Deck 10: Personality: Theory and Measurement

Question 1

Hippocrates associated a choleric personality with warmth and cheerfulness. 

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of an objective test. 

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Self-esteem is connected with patterns of acculturation among immigrants. 

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Learning theory focused on enduring personality characteristics that were generally presumed to be embedded in the nervous system. 

Question 5

According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego?  

A)It is present in a child at birth. 
B)It develops as a child incorporates the values of parents. 
C)It develops as a function of moral principle. 
D)It begins to develop during the first year of life.

Question 6

Research suggests that brain levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine tend to be higher in introverts than in extraverts. 

Question 7

The preconscious mind contains ideas that are out of awareness but can be made conscious by focusing on them. 

Question 8

Research suggests that people who have reported greater feelings of happiness and well-being are likely to score more highly than other people on scales that measure emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and extraversion. 

Question 9

Which of the following Freudian psychic structures is present in a person at birth?  

A)The Id  
B)The creative self  
C)The Ego  
D)The Superego

Question 10

The reliability of a test refers to the stability of one's test results from one testing to another. 

Question 11

Carl Rogers believed that we all have unique frames of reference. 

Question 12

Cross-cultural research reveals that people in the United States and many northern European nations tend to be collectivists. 

Question 13

Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development states that:  

A)genuine and consistent love can alleviate the effects of a traumatic childhood. 
B)human development involves the transfer of libidinal energy from one erogenous zone to another. 
C)the collective unconscious contains archetypes that reflect the history of humankind. 
D)unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses are less important than social relationships.

Question 14

According to Freud, moderate gratification in any stage could lead to fixation in that stage and to the development of traits that are characteristic of the stage. 

Question 15

Parents help children develop conditions of worth when they show them unconditional positive regard. 

Question 16

Alfred Adler believed that people are motivated by the collective unconscious. 

Question 17

With behavior-rating scales, trained observers usually check off each occurrence of a specific behavior within a certain time frame. 

Question 18

Erik Erikson is credited with developing the psychosexual stages of development. 

Question 19

Freud believed that children encounter conflict during each stage of psychosexual development. 

Question 20

The Electra complex involves:  

A)a girl wanting to kill her father and possess her mother. 
B)a boy wanting to kill his father and possess his mother. 
C)a girl longing for her father and resenting her mother. 
D)a boy longing for his father and resenting his mother.

Question 21

Which of the following is true of humanistic-existential theories?  

A)They emphasize the role of the collective unconscious and archetypes. 
B)They do not believe that all humans are unique. 
C)They do not predict the sorts of traits and interests we will develop. 
D)They focus on collective experience rather than personal experience.

Question 22

Which of the following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory?  

A)The role of psychodrama as a therapeutic tool  
B)The concept of reward and punishment  
C)The far-reaching effects of childhood events on personality  
D)The idea that group dynamics have therapeutic effects

Question 23

Which of the following situations best describes Watson and Skinner's beliefs regarding behaviorism?  

A)A child throws tantrums whenever his mother leaves him alone. 
B)A teenager keeps his room clean because his parents appreciate it. 
C)A child becomes an engineer due to her genetic makeup. 
D)A woman becomes a lawyer because she has a need for achievement.

Question 24

Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on _____. 

A)girls' inferiority complex  
B)scientific evidence  
C)the theory of psychosocial development  
D)Western cultural prejudice

Question 25

Greg, a 27-year-old man, has a habit of biting his nails. He developed this habit when he was young. Now he wants to stop it, but has no control over himself. He starts biting his nails unconsciously whenever he is anxious or bored. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, he is fixated at the _____. 

A)phallic stage  
B)anal stage  
C)oral stage  
D)genital stage

Question 26

According to the Greek physician Hippocrates, yellow bile is associated with _____ disposition. 

A)sanguine  
B)melancholic  
C)choleric  
D)phlegmatic

Question 27

In the context of measurement of personality, which of the following is a characteristic of objective tests?  

A)They allow the respondents a wide range of responses. 
B)They typically do not have true and false format of questions. 
C)They present the respondents with questions that do not have clear specified answers. 
D)They present respondents with a standardized group of test items.

Question 28

Observational learning is one of the foundations of__________. 

A)psychodynamic theory  
B)social cognitive theory  
C)humanistic-existential theory  
D)self theory

Question 29

Parents can help children develop self-esteem when they show them__________regard, or when they accept them as having intrinsic merit regardless of their behavior at the moment. 

A)conditional positive  
B)unconditional negative  
C)conditional negative  
D)unconditional positive

Question 30

Nicholas develops a new assessment tool to measure the psychological concept of extraversion. He finds that individuals who take the test repeatedly tend to score similarly each time. Which dimension of assessment has Nicholas established?  

A)Reliability  
B)Variability  
C)Validity  
D)Scoring

Question 31

Which of the following is a focus of Erikson's theory of personality and development?  

A)Social relationships  
B)Sexual development  
C)Rewards and punishment  
D)Self-actualization

Question 32

Freud believed that the Oedipus complex develops in the__________of psychosexual development. 

A)anal stage  
B)oral stage  
C)genital stage  
D)phallic stage

Question 33

When comparing the human mind to an iceberg, Freud labeled the region of the iceberg that pokes into the light of awareness the _____ part of the mind. 

A)unconscious  
B)subconscious  
C)conscious  
D)preconscious

Question 34

Skinner believed that the effects of__________on behavior should be emphasized. 

A)reinforcement  
B)personal freedom  
C)choice  
D)self-direction

Question 35

Which of the following is a shortcoming of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?  

A)It failed to recognize the significance of repression. 
B)It ignored the role of id, ego, and superego. 
C)Its clinical method of gathering evidence is suspect. 
D)It dismissed the profound effects of childhood events.

Question 36

__________are reasonably stable elements of personality that are inferred from behavior. 

A)Fixations  
B)Creative selves  
C)Traits  
D)Ids

Question 37

In the context of Freud's theory of psychosexual development, a strong need for order is a(n) _____. 

A)anal-expulsive trait  
B)oral trait  
C)latent trait  
D)anal-retentive trait

Question 38

Freud believed that the Electra complex develops in the__________of psychosexual development. 

A)anal stage  
B)genital stage  
C)oral stage  
D)phallic stage

Question 39

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the__________functions according to the moral principle. 

A)ego  
B)id  
C)alter ego  
D)superego

Question 40

The humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers defined the__________as the center of experience. 

A)self  
B)ego  
C)id  
D)ego identity

Question 41

According to Freud, during the__________of psychosexual development children may develop strong sexual attachments to the parent of the other gender and begin to view the parent of the same gender as a rival for the other parent's affections. 

A)oral stage  
B)anal stage  
C)phallic stage  
D)latency stage

Question 42

The seeds of individualism and collectivism are found in the__________in which a person grows up. 

A)culture  
B)traits  
C)geographical location  
D)behavior

Question 43

Erikson labeled the first stage of psychosocial development in his theory of personality development as the stage of _____. 

A)trust versus mistrust  
B)autonomy versus shame and doubt  
C)initiative versus guilt  
D)industry versus inferiority

Question 44

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development?  

A)Oral, phallic, anal, genital, and latency  
B)Phallic, oral, genital, latency, and anal  
C)Anal, oral, phallic, latency, and genital  
D)Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Question 45

_____ can be defined as the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another. 

A)Creative self  
B)Eros  
C)Personality  
D)Latency

Question 46

In the context of measurement of personality, which of the following statements is true?  

A)The reliability of tests is usually assessed by comparing test results to external criteria or standards. 
B)A reliable IQ test does not usually provide scores during childhood that remain reasonably similar in adolescence and adulthood. 
C)The intellectual functioning of an individual cannot be assessed without relating it to other people in the same age group. 
D)The validity of personality tests cannot be assessed by comparing test results to external criteria or standards.

Question 47

__________is judgment of another person's value on the basis of the acceptability of that person's behaviors. 

A)Conditions of worth  
B)Unconditional positive regard  
C)Conditional positive regard  
D)Frames of reference

Question 48

The__________mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression. 

A)unconscious  
B)preconscious  
C)conscious  
D)metaconscious

Question 49

Which of the following is true of the trait theory?  

A)It emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes. 
B)It focuses on describing traits rather than on tracing their origins. 
C)It seeks to modify maladaptive personality traits. 
D)It does not rely on personality tests.

Question 50

According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extraversion, neuroticism,__________, agreeableness, and openness to experience. 

A)transcendence  
B)conscientiousness  
C)temperance  
D)courage

Question 51

Which of the following is true of Carl Jung's psychodynamic theory-analytical psychology?  

A)It emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes. 
B)It emphasizes the feelings of inferiority and the creative self. 
C)It focuses on personality characteristics that were generally presumed to be embedded in the nervous system. 
D)It focuses on learning by observation and on the cognitive processes that underlie personal differences.

Question 52

Celia is taking an interest inventory. One of the questions asks her to select her preferred activity from among traveling, reading books, and cooking. The question does not give her a "none of the above" option. What is the format of the interest inventory called?  

A)Check-all-that-apply format  
B)Constructed Response format  
C)Multiple choice format  
D)Forced-choice format

Question 53

Freud believed that a major instinct,__________, aims to preserve and perpetuate life. 

A)ego  
B)fixation  
C)eros  
D)repression

Question 54

Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes__________. 

A)self-awareness  
B)self-determination  
C)self-efficacy  
D)self-concept

Question 55

Rogers believed that we have mental images of what we are capable of becoming. These mental images are termed__________. 

A)self-instincts  
B)self-determination  
C)self-efficacy  
D)self-ideals

Question 56

Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives?  

A)Sociocultural theorists  
B)Humanistic theorists  
C)Freudian theorists  
D)Cognitive theorists

Question 57

According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego?  

A)It demands instant gratification without consideration for other people. 
B)It stands for rational ways of coping with frustration. 
C)It holds up models of an ideal self and helps handing out judgments of right and wrong. 
D)It develops as one incorporates the moral standards of the members of the community.

Question 58

Which one of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?  

A)It failed to recognize the importance of repression. 
B)It ignored the role of sexual drives. 
C)It was too vague to scientifically measure the psychic structures. 
D)It disregarded the far-reaching effects of childhood events.

Question 59

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called__________. 

A)self-esteem  
B)self-actualization  
C)self-efficacy  
D)self-concept

Question 60

Which of the following situations represents acculturation among immigrants living in the United States?  

A)A person from Mexico feels isolated living in his new setting. 
B)A woman from Mexico is angry that no one speaks her native language. 
C)A child from France is learning English at home. 
D)A man seeks out other immigrants who came from his native country.

Question 61

Chris, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. His belief in his success is called _____ by social cognitive theorists. 

A)defense mechanism  
B)self-efficacy expectations  
C)modeling  
D)existentialism

Question 62

Which of the following is an illustration of the defense mechanism of repression?  

A)Mary witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now. 
B)Mark wants to remember what he ate for lunch but is not sure whether it was tuna or hamburger. 
C)Michael tells people he did not cheat in high school but knows it is untrue. 
D)Michelle planned to go to a party, but her mother forced her to stay at home.

Question 63

__________is also termed as modeling. 

A)Gender-typing  
B)Social cognition  
C)Observational learning  
D)Self-actualization

Question 64

According to Freud, the ego is guided by the _____. 

A)moral principle  
B)reality principle  
C)pleasure principle  
D)reasoning principle

Question 65

Lewis generally comes across as a quick-tempered individual. His anger is easily triggered by trivial situations. According to Eysenck's personality dimensions, which of the following is true of Lewis?  

A)He is extraverted and stable. 
B)He is introverted and unstable. 
C)He is extraverted and unstable. 
D)He is introverted and stable.

Question 66

According to Jung's hypothesis, which of the following refers to the primitive images contained in the collective unconscious?  

A)Libido  
B)Archetypes  
C)Traits  
D)Eros

Question 67

Freud theorized that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely _____. 

A)metaconscious, semiconscious, and catatonic  
B)postconscious, midconscious, and lateral conscious  
C)ultraconscious, metaconscious, and superconscious  
D)conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

Question 68

Which of the following is true of the learning theorists?  

A)They emphasize the importance of environmental conditions as determinants of behavior. 
B)They believe that most behaviors are innate and learned instinctively through collective conscious. 
C)They focus on internal variables such as unconscious conflict to explain and predict behavior. 
D)They undermine the importance of referring to publicly observable variables or behaviors.

Question 69

Which of the following tests is an example of an objective personality test?  

A)The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory  
B)The Rorschach Inkblot Test  
C)The Thematic Apperception Test  
D)Word-Association Test

Question 70

In the context of the five-factor model, which of the following traits are characteristic of neuroticism?  

A)Talkativeness, assertiveness, and activity  
B)Kindness, trust, and warmth  
C)Organization, thoroughness, and reliability  
D)Nervousness, moodiness, and sensitivity to negative stimuli

Question 71

__________tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals. 

A)Individualists  
B)Humanists  
C)Behaviorists  
D)Collectivists

Question 72

According to Freud, the id follows the _____. 

A)moral principle  
B)reality principle  
C)pleasure principle  
D)reasoning principle

Question 73

Which of the following is true of social cognitive theory?  

A)It focuses on observable behavior and the situations in which behavior occurs. 
B)It focuses on learning by observation. 
C)It does consider personal variables to be important to understand people. 
D)It does not see people as influencing their environment.

Question 74

Jim overhears a classmate explaining to a friend that people are free to do what they choose with their lives and that the meaning of their lives is what they give to it. He further explains that people have unique ways of looking at the world, known as unique frame of reference. The classmate is describing the views of _____. 

A)Abraham Maslow  
B)Carl Rogers  
C)John Watson  
D)Hans Eysenck

Question 75

Bobby spilled water accidentally on his father's computer, but contrary to Bobby's expectations, he did not get grounded. His father acknowledged that it was a mistake and assured Bobby that he still loved him, despite the unfortunate incident. Bobby's father's response is an example of _____. 

A)uncategorical aptitude  
B)unconditional positive regard  
C)uncategorical positive aptitude  
D)conditional positive regard

Question 76

Steve has just completed a personality assessment in which he was shown a series of cards one at a time and asked to make up stories about them. Which of the following tests is he most likely to have taken?  

A)The Rorschach Inkblot Test  
B)The Thematic Apperception Test  
C)The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory  
D)An Objective Test

Question 77

Which of the following is true of collectivists?  

A)They are more likely to conform to group judgments. 
B)They are unable to resist personal temptations to do their duty. 
C)They do not identify themselves in terms of their families or gender. 
D)They define themselves in terms of their personal identities.

Question 78

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, which of the following is an oral trait?  

A)Gullibility  
B)Self-control  
C)Perfectionism  
D)Sadism

Question 79

When introducing himself to new people, Aaron says that he is catholic, Argentinean, and a grandfather of three. According to the sociocultural perspective on personality, Aaron is a(n) _____. 

A)collectivist  
B)individualist  
C)impressionist  
D)neo-impressionist

Question 80

Eysenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits:__________and emotional stability-instability. 

A)agreeableness-disagreeableness  
B)openness-shallowness  
C)introversion-extraversion  
D)conscientious-careless