Deck 8: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, achievement, prestige, and status are included under esteem needs. 

Answer 1

True

Question 2

According to the cognitive-dissonance theory, we are generally more likely to appreciate what we must work to obtain. 

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Positive events such as learning that the person we love also loves us can raise our level of happiness at a particular moment. 

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Physical needs give rise to drives like hunger and thirst. 

Question 5

According to Melissa Hines and her colleagues, human female embryos and fetuses who have been exposed prenatally to higher-than-typical concentrations of male sex hormones show reduced tendencies to display physically aggressive behavior. 

Question 6

People share similar psychological needs because people's biological makeups are similar. 

Question 7

On average, gay males tend to be somewhat feminine and lesbians to be somewhat masculine. 

Question 8

Stimulus motives provide an evolutionary disadvantage. 

Question 9

The James-Lange theory suggests that emotions cause our behavioral responses to events. 

Question 10

Psychological needs are always based on states of deprivation. 

Question 11

Emotions do not involve behavioral tendencies. 

Question 12

A(n)__________rat is characterized by excessive eating. 

A)hypoglycemic  
B)aphagic  
C)hyperphagic  
D)hypoglycemic

Question 13

If you destroy the lateral hypothalamus of a rat, the rat may become hyperphagic. 

Question 14

Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she gets a higher income. The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward. 

Question 15

Satiety signals from our mouth take longer to reach the brain than the signals from our digestive tract. 

Question 16

An emotion cannot be a goal in itself. 

Question 17

Joshua wants to do well in academics to get his parents' approval and appreciation. This is an example of a physiological need. 

Question 18

Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive. 

Question 19

Men produce 7 to 10 times the testosterone produced by women. 

Question 20

The__________is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger. 

A)hypothalamus  
B)foramen magnum  
C)hippocampus  
D)occipital nucleus

Question 21

In the context of hunger, which of the following statements is true of the blood sugar level?  

A)The level of sugar in the blood increases when we are deprived of food. 
B)The increase in blood sugar starts hunger pangs. 
C)The drop in blood sugar triggers feelings of satiety. 
D)The drop in blood sugar is communicated to the hypothalamus.

Question 22

When the lateral hypothalamus of a rat is destroyed, it may most likely:  

A)eat until it doubles in size. 
B)search frantically for food. 
C)become hyperphagic. 
D)become aphagic.

Question 23

The _____ is the second phase of the sexual response cycle. 

A)resolution phase  
B)orgasmic phase  
C)plateau phase  
D)ejaculation phase

Question 24

__________can sabotage the efforts of overweight people to maintain a slender profile. 

A)Adaptive thermogenesis  
B)Adaptive mutagenesis  
C)Homeostasis  
D)Apostasis

Question 25

In the context of the drive-reduction theory, which of the following is true of acquired drives?  

A)They are developed through experience. 
B)They are passed though genes. 
C)They are the primary manifestation of physiological needs. 
D)They are primarily a result of physical deprivation.

Question 26

According to James and Lange,__________are the cognitive representations of automatic physiological and behavioral responses. 

A)needs  
B)emotions  
C)drives  
D)incentives

Question 27

Cognitive theorists note that:  

A)people represent their worlds mentally. 
B)people's behavior is mechanical and primarily aimed toward survival. 
C)people are motivated to reduce tension. 
D)motivation is independent of environmental factors.

Question 28

In the context of hunger, we get signals of satiety from the _____. 

A)appendix  
B)gall bladder  
C)mouth  
D)pancreas

Question 29

_____ is an example of a psychological need. 

A)Food  
B)Oxygen  
C)Water  
D)Power

Question 30

Ophelia is in high school. She enjoys studying and does well in school. Her parents encourage her to think and act independently. Whenever she does well in an exam, she feels a sense of self-satisfaction. In this scenario, Ophelia's achievement motivation stems from a(n) _____. 

A)altruistic aim  
B)learning goal  
C)primary need  
D)extrinsic goal

Question 31

The__________is the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat and respiration. 

A)corpus callosum  
B)peripheral nervous system  
C)olfactory system  
D)autonomic nervous system

Question 32

The__________is the final phase of the sexual response cycle. 

A)resolution phase  
B)orgasmic phase  
C)plateau phase  
D)excitement phase

Question 33

The plateau phase of the sexual response cycle is characterized by:  

A)a somewhat stable level of sexual arousal. 
B)the rapid contraction of pelvic muscles. 
C)a refractory period. 
D)orgasm.

Question 34

In the context of sexual behavior, vasocongestion is characterized by:  

A)swelling of the genital tissues. 
B)constriction of the blood vessels. 
C)spasms in the hands and feet. 
D)episodes of orgasms.

Question 35

Which of the following is true of psychological needs?  

A)Psychological needs include the need for pain avoidance and proper temperature. 
B)Psychological needs are always based on states of deprivation. 
C)Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another. 
D)Psychological needs are the basic needs required for survival.

Question 36

In an experiment, Jay and Alissa are injected with the same concentration of a harmless drug. The purpose of the drug is to create arousal in the subjects who are injected. After a while, the arousal manifests as anger in Jay and as happiness in Alissa. Jay felt angry that he was injected with an unknown substance but Alissa was happy to be a part of the experiment. These experimental findings can be explained by the _____. 

A)cognitive-dissonance theory  
B)Cannon-Bard theory  
C)cognitive-appraisal theory  
D)James-Lange theory

Question 37

Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and has recently lost a lot of weight. Despite this, she continues to think that she is overweight. Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffers from?  

A)Anorexia nervosa  
B)Hyperphagia  
C)Bulimia nervosa  
D)Adaptive thermogenesis

Question 38

A(n)__________rat is characterized by under eating. 

A)hyperphagic  
B)aphagic  
C)epiphagic  
D)hyperglycemic

Question 39

The__________is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that restore reserves of energy to the body. 

A)corpus callosum  
B)central nervous system  
C)sympathetic nervous system  
D)parasympathetic nervous system

Question 40

Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through _____. 

A)the drive-reduction process  
B)personal choices  
C)extrinsic rewards  
D)the self-actualization need

Question 41

According to William Masters and Virginia Johnson, _____. 

A)women are less likely to want to combine sex with a romantic relationship  
B)people may be more culturally attuned to focus on sex similarities rather than differences  
C)women do not produce testosterone  
D)men and women have similar biological responses to sexual stimulation

Question 42

Medical observations and classic research find that humans and nonhumans whose stomachs have been removed:  

A)cannot maintain a normal weight. 
B)become hyperphagic. 
C)do not receive any signals of satiety. 
D)still regulate food intake.

Question 43

_____ is best described as the field of psychology that is about personal well-being and satisfaction; joy, sensual pleasure, and happiness; and optimism and hope for the future. 

A)Experimental psychology  
B)Positive psychology  
C)Forensic Psychology  
D)Psychoanalysis

Question 44

During__________, female rats respond to males by hopping, wiggling their ears, and arching their backs with their tails to one side, thus enabling males to penetrate them. 

A)the resolution phase  
B)estrus  
C)revascularization  
D)the refractory period

Question 45

Animals that have just copulated and thereby reduced their primary sex drives often show renewed interest in sex when presented with a novel sex partner. This is an example of__________. 

A)stimulus motives  
B)intuition  
C)homeostasis  
D)drive reduction

Question 46

In the case of stimulus motives, organisms:  

A)seek to decrease states of arousal. 
B)maintain homeostasis. 
C)act to reduce external stimuli. 
D)seek to increase stimulation.

Question 47

In the context of hunger, if the__________of a rat is electrically stimulated-that is, "switched on"-the rat stops eating until the current is turned off. 

A)ventromedial nucleus  
B)foramen magnum  
C)hippocampus  
D)occipital nucleus

Question 48

Maslow believed that we are separated from other animals by our capacity for _____. 

A)self-indulgence  
B)drive reduction  
C)self-actualization  
D)homeostasis

Question 49

Pansy is romantically and sexually attracted to both males and females. She is most likely to be labeled _____. 

A)heterosexual  
B)homosexual  
C)asexual  
D)bisexual

Question 50

__________is the process of propelling semen from the penis. 

A)Vasocongestion  
B)Myotonia  
C)Ejaculation  
D)Refraction

Question 51

Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that:  

A)organisms seek to increase stimulation. 
B)primary drives are triggered in a state of satiety. 
C)humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal. 
D)pain cannot trigger arousal and activate behavior.

Question 52

In the context of hunger, which of the following is true?  

A)Watching television increases the amount of food we eat. 
B)Watching television makes us focus on what we are eating. 
C)Psychological factors are not associated with the human hunger drive. 
D)Physiological factors are not associated with the human hunger drive.

Question 53

The__________is a central area on the underside of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a stop-eating center. 

A)ventromedial nucleus  
B)foramen magnum  
C)hippocampus  
D)occipital nucleus

Question 54

Jorge works for a finance company. His boss tells him that he will get a raise if he completes his work two days before the actual deadline. The raise that Jorge is being offered is referred to as a(n) _____. 

A)drive  
B)need  
C)incentive  
D)desire

Question 55

People take in more calories at buffets and smorgasbords than when fewer kinds of food are available. This tendency can best be explained by the concept of _____. 

A)drive reduction  
B)homoeostasis  
C)stimulus motives  
D)self-actualization

Question 56

__________is the swelling of the genital tissues with blood, causing erection of the penis and swelling of the area surrounding the vaginal opening. 

A)Vasoconstriction  
B)Myalgia  
C)Myotonia  
D)Vasocongestion

Question 57

In the context of hunger, adaptive thermogenesis causes _____ when someone goes on a diet. 

A)the body to produce more energy  
B)the body to burn fewer calories  
C)aphagia  
D)hyperphagia

Question 58

Which of the following is true of drives?  

A)Psychological needs for approval, achievement, and belonging give rise to drives. 
B)Psychological drives do not differ from person to person. 
C)Drives tend to be weaker when we have been deprived longer. 
D)The drives of hunger and thirst are examples of physiological drives.

Question 59

Alina thinks that she is overweight. She often indulges in binge eating and later forcibly vomits the food. Which eating disorder is Alina most likely suffering from?  

A)Porphyria  
B)Anorexia nervosa  
C)Bulimia nervosa  
D)Adaptive thermogenesis

Question 60

In the context of women, which of the following is true of androgens?  

A)Mammary glands produce androgens in women. 
B)Ovaries produce androgens in women. 
C)The pituitary gland produces androgens in women. 
D)The uterus produces androgens in women.

Question 61

Female cats and dogs are receptive to males only during__________. 

A)the plateau phase  
B)estrus  
C)subliminal stimulation  
D)the refractory period

Question 62

In the context of hunger,__________is the state of being satisfied. 

A)estrus  
B)vasocongestion  
C)resolution  
D)satiety

Question 63

According to research performed by Bray and Bouchard, _____. 

A)more than two out of three adult Americans are overweight  
B)obesity is not linked to hypertension  
C)less than 10 percent of Americans are overweight  
D)people with high fat-to-muscle ratios metabolize food quickly

Question 64

_____ are at the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy of needs. 

A)Safety needs  
B)Physiological needs  
C)Esteem needs  
D)Love and belongingness needs

Question 65

In the context of the sexual response cycle,__________is muscle tension, which causes grimaces, spasms in the hands and feet, and the spasms of orgasm. 

A)vasocongestion  
B)myotonia  
C)ejaculation  
D)refraction

Question 66

In the context of theories of motivation, birds build nests__________. 

A)by instinct  
B)when given extrinsic rewards  
C)to fulfill self-actualization needs  
D)to fulfill acquired needs

Question 67

When watching a horror movie, Mark was frightened by a scene; he reacted by dropping the glass of soda that he was holding. This reaction is linked to the _____. 

A)ventral hypothalamus  
B)sympathetic nervous system  
C)parasympathetic nervous system  
D)lateral hypothalamus

Question 68

In the context of anorexia nervosa, which of the following statements is true?  

A)Affluent females may be at greater risk because they have greater access to fitness centers and health clubs. 
B)Anorexia nervosa mostly afflicts women during middle age when they are going through a mid-life crisis. 
C)In anorexia nervosa, binge eating is followed by purging. 
D)In anorexia nervosa, food restriction is followed by binge eating.

Question 69

_____ refers to one's sense of whether a person sees herself or himself as being female, male, or somewhere in between. 

A)Sexual identity  
B)Gender dysphoria  
C)Gender identity  
D)Sexual expression

Question 70

Feeling states with physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components are defined as _____. 

A)drives  
B)instincts  
C)emotions  
D)incentives

Question 71

In the context of hunger, which of the following is true of human beings?  

A)Physiological factors are not associated with the human hunger drive. 
B)Psychological factors play an important role in the human hunger drive. 
C)Human beings eat only when they are hungry. 
D)In human beings, the emotional state of being bored is not associated with eating.

Question 72

Which of the following is true of the evolutionary perspective of motivation?  

A)It states that instinctive behaviors are genetically transmitted. 
B)It states that animals do not have prewired tendencies to respond to situations. 
C)It states that social influences rather than heredity factors determine behavior. 
D)It states that humans are the only species that displays instinctive behavior.

Question 73

A(n)__________is a state of deprivation. 

A)intuition  
B)instinct  
C)need  
D)incentive

Question 74

__________is a mechanism that would help preserve life in times of famine. 

A)Adaptive thermogenesis  
B)Adaptive mutagenesis  
C)Homeostasis  
D)Apostasis

Question 75

In the context of emotion, which of the following is a difference between the James-Lange theory and the Cannon-Bard theory?  

A)Unlike the Cannon-Bard's theory, the James-Lange theory says that emotions do not involve cognitions. 
B)Unlike the Cannon-Bard's theory, the James-Lange theory says that facial expressions do not affect emotional states. 
C)Unlike the Cannon-Bard's theory, the James-Lange theory says that emotions accompany bodily responses. 
D)Unlike the Cannon-Bard's theory, the James-Lange theory says that emotions are produced by bodily changes.

Question 76

The height of sexual excitement involving involuntary muscle contractions and release of sexual tensions is termed__________. 

A)orgasm  
B)infarction  
C)stressor  
D)repression

Question 77

According to Melissa Hines and her colleagues (2015), human female embryos and fetuses who have been exposed prenatally to higher-than-typical concentrations of male sex hormones:  

A)show a decreased likelihood of developing a lesbian sexual orientation. 
B)demonstrate an increased likelihood of developing a heterosexual orientation. 
C)do not demonstrate a conflict in gender identity. 
D)show increased male-stereotyped play during childhood.

Question 78

When a rat's ventromedial nucleus is destroyed, the rat will:  

A)develop an aversion to food. 
B)stop eating solid food. 
C)begin to eat uncontrollably. 
D)continue to eat the amount of food it does normally.

Question 79

According to Melissa Hines and her colleagues (2015), which of the following is true of human female embryos and fetuses who have been exposed prenatally to higher-than-typical concentrations of male sex hormones?  

A)They show a decreased likelihood of developing a lesbian sexual orientation. 
B)They are more likely to demonstrate possible changes in gender identity. 
C)They have heightened tendencies to display submissive behavior. 
D)They show decreased male-stereotyped play during childhood.

Question 80

Richard has not been successful in getting a job despite several efforts. Thinking about his failure, he feels helpless, hopeless, and even feels suicidal at times. What other symptom is most likely to be associated with Richard's condition?  

A)Parasympathetic arousal  
B)Adaptive thermogenesis  
C)Hyperphagia  
D)Nervosa bulimia