Deck 7: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Question 1

Telegraphic speech is brief and grammatically incorrect. 

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Louis Thurstone's primary mental abilities contain the types of items measured on the most widely used intelligence tests today. 

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Emotional intelligence does not involve self-insight. 

Answer 3

False

Question 4

An anagram is a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways. 

Question 5

In language development, over inclusion of instances in a category is labeled overregularization. 

Question 6

An intelligence quotient (IQ) is independent of his or her chronological age (CA). 

Question 7

In contrast to algorithms, heuristics guarantee a correct solution. 

Question 8

In the context of the Wechsler scales, nontechnically oriented college students often attain higher performance than verbal intelligence quotients (IQs). 

Question 9

The Flynn effect refers to the way in which wording, or the context in which information is presented, affects decision making. 

Question 10

In the context of creativity and intelligence, creative problem solving demands convergent rather than divergent thinking. 

Question 11

Unlike babbling, crying and cooing are inborn and prelinguistic. 

Question 12

According to psycholinguistic theory, environmental influences do not affect language acquisition. 

Question 13

Research shows that apes are very reliable in their sequencing of signs, suggesting that they comprehend the rules of grammar. 

Question 14

A criticism of the linguistic-relativity hypothesis is that a language's vocabulary suggests the cognitive limits of the speakers of the language. 

Question 15

Overregularization reflects faulty language development. 

Question 16

Regularization in problem solving refers to standing back from the problem for a while as some process within may continue to work on it. 

Question 17

The communication systems of the birds and the bees have high semanticity. 

Question 18

According to research, intelligence quotient (IQ) scores tend to increase during the summer vacation. 

Question 19

Studies generally suggest that the heritability of intelligence is less than 20%. 

Question 20

It takes children longer to learn new words than it takes apes to learn new signs. 

Question 21

__________is a heuristic device in which we try to solve a problem by evaluating the difference between the current situation and the goal. 

A)Backtracking  
B)The depth-first search algorithm  
C)Parallel processing  
D)The means-end analysis

Question 22

Jane is a ten-year-old girl with a mental age (MA) of twelve. Jane's intelligence quotient (IQ) calculated using Wilhelm Stern's formula is _____. 

A)90  
B)100  
C)120  
D)125

Question 23

In__________, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course. 

A)triangulation  
B)convergent thinking  
C)centration  
D)divergent thinking

Question 24

The _____ groups test questions into a number of separate subtests where each subtest measures a different intellectual task. 

A)Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scale  
B)Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale  
C)Binet-Simon scale  
D)Wechsler scale

Question 25

In the context of the nativist approach to language development, the _____ prepares the nervous system to learn grammar. 

A)representativeness heuristic  
B)language lexicon  
C)availability heuristic  
D)language acquisition device

Question 26

__________is the quality of language in which words are used as symbols for objects, events, or ideas. 

A)Divergence  
B)Convergence  
C)Semanticity  
D)Regularity

Question 27

According to the linguistic-relativity hypothesis, language does not affect the way we perceive the world. 

Question 28

Pointing to a cat and saying, "This is not a dog" is a(n)__________of the dog concept. 

A)hypermorph  
B)positive instance  
C)hypomorph  
D)negative instance

Question 29

Ava, a four-year-old girl, combines words to form her own sentences. In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating _____. 

A)regularization  
B)cognitive dissonance  
C)infinite creativity  
D)centration

Question 30

In the context of the theories of intelligence,__________resembles two of Howard Gardner's "intelligences"-intrapersonal skills and interpersonal skills. 

A)creative intelligence  
B)practical intelligence  
C)emotional intelligence  
D)analytical intelligence

Question 31

Identify a true statement about heuristics. 

A)They require more scientific knowledge than algorithms. 
B)They are more complicated than algorithms. 
C)Unlike algorithms, they do not permit rapid solutions. 
D)Unlike algorithms, they do not guarantee a correct solution.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true of the nativist theory of language development?  

A)Language acquisition is based solely on environmental influences. 
B)Vocabulary development is independent of intelligence. 
C)Children bring neurological prewiring to language learning. 
D)Numerous researchers suggest that language learning begins at 36 months.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true of heuristics?  

A)They permit more rapid solutions than algorithms. 
B)They are more complicated than algorithms. 
C)Unlike algorithms, they guarantee correct solutions. 
D)Unlike algorithms, they require significant scientific knowledge.

Question 34

__________is the quality of language that permits one to communicate information about objects and events in another time and place. 

A)Convergence  
B)Centration  
C)Displacement  
D)Divergence

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true of communication by nonhumans?  

A)Spontaneous language development does not occur in nonhumans. 
B)Nonhumans do not show enlargement in the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. 
C)Apes cannot be taught to communicate. 
D)Although apes do not speak, they have been taught to use American Sign Language.

Question 36

The__________is a decision-making heuristic in which people make judgments about samples according to the populations they appear to depict. 

A)anchoring heuristic  
B)availability heuristic  
C)representativeness heuristic  
D)adjustment heuristic

Question 37

Nathan is teaching his son about dogs. He points to a dog in the neighborhood while saying the word "dog." In this scenario, Nathan is using _____ of the dog concept. 

A)positive instances  
B)negative instances  
C)hypomorphs  
D)hypermorphs

Question 38

According to the representativeness heuristic, people make judgments about events according to:  

A)their recent experiences with similar events. 
B)the populations of events that they appear to depict. 
C)how easy it is to find examples of relevant events. 
D)their initial views, or presumptions.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true of prelinguistic vocalizations?  

A)Babies' babbling frequently combines consonants and vowels. 
B)During the second month, babies begin babbling. 
C)Crying is a representation of language. 
D)Unlike crying, babbling and cooing are prelinguistic.

Question 40

__________are rules of thumb that help us simplify and solve problems. 

A)Heuristics  
B)Anagrams  
C)Exemplars  
D)Analogies

Question 41

__________enables people to deal with other people, including difficult people, and to meet the demands of their environment. 

A)Practical intelligence  
B)Spatial intelligence  
C)Emotional intelligence  
D)Analytical intelligence

Question 42

The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study found that__________were more similar than fraternal twins in spatial memory, ability to categorize things, and word comprehension. 

A)false twins  
B)dizygotic twins  
C)monozygotic twins  
D)binovular twins

Question 43

A(n) _____ is a concept of a category of objects or events that serves as a good example of the category. 

A)reinforcer  
B)anagram  
C)prototype  
D)heuristic

Question 44

In__________, thought is limited to present facts and the problem solver narrows his or her thinking to find the best solution. 

A)spatial intelligence  
B)divergent thinking  
C)convergent thinking  
D)creative intelligence

Question 45

According to__________, language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences and the inborn tendency to acquire language. 

A)linguistic chauvinism  
B)the empiricist theory of language acquisition  
C)the triarchic theory of intelligence  
D)psycholinguistic theory

Question 46

In Gestalt psychology,__________is a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution. 

A)an algorithm  
B)insight  
C)catharsis  
D)an anagram

Question 47

According to psycholinguistic theory, _____. 

A)language acquisition devices hinder the process of language development  
B)language is acquired entirely through external factors  
C)environmental influences affect language acquisition  
D)the process of language acquisition is independent of parental reinforcement

Question 48

In the context of genetic influences on intelligence, a classic study in Louisville, Kentucky, found that:  

A)the intelligence quotient scores of dizygotic twins were more alike than scores for any other pairs. 
B)the correlations in intelligence between dizygotic twins were the same as those between other siblings. 
C)correlations between the intelligence quotient scores of children and their foster parents and between those of cousins were strong. 
D)dizygotic twins were more similar than monozygotic twins in spatial memory, ability to categorize things, and word comprehension.

Question 49

Identify a true statement about problem solving. 

A)Heuristics guarantee a correct solution. 
B)Heuristics are often based on strategies that worked in the past. 
C)Algorithms permit more rapid solutions than heuristics. 
D)Algorithms are simpler and require less scientific knowledge than heuristics.

Question 50

Anna points to an object and tells her two-year-old son what it is. He then points and repeats what Anna said. In the context of the social-cognitive perspective, Anna serves as a(n) _____ for her child to acquire language skills. 

A)incubator  
B)model  
C)shaper  
D)prototype

Question 51

Which of the following is a prototype of the category mammal?  

A)Reptile  
B)Dog  
C)Fish  
D)Bird

Question 52

A(n)__________is a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways. 

A)exemplar  
B)analogy  
C)heuristic  
D)algorithm

Question 53

Patricia, a three-year-old girl, is having dinner. She looks at her father and says, "I eated food." In this scenario, Patricia is exhibiting _____. 

A)divergent thinking  
B)cognitive dissonance  
C)overregularization  
D)counterconditioning

Question 54

Susan, an astronomer, studies the nature of stars and has contributed significantly to the understanding of the laws that govern their behavior. In this scenario, Susan is exhibiting _____. 

A)bodily-kinesthetic intelligence  
B)spatial-relations intelligence  
C)personal intelligence  
D)naturalist intelligence

Question 55

In psycholinguistic theory, the__________is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates a child's learning of grammar. 

A)language lexicon  
B)language acquisition device  
C)cross-linguistic typology  
D)extralinguistic cue

Question 56

In the context of the theories of intelligence,__________can solve problems to which there are no preexisting solutions and no proven formulas. 

A)analytical people  
B)creative people  
C)practical people  
D)emotive people

Question 57

Ryan is telling his grandchildren stories about growing up in another country. He describes his school and memories about his childhood friends. In this scenario, Ryan's ability to communicate his experiences about different times and places illustrates the quality of language known as _____. 

A)centration  
B)displacement  
C)overextension  
D)overregularization

Question 58

Which of the following statements is true of concepts?  

A)They represent things that can easily be measured. 
B)They do not affect cognition. 
C)They can represent visions of things that never were measured. 
D)They do not represent activities.

Question 59

_____ is the application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflections to irregular verbs and nouns. 

A)Systematic desensitization  
B)Cognitive mapping  
C)Counterconditioning  
D)Overregularization

Question 60

__________is the ability to generate novel and useful solutions to problems. 

A)Practicality  
B)Creativity  
C)Semanticity  
D)Regularity

Question 61

The _____ is the view that language structures the way we view the world. 

A)nativist theory of language development  
B)empiricist theory of language acquisition  
C)observer-expectancy effect  
D)linguistic-relativity hypothesis

Question 62

A(n)__________is a single word used by children to express complex meanings. 

A)heuristic  
B)anagram  
C)holophrase  
D)prototype

Question 63

Daniel, a six-year-old boy, takes an intelligence test. The results of the test show that he is functioning intellectually like the average eight-year-old. In this scenario, Daniel has a(n) _____ of eight. 

A)intelligence quotient  
B)chronological age  
C)mental age  
D)mental set

Question 64

Joshua, a ten-year-old boy, knows that snakes are reptiles, all reptiles are animals, and all animals are living things. In this scenario, Joshua organizes concepts in _____. 

A)heuristics  
B)mental sets  
C)cognitive maps  
D)hierarchies

Question 65

In the context of language development, which of the following statements is true of learning theory?  

A)Learning theory accounts for the unchanging sequence of language development. 
B)Learning theorists see language as developing according to laws of learning. 
C)Modeling explains all the events in language learning. 
D)Children learn language solely through observation.

Question 66

__________includes problem-solving skills such as encoding information, combining and comparing bits of information, and generating a solution. 

A)Spatial intelligence  
B)Practical intelligence  
C)Creative intelligence  
D)Analytical intelligence

Question 67

__________are mental categories used to group together objects, relations, events, abstractions, or qualities that have common properties. 

A)Concepts  
B)Anagrams  
C)Algorithms  
D)Heuristics

Question 68

__________is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience. 

A)Semanticity  
B)Instinct  
C)Intelligence  
D)Memory

Question 69

_____ refers to conscious, planned attempts to make sense of and change the world. 

A)Free association  
B)Thinking  
C)Overregularization  
D)Operant conditioning

Question 70

A(n)__________shows the intellectual level at which a child is functioning. 

A)chronological age  
B)mental set  
C)mental age  
D)intelligence quotient

Question 71

When a child utters the word "mama," it may signify meanings as varied as "There goes Mama," "Come here, Mama," and "You are my Mama." Such single words used by children to express complex meanings are known as _____. 

A)prototypes  
B)anagrams  
C)holophrases  
D)heuristics

Question 72

Identify a criticism about the linguistic-relativity hypothesis. 

A)Infants display considerable intelligence before they have learned to speak. 
B)Adults use only actions and gestures as units of thought. 
C)A language's vocabulary suggests the range of its speakers' nonessential concepts. 
D)A language's vocabulary suggests the range of its speakers' cognitive limits.

Question 73

_____ is the capacity to communicate information about events and objects in another time or place. 

A)Displacement  
B)Overextension  
C)Functional fixedness  
D)Cognitive dissonance

Question 74

Stacey, a kindergarten teacher, is teaching her students about mammals. She tells the students that fishes and birds are not mammals. In this scenario, Stacey is using _____ of the mammal concept. 

A)hypomorphs  
B)positive instances  
C)hypermorphs  
D)negative instances

Question 75

Identify a true statement about the heritability of intelligence. 

A)Studies generally suggest that the heritability of intelligence is less than 20%. 
B)The intelligence quotient scores of dizygotic twins are more alike than scores for any other pairs. 
C)Being reared together is related with similarities in intelligence quotient. 
D)The correlations in intelligence between dizygotic twin pairs are lower than those between other siblings.

Question 76

Tiffany asks her son to reorganize groups of letters such as "skosc," "odg," "imal," and "orod" into words. In this scenario, Tiffany is using _____ of the words socks, dog, mail, and door. 

A)algorithms  
B)anagrams  
C)overextensions  
D)prototypes

Question 77

In the context of problem solving, _____ involves handling one element of the problem at a time. 

A)serial processing  
B)overextension  
C)parallel processing  
D)overregularization

Question 78

__________holds that innate factors, which make up children's nature, cause children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways. 

A)Linguistic determinism  
B)The nativist theory of language development  
C)The empiricist theory of language acquisition  
D)Linguistic chauvinism

Question 79

Which of the following statements is true of telegraphic speech?  

A)It involves the utterance of four- and five-word sentences. 
B)It occurs when a child is between two and four months old. 
C)It is a form of prelinguistic vocalization. 
D)It is brief but grammatically correct.

Question 80

In the context of creativity and intelligence, _____ helps generate many possible solutions to problems. 

A)triangulation  
B)centration  
C)convergent thinking  
D)divergent thinking