Deck 11: Industry

Question 1

The industrial revolution resulted in the formation of clusters.Specific areas within these clusters such as Rhine-Ruhr Valley in Rotterdam,the Mohawk Valley in New York,and the Po Basin near the Alps developed because of nearby

A) population centers.
B) inexpensive and abundant energy sources to run the factories.
C) existing transportation.
D) skilled labor force.
E) favorable climate.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Most large U.S.steel mills built during the first half of the twentieth century were located in

A) communities around the Chicago River.
B) communities around the Mississippi River.
C) communities near the East and West coasts.
D) communities close to the ports of Louisiana.
E) communities in and around Pittsburgh.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following countries has the world's largest supply of low-cost labor and the world's largest market for many consumer products?

A) Thailand
B) Russia
C) China
D) India
E) United States

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A beverage bottling plant would be an example of which of the following?

A) bulk-gaining industry
B) bulk-reducing industry
C) perishable industry
D) situation-neutral industry
E) None of the above

Question 5

Which of the following regions in the United States is the country's largest center for clothing and textile production?

A) Southern California (the Los Angeles region)
B) New England (the Boston region)
C) Middle Atlantic (New York City and its near suburbs)
D) Western Great Lakes (the Chicago region)
E) Southern Florida (the Miami region)

Question 6

Europe's largest port in terms of cargo volume is

A) London.
B) Athens.
C) Rotterdam.
D) Hamburg.
E) Antwerp.

Question 7

In the late nineteenth century,steel mills were built around all of the following except which one?

A) Detroit
B) Cleveland
C) Youngstown
D) Toledo
E) Atlanta

Question 8

This is Russia's second largest city,specializing in shipbuilding and other industries serving Russia's navy and ports in the Baltic Sea.

A) Moscow
B) St. Petersburg
C) Volgograd
D) Vladivostok
E) Kiev

Question 9

The term cottage industries was used to refer to

A) industries located exclusively in rural areas.
B) industries that produced only cheeses and other foods.
C) home-based manufacturing.
D) village-based manufacturing.
E) the collaboration between village and city manufacturing.

Question 10

An industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final products is a

A) bulk-gaining industry.
B) bulk-reducing industry.
C) perishable industry.
D) situation-neutral industry.
E) None of the above

Question 11

Which of the following is not generally true of an industrial location?

A) The farther something is transported, the higher the cost.
B) A manufacturer tries to locate its factory as close as possible to both buyers and sellers.
C) If inputs, such as raw materials for production (metal ores, coal, water, etc.), are more expensive to transport than products, the optimal location for a factory is near the source of inputs.
D) If the cost of transporting the product to customers exceeds the cost of transporting inputs, then the optimal plant location is as close as possible to the customer.
E) If the cost of transporting the product to customers exceeds the cost of transporting inputs, then the optimal plant location is as close as possible to the source of raw materials.

Question 12

Figure 11.2.3 Bulk-Gaining Industry: Beer provides data that is a good example of

A) bulk-reducing industries.
B) concentration.
C) situation factors.
D) single market manufacturer.
E) geographer Alfred Weber's industrial location theory.

Question 13

Which one of the following industries was not directly impacted by the onset of the Industrial Revolution?

A) coal
B) iron
C) transportation
D) textiles
E) tourism

Question 14

Which one of the following countries dominated world production of steel and textiles during the nineteenth century?

A) United Kingdom
B) Germany
C) France
D) United States
E) Russia

Question 15

Home-based manufacturing was known as

A) home-built manufacturing.
B) family business.
C) cottage industry.
D) small-scale manufacturing.
E) sustenance manufacturing.

Question 16

During the mid-nineteenth century,the U.S.steel industry concentrated around ________ in an area proximate to iron-ore and coal mines.

A) Chicago
B) Boston
C) Pittsburgh
D) Cleveland
E) Buffalo

Question 17

Arizona dominates the U.S.copper mining industry.As a bulk-reducing industry,this would imply that

A) Arizona also dominates the concentration mills and smelter industry for copper.
B) the concentration mills are likely located in the East where most of their customers are.
C) the smelters are likely located in the East where most of their customers are.
D) people in Arizona are primarily the end-users of the copper.
E) all the commercial products made out of copper, such as electrical wiring, are manufactured in Arizona.

Question 18

What is the primary reason that companies implement just-in-time practices?

A) Frequent deliveries insure that the factory will run smoothly.
B) Large inventories are needed to insure no bottlenecks in production.
C) Inventory is expensive; just-in-time reduces the time that materials and components are in inventory.
D) to be less vulnerable to natural hazards, traffic, and labor unrest
E) allows suppliers to be located a farther distance from their manufacturing facility

Question 19

This region was Europe's fastest-growing manufacturing area during the late twentieth century.

A) Northeastern Spain, centered on Barcelona
B) Western Portugal, centered on Lisbon
C) South-Central Germany, around Munich
D) Southern United Kingdom, near the English Channel
E) Western Russia, centered on Moscow

Question 20

An airplane parts manufacturer adjacent to airplane manufacturing companies is an example of which of the following?

A) Single-market manufacturer
B) Divided-labor industry
C) Benevolence-dependent industry
D) Consolidated manufacturing industry
E) Just-in-time manufacturing

Question 21

Which of the following is not a major global powerhouse in car assembly?

A) Italy
B) Germany
C) France
D) United States
E) Spain

Question 22

A ________ is one in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high percentage of expenses.

A) labor-friendly workplace
B) labor-intensive industry
C) profit-sharing industry
D) working-class industry
E) well-run industry

Question 23

The shift of world manufacturing to new industrial regions can be seen most clearly in the manufacture of

A) steel.
B) prefab housing.
C) beverages.
D) canned foods.
E) pharmaceuticals.

Question 24

China's assembly plants are clustered next to ________.This is primarily because the final assembly of autos is a(n)________ operation.

A) population centers, bulk-gaining
B) coastal areas, labor intensive
C) ship building facilities, skilled labor
D) sources of inexpensive energy, energy intensive
E) auto parts manufacturers, vertical

Question 25

Figure 11.4.4

Looking at Figure 11.4.4,which of the following countries had the highest steel production in 1980?

A) Argentina
B) Russia
C) China
D) United States
E) Brazil

Question 26

Which country is responsible for the largest share of production cost of an iPhone?

A) Germany
B) Japan
C) South Korea
D) United States
E) China

Question 27

Which of the following is true of plants that manufacture car parts in the United States?

A) They are all foreign owned.
B) They are clustered around the Northeast, to be closer to their markets.
C) They are clustered around major seaports, for easy shipment of their products overseas.
D) They are clustered in the interior of the U.S. near their major customers, the final assembly plants.
E) They are clustered around major metropolitan centers like Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles.

Question 28

The world's three major ________ house 80 percent of the world's final assembly plants,including 40 percent in East Asia,25 percent in Europe,and 15 percent in North America.

A) industrial regions
B) river valleys
C) manufacturing cities
D) cultural regions
E) industrialized countries

Question 29

There are approximately fifty ________ in the United States.

A) final assembly plants for spacecraft
B) assembly plants for automobile parts
C) final assembly plants for vehicles
D) assembly plants for computer parts
E) Chinese-owned automobile companies

Question 30

Which of the following modes of transportation are usually reserved for speedy delivery of small-bulk,high-value packages?

A) airplanes
B) ships
C) trains
D) trucks
E) barge

Question 31

The share of U.S.sales accounted for by the Detroit 3 has declined from ________ percent in 1995 to ________ percent in 2010.

A) 95, 85
B) 100, 50
C) 75, 45
D) 70, 10
E) 30, 25

Question 32

Which of the following is not true about the changing distribution of U.S.steel production?

A) Minimills have become widespread.
B) Minimills have scrap metal inputs, and this allows them to be located near their market.
C) Steel production has moved to locations abundant in heavy iron ore and coal.
D) Minimills are generally limited to one step in the process.
E) Proximity to market began to become more important than the traditional situation factor of proximity to inputs.

Question 33

Which of the following modes of transportation are most often used for short-distance delivery because they can be loaded and unloaded quickly and cheaply?

A) airplanes
B) cargo ships
C) freight trains
D) trucks
E) speedboats

Question 34

Figure 11.4.4

Looking at Figure 11.4.4,which of the following countries had the highest steel production in 2010?

A) Argentina
B) Russia
C) China
D) United States
E) Brazil

Question 35

What is the important message to take away from Figure 11.5.3?

A) There is a significant auto assembly industry in the United States.
B) It is not straightforward to classify autos as simply "domestic" or "foreign."
C) The United States is a significant auto parts manufacturer.
D) "Foreign" luxury cars tend to be assembled near customers.
E) Some "foreign" cars have an equal mix of U.S. manufactured parts and U.S. assembly.

Question 36

A ________ is a location where transfer among transportation modes is possible.

A) break-of-bulk point
B) switch point
C) natural relay point
D) transport management point
E) central place logistical point

Question 37

It is estimated that sixty percent of the world's final assembly plants are controlled by ________ carmakers.

A) 3
B) 6
C) 10
D) 15
E) 20

Question 38

Which of the following is not true for Silicon Valley in California?

A) It receives 25% of all capital in the United States that is spent on new industries.
B) Lenders and investors continue to fund Silicon Valley start-ups even though each start-up has a high chance of failure.
C) Focus is on labor-intensive manufacturing for Silicon Valley.
D) The availability of capital is more important than the proximity to skilled labor.
E) It has a very high-skilled labor force.

Question 39

Carmakers' assembly plants account for around ________ percent of the value of the vehicles that bear their names,with ________ percent coming from outsourced,independent parts makers.

A) 10, 90
B) 20, 80
C) 30, 70
D) 50, 50
E) 60, 40

Question 40

Which of the following modes of transportation are usually attractive for very long distances because the cost per kilometer is very low?

A) airplanes
B) ships
C) motorcycles
D) trucks
E) bicycle messengers

Question 41

In 1980,Japan was responsible for 16% of the global steel production.What factors allowed a country like Japan,with limited natural resources to manufacture steel,produce more steel than the United States?

Question 42

If you carefully compared the two maps in Figure 11.9.7 you would conclude that states that newly adopted right-to-work laws after 1950 experienced

A) no change in manufacturing employment.
B) a decrease in manufacturing employment.
C) an increase in manufacturing employment.
D) support from the federal government.
E) more service-related employment.

Question 43

What factors would influence a firm to locate closer to its inputs rather than closer to its market?

Question 44

The practice of corporations controlling all phases of production is called

A) maquiladoras.
B) complete manufacturing.
C) horizontal integration.
D) vertical integration.
E) top-down manufacturing.

Question 45

Which of the following is a prominent example of an industry that generally requires less-skilled,low-cost workers?

A) textiles
B) steel
C) auto
D) education
E) publishing

Question 46

What are some of the factors that would influence a firm to locate close to its market?

Question 47

Of the three principal steps involved in textile and apparel production,developed countries have a bigger role in the ________ because they account for the biggest market for assembled products.

A) spinning
B) assembly
C) weaving
D) sewing
E) looming

Question 48

All of the following are lean production rules except

A) leveling.
B) problem solving.
C) teams.
D) one task-one worker.
E) productivity.

Question 49

What is a break-of-bulk point?

Question 50

What are some of the industries that were transformed by the Industrial Revolution?

Question 51

Which of the following is true of manufacturing jobs in the U.S.?

A) They have been shifting within the United States from the North and East to the South and West.
B) They have been shifting within the United States from the South and West to the North and East.
C) They have been shifting within the United States from the West and East to the South and North.
D) They have been shifting within the United States from the East and West to the North.
E) They have been shifting within the United States from the North and West to the East.

Question 52

List the different modes of transporting goods in the United States and their comparative advantages.

Question 53

A typical so-called "________" requires a factory to maintain an "open shop" and prohibits a "closed shop."

A) right-to-work law
B) auto-industry law
C) generous-work industry
D) poor 'Southern-law' state
E) progressive law

Question 54

How have site factors influenced the location of U.S.steel mills?

Question 55

In a so-called ________,a union and a company may not negotiate a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment.

A) "open shop"
B) "closed shop"
C) labor-controlled management factory
D) "typical-A" Canadian factory
E) "semi-autonomous glutton" factory

Question 56

What is just-in-time delivery? What are some of its advantages and disadvantages?

Question 57

Textiles are assembled into four main types of products.Which of the following is not one of the four major uses?

A) garments
B) home products
C) carpets
D) industrial uses
E) construction materials

Question 58

China is the leading fabric producer because ________ offset(s)the expense of shipping inputs and transporting the products to faraway customers.

A) low labor cost
B) lack of environment regulations
C) government subsidies
D) advanced technology
E) a very inexpensive means of transporting goods long distances

Question 59

Which of the following countries is not one of the top global producers of cotton yarn?

A) China
B) India
C) Pakistan
D) Mexico
E) Argentina

Question 60

Goldman Sachs coined the acronym BRIC for the four countries destined to be responsible for much of the future growth in manufacturing.Brazil is one of these countries primarily because

A) it has a huge untapped labor force.
B) they are rich in inputs critical for industry.
C) of proximity to the United States and Europe.
D) of vertically integrated industries.
E) of many established trade agreements.

Question 61

What are site factors and why are they important?

Question 62

Which countries are considered the "BRIC" countries?

Question 63

Where in the United States are car assembly plants and parts makers distributed,and why?

Question 64

Should the weakness or strength of unions be determined by industry forces rather than government policies that may encourage either weaker or strong unions? For example,if vast amounts of workers have the impression that they are working in unsafe conditions,shouldn't a strong union be an option to address this?

Question 65

How has the production of cars changed in the last 50 years?

Question 66

What are some of the interregional shifts in manufacturing in the United States?

Question 67

Using cars as an example,do campaigns to persuade Americans to "Buy American" help the long-term health of the auto industry in the U.S.? Can you think of reasons why buying a car simply because it is deemed to be mostly manufactured in the U.S.and U.S.owned would hurt the long-term competitiveness of the U.S.auto industry?