Deck 1: Psychology Is a Way of Thinking

Question 1

Students who are interested in being consumers of research might choose all of the following professions EXCEPT:

A) A speech therapist
B) An FBI agent
C) A guidance counselor
D) A product tester
E) An advertising executive

Answer 1

A product tester

Question 2

Occam's razor states that the simplest solution is the best,all things being equal.This speaks to a theory's:

A) Parsimony
B) Falsifiability
C) Theorizing
D) Empiricism
E) Application

Answer 2

Parsimony

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research?

A) Administering an anxiety questionnaire
B) Applying a new therapy technique
C) Writing an opinion article about a psychological study
D) Undergoing a brain scan
E) None of the above are examples of being a producer of research

Answer 3

Administering an anxiety questionnaire

Question 4

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1
Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated.
Refer to Research Study 1.1 above to answer the following question. This scenario is an example of which scientific cycle?

A) Journal-journalism cycle
B) Basic-applied cycle
C) Theory-data cycle
D) Peer-review cycle
E) Psychologist-student cycle

Question 5

_____________ is the approach of collecting data and using it to develop,support,and/or challenge a theory.

A) Parsimony
B) Falsifiability
C) Theorizing
D) Empiricism
E) Application

Question 6

Elliott is double majoring in English and psychology.He plans on being a high school English teacher and is only majoring in psychology because he finds the classes interesting.All of the following are important reasons for him to be a good consumer of research EXCEPT:

A) Because he will likely be asked to read research studies in his future psychology classes
B) Because he will likely encounter research studies described in popular magazines he reads
C) Because he will likely need to conduct research related to enhancing his teaching
D) Because he will likely need to be a producer of researcher as well
E) All of the above are reasons for him to be a good consumer

Question 7

Which of the following is true of the relationship between hypotheses and theories?

A) Hypotheses are a step taken to determine if a theory is accurate.
B) Theories are used to determine if a hypothesis is accurate.
C) Multiple theories are needed to test whether a hypothesis is accurate.
D) Hypotheses and theories are synonymous terms.
E) None of the above are true.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of applied research?

A) A social psychologist who is interested in the components of self-concept
B) An educational psychologist who looks for a way to increase math skills in 8-year-olds
C) A personality psychologist who studies the difference between introverts and extroverts
D) A cognitive psychologist who looks at the difference in problem-solving abilities of men and women
E) None of the above

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a scientific cycle discussed in the text?

A) Journal-journalism cycle
B) Graduate-undergraduate cycle
C) Basic-applied cycle
D) Peer-review cycle
E) Theory-data cycle

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT an example of being a producer of research?

A) Administering a questionnaire of PTSD symptoms
B) Observing the behavior of rats who have been socially isolated
C) Attending a psychological conference
D) Measuring dopamine levels in patients with schizophrenia
E) All of the above are examples of being producers of research

Question 11

Both James and Thomas have theories that explain why listening to classical music while reading is associated with increased recall of the material.James's theory is much simpler than Thomas's.Thomas created his theory a few months before James did.Which of the following is true?

A) James's theory would be considered better because it is more parsimonious.
B) James's theory would be considered better because it was thought of more recently.
C) Thomas's theory would be considered better because he thought of it first.
D) Thomas's theory would be considered better because it is more complex.
E) James's and Thomas's theories should be considered equal.

Question 12

Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage.He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse.This is known as:

A) A law
B) A theory
C) A hypothesis
D) Data
E) Research

Question 13

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1
Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated.
Refer to Research Study 1.1 above to answer the following question. After Susan collects and analyzes her data,which of the following is the next logical step?

A) Writing a paper challenging Self-Determination Theory, because only some of her data supported it
B) Ignoring the data that did not fit the theory
C) Finding a new collaborator
D) Recalculating her data to fit the theory
E) Altering or amending the theory to fit her data

Question 14

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1
Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated.
Refer to Research Study 1.1 above to answer the following question. Susan's prediction that students who experience all of the three needs will experience greater satisfaction with their psychology class is an example of which of the following?

A) A law
B) A theory
C) A hypothesis
D) Data
E) Research

Question 15

For which of the following people is it important to learn how to be a consumer of research?

A) Teachers
B) Advertising executives
C) Human resource managers
D) Sales representatives
E) All of the above should learn to be good consumers of research

Question 16

Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage.He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse.He conducts a study to test his ideas.Assuming that his data match his theory,which of the following statements should he make?

A) "The data prove my theory"
B) "My theory is generalizable"
C) "The data provide support for my theory"
D) "The data complicate my theory"
E) None of the above

Question 17

According to the text,which of the scientific cycles is the most important cycle in science?

A) Journal-journalism cycle
B) Basic-applied cycle
C) Peer-review cycle
D) Theory-data cycle
E) They are all equally important

Question 18

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1
Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated.
Refer to Research Study 1.1 above to answer the following question. Susan's hypothesis was not completely supported by her data.What does this mean?

A) Susan must have collected the data incorrectly.
B) Susan must have analyzed the data incorrectly.
C) The theory may need to be amended.
D) The theory is completely wrong.
E) Susan should stick to being a consumer of research.

Question 19

RESEARCH STUDY 1.1
Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated.
Refer to Research Study 1.1 above to answer the following question. Deci and Ryan's general statement of how the three needs are related to growth and fulfillment is an example of which of the following?

A) A law
B) A theory
C) A hypothesis
D) Data
E) Research

Question 20

Michael is a psychology student.Why is it important for him to know how to be a producer of research?

A) Because he might have to write an APA-style paper
B) Because he might need to conduct a study as part of a class
C) Because he may work in a professor's research lab
D) Because he may apply to graduate school in a research area
E) All of the above are important

Question 21

Articles that could be considered journalism:

A) Are typically written by scientists
B) Are typically written for scientists
C) Are hard to access
D) Require specialized education to read
E) None of the above could be considered journalism

Question 22

Research that is done specifically to solve a practical problem,like increasing memory ability or decreasing symptoms of depression,is known as:

A) Basic research
B) Applied research
C) Empirical research
D) Practical research
E) Translational research

Question 23

Journals and magazines are similar in all the following ways EXCEPT:

A) Both tend to have articles written by several different contributors.
B) Both tend to be released monthly or quarterly.
C) Both tend to have their articles peer reviewed.
D) All of the above are true.
E) None of the above are true.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT an example of applied research?

A) An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job satisfaction
B) A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of art therapy in decreasing symptoms of ADHD
C) A sports psychologist who examines how mind-set ("train well" versus "win") affects athletic performance
D) A cognitive psychologist who examines people's ability to distinguish between colors based on light exposure
E) All of the above are examples of applied research

Question 25

Four scientific cycles are discussed in your textbook.Name each and explain what it means that it is a "cycle."

Question 26

Name three types of research data or information that people are exposed to every day,even if they are not psychologists.

Question 27

Paul wakes up on Tuesday morning and none of the lights or the appliances in his apartment are working.What theory might explain why this is happening? What could Paul do to test your theory? How is this an example of the theory-data cycle in science?

Question 28

Dr.Gonzalez is a peer reviewer for a manuscript submitted to a journal.He is likely to provide comments on all of the following EXCEPT:

A) The novelty of the research
B) How interesting the research is
C) How well the research was conducted
D) The prestige/reputation of the author
E) How important the results are

Question 29

According to the text,the bridge between basic and applied research is known as:

A) Empirical research
B) Practical research
C) Translational research
D) Elementary research
E) Compound research

Question 30

Dr.Stewart is an editor of a psychology journal.She wants to ensure that reviewers give honest reviews of the papers they are asked to read.Which of the following could she do to increase the likelihood of honest feedback?

A) Increase the number of peer reviewers
B) Decrease the number of peer reviewers
C) Use reviewers from fields other than psychology
D) Make sure the identity of peer reviewers is unknown
E) Give reviewers a longer amount of time to read papers

Question 31

Which of the following is the reason that scientific journals use peer review?

A) It is cost effective.
B) It is more efficient/faster.
C) It encourages collaboration among researchers.
D) It ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality.
E) All of the above are true.

Question 32

Which of the following is true of the difference between basic and applied research?

A) There is a give-and-take relationship between these two types of research.
B) Applied research is more important than basic research.
C) Basic research is more difficult to conduct than applied research.
D) Applied research is done by consumers of research.
E) None of the above are true.

Question 33

Nadia submits her article to a scientific journal for publication.Who makes the final decision on whether an article is published in that scientific journal?

A) The editor of the journal
B) Nadia, the author of the article
C) A panel of experts
D) The publisher of the journal
E) All of the above decide whether it will be published

Question 34

The quality of journalists' coverage of a science story will depend on two factors:

A) The importance and accuracy of the story
B) The length and source of the story
C) The education and experience of the journalist
D) The education and experience of the scientist
E) All of the above are factors

Question 35

Research that is done specifically to add to our general understanding of psychology,like distinguishing the components of extraversion or predicting the time it takes a person to determine whether an object is a face or another object,is known as:

A) Basic research
B) Applied research
C) Empirical research
D) Practical research
E) Translational research

Question 36

Vinai learns that people with schizophrenia have a problem labeling their emotions.Using this information,he designs a research study to examine whether teaching schizophrenic patients to label the emotions of people they see in movie clips helps them to better label their own emotions.This is an example of:

A) Basic research
B) Applied research
C) Empirical research
D) Practical research
E) Translational research

Question 37

Which of the following is an example of basic research?

A) An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job commitment
B) A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of drama therapy in helping children who have been abused
C) An educational psychologist who examines how mind-set ("intelligence is innate" or "intelligence can be achieved") affects academic performance
D) An experimental psychologist who examines people's ability to perceive a "sweet" taste
E) All of the above are examples of applied research

Question 38

Provide two reasons why it is beneficial to be a good consumer of research,even if you are not a psychologist.

Question 39

Which aspect of the peer-review cycle allows for the greatest amount of honesty in reviews?

A) The number of peer reviewers
B) The anonymity of the peer reviewers
C) The possibility of rejection
D) The frequency of publication
E) All of the above are true

Question 40

What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

Question 41

Dr.Mendoza sends a paper to a journal.The editor sends the paper to four experts in the field for peer review.Name three things that the peer reviewers should comment on in evaluating Dr.Mendoza's paper.

Question 42

The Harlow study described in the text is an example of basic research.It found that attachment to a caregiver is important in the early months of life.How might a researcher use this study as inspiration for an applied research study?

Question 43

Explain why we do not say that a single study proves a theory and why a single study does not disprove a theory.

Question 44

Explain why the relationship between applied and basic research can best be thought of as a cycle.

Question 45

Explain what it means that peer reviewers are "gatekeepers" for quality science.

Question 46

What are the three components of a good theory?

Question 47

The text mentions two important questions to ask about a popular press story.What are these two questions and why are they important to consider as you evaluate a story?

Question 48

Name three ways that articles published in scientific journals are different from journalistic articles.

Question 49

Name the two aspects that improve the journal-journalism cycle.

Question 50

Imagine that you are a clinical researcher who studies depression.Provide an example of basic research and applied research that you might conduct.