 57

What is expected of a "good mother" in our society? How does it compare with what is expected of a "good woman"?

Question 58

The __________ requires employers with over 50 employees working for them to provide 12 weeks of unpaid leave to eligible employees to care for themselves or their immediate family with specified medical conditions.

Question 59

The Family Medical Leave Act offers 12 weeks of paid leave to eligible employees to care for themselves or a family member with specified medical conditions.

Question 60

Some people are fearful of allowing gays and lesbians to adopt children because several studies have shown that homosexual parents are more likely to molest their children, and that their children are more likely to become gay or lesbian.

Question 61

Describe the historical roots of the medicalization of childbirth in the U.S., and explain how childbirth is at a crossroads today.

Question 62

Compare and contrast the assistance available to new parents living in France (and other countries)vs. the U.S. Be sure to discuss the Family Medical Leave Act. What does the research say about maternity and family leaves?

Question 63

Describe the historical fluctuation in fertility rates in the U.S. What might account for these fluctuations?

Question 64

Describe the transition to parenthood. Include in your answer why the transition can be so challenging, and elaborate on any sex differences and why those sex differences exist.

Question 65

Compare and contrast population growth in developed and developing countries. What is China doing to curb population growth? What have been the consequences of their program?

Question 66

An increasing number of people are childfree. Write an essay about infertility and the voluntary childfree.

Question 67

Write an essay about adoption. Include in your answer the different ways adoption can occur and the degree of contact with birth parents. Choose one specific type of adoption--?transracial, gay or lesbian, or international--and elaborate on this specific type.