Deck 2: Blood Banking Reagents: Overview and Applications

Question 1

Reagent antibodies prepared from human sources are:

A)unsafe.
B)too low in potency to be effective.
C)polyclonal in specificity.
D)preferred because of their lower cost.

Answer 1

C
Human-derived antisera have antibodies to more than one specificity and meet Food and Drug Administration guidelines for potency and safety.

Question 2

Select the test that uses IgG-sensitized red cells (check cells).

A)Antiglobulin test
B)D-antigen typing
C)Rh-antigen typing
D)B-antigen detection

Answer 2

A
The antiglobulin test requires the use of IgG-sensitized cells to verify that a negative reaction was not caused by improper washing,omitting the antiglobulin reagent,or reagent problems.

Question 3

The evidence for reagent red cell deterioration may include which of the following?

A)Spontaneous agglutination
B)Significant hemolysis
C)Loss of agglutination strength over time
D)All of the above

Answer 3

D
Each observation listed may indicate a reagent red cell problem that could lead to false reactions.

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true regarding high-protein anti-D reagents?

A)They have been largely replaced with low-protein monoclonal reagents.
B)They contain approximately 20% bovine albumin.
C)They may increase the possibility of a false-positive reaction,requiring the use of a control.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 5

What reagent contains antibodies to multiple antigenic epitopes?

A)Polyclonal-based
B)Monoclonal-based
C)Heterophile antibody-based
D)Alloantibody-based

Question 6

How would you interpret the results if both the anti-D reagent and the Rh control were 2+ agglutination reactions?

A)D-positive
B)D-negative
C)Unable to determine without further testing
D)Depends on whether the sample was from a patient or a blood donor

Question 7

Product limitations and technical considerations for each reagent can be found in the:

A)standard operating procedure.
B)product insert.
C)Food and Drug Administration code of regulations.
D)AABB standards.

Question 8

The antiglobulin test was performed using gel technology.A button of cells was observed at the bottom of the microtube following centrifugation.This result indicates a:

A)problem with the card.
B)negative reaction.
C)strong positive reaction.
D)failure to wash correctly.

Question 9

Solid-phase red cell adherence used for antibody detection has an advantage over tube testing because:

A)there is no washing involved.
B)incubation time is not necessary.
C)the endpoint is more clearly defined.
D)indicator cells (IgG-coated cells)are not necessary.

Question 10

Which red cells are used to screen for antibodies in donor samples?

A)Screening cells (two vials)
B)Pooled screening cells
C)Panel cells
D)Screening cells (three vials)

Question 11

The gel technology method uses a concentration of red cells that is:

A)higher than tube techniques.
B)lower than tube techniques.
C)the same as the 3% to 5% requirement for tube testing.
D)variable according to the test performed.

Question 12

Why is incubation omitted in the direct antihuman globulin test?

A)The direct antiglobulin test can be used in an emergency to replace the indirect test.
B)Incubation will cause hemolysis.
C)The antigen-antibody complex has already formed in vivo.
D)IgM antibodies are detected in the direct antiglobulin test.

Question 13

Select the method that uses a dextran-acrylamide matrix.

A)Solid-phase red cell adherence
B)Microplate
C)Gel technology
D)Tube techniques

Question 14

In the solid-phase red cell adherence test,a negative test would appear as:

A)a button of cells on the bottom of the well.
B)adherence of cells along the sides and bottom of the wells.
C)hemolysis of red cells.
D)a line of cells along the top of the well.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true regarding IgG-sensitized red cells?

A)They must be used to confirm a negative antiglobulin tube test.
B)They must be used to confirm a positive antiglobulin test.
C)They must be used to confirm a direct antiglobulin test that was negative with anti-C3d.
D)They should be used only with the indirect antiglobulin test.

Question 16

Polyspecific antihuman globulin contains:

A)anti-IgG.
B)anti-C3b and anti-C3d.
C)anti-IgG and anti-C3d.
D)anti-IgG and anti-IgM.

Question 17

Following centrifugation of the gel card,red cells are observed to be evenly dispersed throughout one of the microtubes.This reaction could be graded as a:

A)4+.
B)3+.
C)2+.
D)1+.

Question 18

Which of the following is not an advantage of using a monoclonal antibody over a polyclonal antibody?

A)There are very few variations between lots.
B)There are no contaminating antibodies.
C)Direct agglutination is usually faster.
D)All variations of the antigen can be detected.

Question 19

Monoclonal antibodies are prepared in:

A)vitro.
B)vivo.
C)laboratory animals.
D)humans.

Question 20

The indirect antihuman globulin test is incubated at what temperature?

A)22° C
B)37° C
C)4° C
D)56° C

Question 21

Select the reagent from the list below and match it to the routine blood banking procedure.a.Panel cells
b.Screening cells
c.A₁ and B cells
d.ABO antisera
e.Lectins
Reagent to detect the presence of red cell antibodies and B cells

Question 22

The purpose of adding antibody-sensitized red cells following the antiglobulin test is to:

A)make sure a weak antibody reaction was not missed.
B)confirm positive reactions.
C)check that the wash procedure was sufficient to remove unbound antibodies.
D)check that sufficient incubation took place.

Question 23

Select the reagent from the list below and match it to the routine blood banking procedure.a.Panel cells
b.Screening cells
c.A₁ and B cells
d.ABO antisera
e.Lectins
Reagent used to determine the ABO antigenic composition of a patient's red cells

Question 24

What immunoglobulin class reacts best by antiglobulin testing?

A)IgM
B)IgA
C)IgE
D)IgG

Question 25

Select the reagent from the list below and match it to the routine blood banking procedure.a.Panel cells
b.Screening cells
c.A₁ and B cells
d.ABO antisera
e.Lectins
Reagent to identify the specificity of a red cell antibody antisera

Question 26

Select the reagent from the list below and match it to the routine blood banking procedure.a.Panel cells
b.Screening cells
c.A₁ and B cells
d.ABO antisera
e.Lectins
Reagent used in the identification of ABO antibodies

Question 27

Select the antiglobulin test that best fits the descriptions below.A selection may be used more than once.a.Indirect antiglobulin test
b.Direct antiglobulin test
c.Both the direct and indirect antiglobulin test
Requires washing the cells several times before the addition of antihuman globulin reagent

Question 28

Select the antiglobulin test that best fits the descriptions below.A selection may be used more than once.a.Indirect antiglobulin test
b.Direct antiglobulin test
c.Both the direct and indirect antiglobulin test
Detects IgG or complement-coated red cells

Question 29

Select the antiglobulin test that best fits the descriptions below.A selection may be used more than once.a.Indirect antiglobulin test
b.Direct antiglobulin test
c.Both the direct and indirect antiglobulin test
Tests for certain clinical conditions such as hemolytic disease of the newborn and autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Question 30

Rouleaux is a false-positive reaction that would not likely be observed during which of the following tests?

A)Immediate spin antibody screen
B)Weak D test
C)Reverse typing in the ABO test
D)ABO forward typing

Question 31

Which of the following red cell antigens do proteolytic enzymes destroy?

A)Rh system antigens
B)Antigens Fy^a and Fy^b in the Duffy system
C)Antigens in the Kidd system
D)Lewis system antigens

Question 32

Select the reagent from the list below and match it to the routine blood banking procedure.a.Panel cells
b.Screening cells
c.A₁ and B cells
d.ABO antisera
e.Lectins
Reagent derived from plants used to distinguish group A₁ from group A₂ red cells

Question 33

Polyethylene glycol is a reagent that can be added to the screen or panel in order to:

A)enhance detection of IgM antibodies.
B)eliminate the reactivity of certain antigen.
C)increase the avidity of IgG antibodies.
D)eliminate the need for washing in the indirect antiglobulin test.

Question 34

Select the antiglobulin test that best fits the descriptions below.A selection may be used more than once.a.Indirect antiglobulin test
b.Direct antiglobulin test
c.Both the direct and indirect antiglobulin test
Incubation step is not necessary