Deck 11: Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

Question 1

RESEARCH STUDY 11.1
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below.
Refer to Research Study 11.1 above to answer the following question. How many participant variables exist in Dr.Elder's study?

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 4
E) 6

Answer 1

0

Question 2

The number of main effects that need to be examined is __________ the number of independent variables.

A) More important than
B) Equal to
C) Similar to
D) Unrelated to
E) Independent of

Answer 2

Equal to

Question 3

RESEARCH STUDY 11.1
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below.
Refer to Research Study 11.1 above to answer the following question. In graphing the results of his study,which of the following would be true for Dr.Elder?

A) Dr. Elder would see a crossover interaction.
B) Dr. Elder would reach different conclusions based on which independent variable he put on the x-axis.
C) Dr. Elder would have to use a line graph.
D) Dr. Elder would see a difference between the differences for one variable but not the other variable.
E) None of the above are true.

Answer 3

None of the above are true.

Question 4

Dr.Rhodes notices an interaction in his factorial study.In describing this,which statement might he use to explain the link between Independent Variable A and Independent Variable B in predicting the dependent variable?

A) Variable A cancels out Variable B.
B) The effect of Variable A depends on Variable B.
C) The effect of Variable A is confused by Variable B.
D) Variable A mainly affects Variable B.
E) The effect of Variable A is mediated by Variable B.

Question 5

RESEARCH STUDY 11.1
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below.
Refer to Research Study 11.1 above to answer the following question. In examining the difference between the differences,which of the following values would Dr Elder NOT find?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 6
D) 8
E) 9

Question 6

RESEARCH STUDY 11.1
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below.
Refer to Research Study 11.1 above to answer the following question. To make his study a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial design,which of the following would Dr.Elder need to do?

A) Add a second dependent variable (quality of the category attributes listed)
B) Add a new manipulated variable (time to complete the task: 5 minutes versus 10 minutes versus 15 minutes)
C) Add a new participant variable (sex: males versus females)
D) Both b and c could be done
E) All of the above could be done

Question 7

What are the two main reasons to conduct a factorial study?

A) To increase internal validity and to establish external validity
B) To compare participant variables and to establish covariance
C) To find moderators and to find mediators
D) To examine main effects and to decrease order effects
E) To test limits and to test theories

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT necessary for a study to be a crossed factorial design?

A) There are at least two independent variables.
B) The study examines every possible combination of independent variables.
C) The data result in a crossover interaction.
D) All of the above are necessary.
E) None of the above are necessary.

Question 9

RESEARCH STUDY 11.1
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below.
Refer to Research Study 11.2 above to answer the following question. In the study described above,Dr.Elder will need to examine how many two-way interactions?

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) 4

Question 10

RESEARCH STUDY 11.1
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below.
Refer to Research Study 11.2 above to answer the following question. Based on the graphs above,Dr.Elder should conclude which of the following?

A) There is a main effect for participants' age.
B) The three-way interaction does not look significant.
C) The interaction between activity focus and activity type depends on participants' age.
D) Participants' age appears to mediate the relationship between activity focus and activity type.
E) None of the above should be concluded.

Question 11

RESEARCH STUDY 11.1
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below.
Refer to Research Study 11.1 above to answer the following question. Which of the following reasons is the most likely reason Dr.Elder conducted a factorial design?

A) To determine whether a mediator was present in participants' ability to categorize
B) To test whether there is a difference between creating and searching for category members
C) To test whether there is a difference between thinking about a category and thinking about a category and its opposite
D) To test whether task type interacts with the effect of activity focus
E) All of the above are likely reasons

Question 12

RESEARCH STUDY 11.1
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below.
Refer to Research Study 11.1 above to answer the following question. To determine if there is a main effect for type of activity,Dr.Elder must examine how many marginal means?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) It varies

Question 13

The mathematical way to describe an interaction is:

A) A difference in differences
B) A caveat
C) A qualified main effect
D) A patterned pattern
E) All of the above

Question 14

Which of the following CANNOT be said of the interaction in a study?

A) It can be determined by examining a graph of the results.
B) It can be determined by investigating marginal means.
C) It can exist even if the main effects are not significant.
D) It is almost always more important than a study's main effects.
E) There are multiple types of interactions (e.g., crossover interaction).

Question 15

RESEARCH STUDY 11.1
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below.
Refer to Research Study 11.2 above to answer the following question. In the study described above,Dr.Elder will need to examine _________ main effects and __________ interactions.

A) 3, 3
B) 3, 4
C) 3, 8
D) 4, 4
E) 8, 3

Question 16

RESEARCH STUDY 11.1
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below.
Refer to Research Study 11.1 above to answer the following question. In Dr.Elder's study,how many possible main effects exist?

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) 4

Question 17

In the case of a factorial design,another term for independent variable is:

A) Interaction
B) Main effect
C) Cell
D) Factor
E) Moderator

Question 18

RESEARCH STUDY 11.1
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below.
Refer to Research Study 11.2 above to answer the following question. Which of the following is the correct factorial notation for Dr.Elder's new study?

A) 1 x 2 x 4
B) 2 x 2 x 2
C) 2 x 2
D) 2 x 4
E) None of the above

Question 19

RESEARCH STUDY 11.1
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below.
Refer to Research Study 11.1 above to answer the following question. Which of the following best describes Dr.Elder's study?

A) A 2 x 3 crossed factorial design
B) A 4 x 2 nested factorial design
C) A 2 x 1 mixed factorial design
D) A 2 x 2 within-groups factorial design
E) None of the above

Question 20

RESEARCH STUDY 11.1
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below.
Refer to Research Study 11.1 above to answer the following question. Which of the following could be said of the focus of activity variable in Dr.Elder's study?

A) There appears to be a main effect for the focus of activity variable.
B) Without the proper statistical test, it cannot be said whether the main effect is statistically significant.
C) There appears to be an overall effect for the focus of activity variable.
D) All of the above could be said.
E) None of the above could be said.

Question 21

RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier. The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions. The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study.)
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr. Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below.

Refer to Research Study 11.3 above to answer the following question.
Using the marginal means,state whether it appears that the main effects in Dr.Lopez's study are important.(You do not need to say whether the main effects are statistically significant,but simply whether a difference appears to exist.)

Question 22

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design.How many interactions will Dr.Gavin need to examine?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 6

Question 23

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design.How many main effects will Dr.Gavin need to examine?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 6

Question 24

RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier. The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions. The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study.)
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr. Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below.

Refer to Research Study 11.3 above to answer the following question.
Explain what makes Dr.Lopez's study a crossed factorial design.

Question 25

RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier. The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions. The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study.)
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr. Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below.

Refer to Research Study 11.3 above to answer the following question.
Using Dr.Lopez's study as an example,explain why an interaction is often described by saying "it depends."

Question 26

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2 x 2 x 4 design." Based on this sentence alone,you would know all of the following pieces of information EXCEPT:

A) The number of participants in the study
B) The number of main effects that need to be examined
C) The number of interactions that need to be examined
D) The number of cells
E) The number of independent variables

Question 27

Dr.Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design,he is going to conduct a 2 x 4 within-subjects factorial design.Which of the following things will change?

A) The number of main effects that need to be examined
B) The number of interactions that need to be examined
C) The number of participants needed
D) The number of cells
E) All of the above will change

Question 28

A "difference in the difference between the differences" would indicate which of the following?

A) An overall effect
B) A main effect
C) A two-way interaction
D) A within-groups factorial design
E) None of the above

Question 29

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design.Assuming he wants 25 people in each cell,how many participants does Dr.Gavin need to recruit?

A) 100
B) 125
C) 150
D) 200
E) 250

Question 30

RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier. The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions. The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study.)
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr. Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below.

Refer to Research Study 11.3 above to answer the following question.
Using factorial notation,describe Dr.Lopez's study.Given this information,how many main effects and interactions will Dr.Lopez need to examine?

Question 31

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2 x 2 x 4 design." Where are you likely to have encountered this sentence?

A) The introduction
B) The Method section
C) The Results section
D) The Discussion section
E) The references

Question 32

An author might use all of the following methods to indicate statistical significance EXCEPT:

A) Using the word significant
B) Including an asterisk in a table
C) Using the notation p < 0.05
D) All of the above are used to indicate statistical significance
E) None of the above are used to indicate statistical significance

Question 33

Dr.Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design,he is going to conduct a 2 x 3 x 4 mixed factorial design.Which of the following things will change?

A) The number of main effects that need to be examined
B) The number of interactions that need to be examined
C) The number of participants needed
D) The number of cells
E) All of the above will change

Question 34

Which of the following phrases might a person encounter in a popular press article that indicates an interaction?

A) "Statistically significant"
B) "Mixed factorial design"
C) "It depends"
D) "Mediator variables"
E) All of the above might be encountered

Question 35

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design.How many independent variables are in his study?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
E) 10

Question 36

When reading popular press articles,why does the inclusion of participant variable information often denote a factorial design?

A) Because participant variables are often used as moderators
B) Because participant variables are only found in factorial designs
C) Because studies with participant variables always find significant interactions
D) Both a and b
E) All of the above

Question 37

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design.How many cells are in his design?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
E) 10

Question 38

RESEARCH STUDY 11.1
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below.
Refer to Research Study 11.2 above to answer the following question. Based on the graphs above,why should Dr.Elder conclude that there is a three-way interaction?

A) There is a two-way interaction for 10-year-olds but not for 20-year-olds.
B) There is a two-way interaction for 20-year-olds but not for 10-year-olds.
C) There is a two-way interaction for 10-year-olds that is different from the two-way interaction for 20-year-olds.
D) There is no two-way interaction for either 10-year-olds or 20-year-olds.
E) Three-way interactions cannot be determined from the examination of just two graphs.

Question 39

According to the textbook,why is it important to study interactions?

A) Because they are more scientific
B) Because many outcomes in psychology are interactions
C) Because many outcomes in life are interactions
D) Both b and c are true
E) All of the above are true

Question 40

RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier. The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions. The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study.)
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr. Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below.

Refer to Research Study 11.3 above to answer the following question.
Using Dr.Lopez's study as an example,explain why an interaction can be described as "a difference in differences."

Question 41

RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier. The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions. The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study.)
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr. Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below.

Refer to Research Study 11.3 above to answer the following question.
Provide a graph of the possible interaction in Dr.Lopez's study and discuss whether Dr.Lopez should conclude that an interaction exists in his study.

Question 42

RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier. The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions. The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study.)
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr. Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below.

Refer to Research Study 11.3 above to answer the following question.
Using the data table alone,discuss whether Dr.Lopez should conclude that an interaction exists in his study.

Question 43

State the three types of factorial designs.

Question 44

Provide two reasons a researcher would want to conduct a factorial study.

Question 45

RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier. The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions. The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study.)
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr. Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below.

Refer to Research Study 11.3 above to answer the following question.
Imagine that Dr.Lopez decides to add another variable to his study.He is curious as to whether the results of the study vary based on sex (male and female).Using factorial notation,describe Dr.Lopez's study.Given this new study design,how does this change the number of cells,main effects,and interactions in Dr.Lopez's study?

Question 46

Imagine that you read the following passage in a journal article.Provide three pieces of information that this passage tells the reader about the study conducted.
"A 3 x 4 within-subjects design was specified that varied color of paper (blue,pink,white)and font size (10pt,12pt,14pt,16pt).The time it took participants to read the printed word was measured."

Question 47

Imagine that you read the following passage in a popular magazine.Should you conclude that the original article found evidence of an interaction? Why should you conclude this?
"One study had participants watch a crime show.Half the participants watched a documentary of a murder that took place in rural Virginia while the other half watched a movie adaptation of the same murder.The effect of viewing a crime show on people's fear of being a victim of crime depends on the participants' sex,with women in general being more fearful regardless of which show they saw,whereas men reported more fear after watching the documentary."

Question 48

RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier. The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions. The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study.)
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr. Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below.

Refer to Research Study 11.3 above to answer the following question.
Imagine that Dr.Lopez decides to manipulate the pain duration differently.He now has three levels of this variable-2 minutes,4 minutes,and 6 minutes.Using factorial notation,describe Dr.Lopez's study.Given this new study design,how does this change the number of cells,main effects,and interactions in Dr.Lopez's study?

Question 49

Explain why researchers care about interactions more than main effects.

Question 50

RESEARCH STUDY 11.2
(The first paragraph is repeated from earlier. The second paragraph is specific to the new set of questions. The first paragraph is necessary to set up the original study.)
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think more differently about the category of "southern" if they are also thinking about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.
Dr. Elder also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below.

Refer to Research Study 11.3 above to answer the following question.
Imagine that Dr.Lopez decides to add an additional variable to his study.He is curious as to whether the results of the study vary based on sex (male and female).The graphs of the results are below.Discuss whether Dr.Lopez should conclude that a three-way interaction exists in his study.