Deck 7: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Question 1

Which of the following terms refers to an infant's distressed reaction when the caregiver leaves?

A)Stranger anxiety
B)Social consciousness
C)Transition apprehension
D)Separation protest

Answer 1

D
Explanation: Separation protest is an infant's distressed reaction when the caregiver leaves.

Question 2

_____ is defined as feeling,or affect,that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her.

A)Perception
B)Emotion
C)Attention
D)Affection

Answer 2

B
Explanation: Emotion is defined as feeling,or affect,that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her.

Question 3

Which of the following is characterized as a negative emotion?

A)Joy
B)Love
C)Enthusiasm
D)Anxiety

Answer 3

D
Explanation: Negative emotions include anxiety,anger,guilt,and sadness.

Question 4

According to Lewis' classification,_____ emotions involve a sense of "me." An example of such an emotion is pride.

A)non-social
B)primary
C)basic
D)self-conscious

Question 5

A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and usually appears during sleep is known as the _____ smile.

A)reflexive
B)social
C)conscious
D)joyful

Question 6

A _____ cry is a sudden long,initial loud cry followed by breath holding.

A)anger
B)pain
C)colicky
D)basic

Question 7

The _____ aspect is at the forefront of emotion in infancy.

A)communication
B)motivation
C)personality
D)disposition

Question 8

Which of these is a primary emotion according to Michael Lewis?

A)Pride
B)Empathy
C)Surprise
D)Guilt

Question 9

Which of the following is characterized as a positive emotion?

A)Guilt
B)Anxiety
C)Enthusiasm
D)Anger

Question 10

Which of the following conditions is most likely to incite a basic cry?

A)Joy
B)High-intensity stimulus
C)Amusement
D)Hunger

Question 11

Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion?

A)Embarrassment
B)Surprise
C)Sadness
D)Disgust

Question 12

The _____ cry is triggered by a high-intensity stimulus.

A)hunger
B)anger
C)pain
D)reflexive

Question 13

Which of these emotional expressions is a baby's first form of communication when interacting with their parents?

A)Speech
B)Smiles
C)Gestures
D)Postures

Question 14

Which of the following is the most frequent expression of an infant's fear?

A)Separation protest
B)Transition apprehension
C)Stranger anxiety
D)Social consciousness

Question 15

The emotions that appear in the first six months of the human infant's development are known as the _____ emotions.

A)basic
B)primary
C)social
D)self-conscious

Question 16

_____ is critical as a means of developing a new social skill and is a key social signal.

A)Fear
B)Smiling
C)Anxiety
D)Crying

Question 17

A basic cry in which excess air is forced through the vocal cords is knows as _____ cry.

A)anger
B)pain
C)hunger
D)colicky

Question 18

A _____ smile occurs in response to an external stimulus,typically a face in the case of a young infant.

A)superficial
B)social
C)conscious
D)reflexive

Question 19

When the cry of a baby is following a rhythmic pattern consisting of a cry,followed by a briefer silence,then a shorter inspiratory whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry,then another brief rest before the next cry,then it is called the _____ cry.

A)anger
B)colichy
C)pain
D)basic

Question 20

_____ is the most important mechanism that the newborns have for communicating with others.

A)Smiling
B)Gesturing
C)Crying
D)Shouting

Question 21

According to Margaret Mahler,the "____"_ process involves the development of self.

A)separation
B)individuation
C)rapprochement
D)internalization

Question 22

A child who is generally in a positive mood,who quickly establishes regular routines in infancy,and who adapts easily to new experiences is referred to as a(n)_____ child.

A)easy
B)difficult
C)inhibited
D)slow-to-warm-up

Question 23

The physiological pattern associated with an inhibited temperament includes high and stable heart rate,high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain and high levels of the _____ hormone.

A)oxytocin
B)vasopressin
C)cortisol
D)epinephrine

Question 24

The physiological pattern associated with inhibited temperament is tied to the excitability of the _____.

A)cerebellum
B)pons
C)thalamus
D)amygdala

Question 25

Which of the following terms refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope?

A)Separation protest
B)Goodness of fit
C)Stranger anxiety
D)Effortful control

Question 26

Twenty five-month-old Allen is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose.Allen will most likely:

A)touch his nose to wipe off the spot.
B)touch the image of his nose in the mirror to try and wipe the spot off of his own nose.
C)touch the spot on the mirror,because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.
D)crawl away from the mirror,because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose.

Question 27

According to Bates,the development of effortful control is linked to advances in the _____ lobes of the brain.

A)parietal
B)frontal
C)temporal
D)occipital

Question 28

Physiological characteristics have been linked with different temperaments. In particular a(n)_____ temperament is associated with a unique physiological pattern that includes high and stable heart rate,high level of the hormone cortisol,and high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain.

A)inhibited
B)extraverted
C)negative
D)uninhibited

Question 29

Which of the following terms refers to individual differences in behavioral styles,emotions,and characteristic ways of responding?

A)Stranger anxiety
B)Temperament
C)Separation protest
D)Social referencing

Question 30

According to Rothbart and Bates' classification of temperament,the negative affectivity dimension includes:

A)positive anticipation,impulsivity,activity level,and sensation seeking tendencies.
B)attentional focusing and shifting,inhibitory control,perceptual sensitivity,and low-intensity pleasure conditions.
C)shyness,subdue,timidity factors.
D)fear,frustration,sadness,and discomfort factors.

Question 31

A child,who has a low activity level,is somewhat negative,and displays a low intensity of mood,is called a(n)_____ child.

A)easy
B)difficult
C)uninhibited
D)slow-to-warm-up

Question 32

Which of the following is a structure of the brain that plays an important role in fear and inhibition?

A)Amygdala
B)Cochlea
C)Vestibule
D)Pinna

Question 33

According to Rothbart and Bates' classification of temperament,the _____ category of temperament includes positive anticipation,impulsivity,activity level,and sensation seeking tendencies.

A)self-regulation
B)negative affectivity
C)extraversion/surgency
D)inhibition

Question 34

A(n)_____ child reacts negatively and cries frequently,engages in irregular daily routines,and is slow to accept change.

A)easy
B)slow-to-warm-up
C)difficult
D)inhibited

Question 35

According to Erik Erikson,the first year of life is characterized by the _____ stage of development.

A)autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)initiative versus guilt
C)industry versus inferiority
D)trust versus mistrust

Question 36

Kagan's unihibited children fall into which of the following dimensions of temperament according to Rothbart and Bates classification?

A)Negative affectivity
B)Extraversion/surgency
C)Shyness
D)Effortful control

Question 37

Which of the following is one of the categories of temperament included in Rothbart and Bates' classification of temperament?

A)Openness to experience
B)Agreeableness
C)Neuroticism
D)Effortful control

Question 38

Kagan's inhibited children fall into which category of temperament according to Rothbart and Bates' classification?

A)Negative affectivity
B)Effortful control
C)Shyness
D)Surgency

Question 39

According to Rothbart and Bates' classification of temperament,which of the following dimensions includes attentional focusing and shifting,inhibitory control,perceptual sensitivity,and low-intensity pleasure capabilities?

A)Extraversion
B)Neuroticism
C)Negative affectivity
D)Effortful control

Question 40

Children included under which dimension of Rothbart and Bates' classification are easily distressed?

A)Effortful control
B)Inhibition
C)Negative affectivity
D)Extraversion

Question 41

_____ is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a specific situation.

A)Joint attention
B)Social referencing
C)Cognitive sensitivity
D)Reciprocal socialization

Question 42

In the Strange Situation,the babies who engage in no interaction with the caregiver are described as _____ babies.

A)insecure avoidant
B)securely attached
C)insecure resistant
D)insecure disorganized

Question 43

With reference to the "Strange Situation," babies that use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment will be classified as _____ babies.

A)insecure avoidant
B)securely attached
C)insecure resistant
D)insecure disorganized

Question 44

By _____ months of age infants respond to people differently from the way they do to objects,showing more positive emotion toward people than inanimate objects such as puppets.

A)2 to 3
B)4 to 5
C)6 to 7
D)8 to 9

Question 45

When put on the floor to play,Lillian cries as if she wants to be held.When her mother picks her up,Lillian pushes her away with both arms and turns her head away.Mary Ainsworth would say that Lillian is a(n)_____ baby.

A)insecure avoidant
B)insecure resistant
C)securely attached
D)insecure disorganized

Question 46

Erikson describes the second stage of development as the stage of _____.

A)trust versus mistrust
B)initiative versus guilt
C)autonomy versus shame and doubt
D)identity versus role confusion

Question 47

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,when babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers,such as the mother or father,they are said to be in _____.

A)phase 1
B)phase 2
C)phase 3
D)phase 4

Question 48

Samuel is 18 months old.He can walk,climb,and open and close a door on his own.He takes pride in all his accomplishments and likes to do things independently. According to Erikson,Samuel is in the _____ stage of development.

A)autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)trust versus mistrust
C)identity versus role confusion
D)industry versus inferiority

Question 49

_____ occurs when the caregiver and the infant focus on the same object or event.

A)Joint attention
B)Habituation
C)Sustained attention
D)Attachment

Question 50

Which of the following helps infants to understand the intentions and goal-oriented behavior of others?

A)Individuation
B)Attachment
C)Joint attention
D)Habituation

Question 51

Julia,a two-year old baby girl,looks at her mother for cues,when she is offered a toy by a neighbor,to decide on whether to take it or not.If the mother looks happy,Julia might take the doll,and if she has a still response Julia will not take it.This behavior of Julia shows that she has developed _____.

A)joint attention
B)goal-oriented behavior
C)social referencing
D)reciprocal socialization

Question 52

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,in the phase 1 of development:

A)attachment becomes focused on one figure,usually the primary caregiver.
B)infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.
C)infants actively seek contact with regular caregivers,such as the mother or father.
D)infants are aware of others' feelings and take it into account in forming their actions.

Question 53

With reference to Erikson's stages of development,the toddlers who are consistently overprotected by their parents or continuously criticized for accidents develop an excessive sense of _____.

A)autonomy
B)trust
C)identity
D)shame

Question 54

With reference to the "Strange Situation," babies that show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance,or display behaviors like extreme fearfulness around the caregiver will be classified as _____ babies.

A)insecure avoidant
B)securely attached
C)insecure resistant
D)insecure disorganized

Question 55

With reference to the "Strange Situation," _____ babies often cling to the caregiver and then resist her by fighting against the closeness,perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

A)insecure avoidant
B)securely attached
C)insecure resistant
D)insecure disorganized

Question 56

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,in the phase 4 of development:

A)attachment becomes focused on one figure,usually the primary caregiver.
B)infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.
C)infants actively seek contact with regular caregivers,such as the mother or father.
D)infants are aware of others' feelings and begin to take it into account in forming their actions.

Question 57

Who among the following psychiatrists argued that the child goes through a separation and then an individuation process in their theory on personality development?

A)Margaret Mahler
B)Erik Erikson
C)John Bowlby
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 58

John Bowlby,on the basis of ethological evidence suggested that:

A)both infants and their primary caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments.
B)the critical element in attachment process of infants is constant care and contact comfort.
C)infant's sense of trust developed due to sensitive care is the foundation for attachment.
D)infants become attached to a person who provides oral satisfaction and food.

Question 59

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment,in the phase 2 of development:

A)attachment becomes focused on one figure,usually the primary caregiver.
B)infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures.
C)infants actively seek contact with regular caregivers,such as the mother or father.
D)infants are aware of others' feelings and take it into account in forming their actions.

Question 60

According to Harry Harlow,infants' attachment depends on:

A)sensitive care.
B)contact comfort.
C)oral satisfaction or food.
D)responsiveness.

Question 61

Which of the following terms refers to adjusting the level of guidance to fit the child's performance?

A)Reciprocal socialization
B)Social referencing
C)Goodness of fit
D)Scaffolding

Question 62

In _____,parents can take an 18-month job-protected parental leave with benefits allowed to be shared by parents and applied to full-time or part-time work.

A)Sweden
B)United States
C)Mexico
D)Denmark

Question 63

Research on the role of hormones and neurotransmitters in attachment has emphasized the importance of two neuropeptide hormones-oxytocin and _____-in the formation of the maternal-infant bond.

A)vasopressin
B)estradiol
C)cortisol
D)seretonin

Question 64

Which of the following hormones is released during breast feeding and by contact and warmth?

A)Cortisol
B)Oxytocin
C)Estradiol
D)Seretonin

Question 65

Which of the following factors is most likely to be linked to secure attachment in infants?

A)Physical comfort
B)Maternal sensitivity
C)Social referencing
D)Reciprocal socialization

Question 66

Which of the following neuropeptide hormones has an important role in the formation of maternal infant bond?

A)Seretonin
B)Cortisol
C)Leptin
D)Oxytocin

Question 67

A comprehensive,longitudinal study by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)found that:

A)child care tends to have a negative effect on infant attachment.
B)lower-income families were more likely than more affluent families to use child care.
C)child care tends to cause behavioral problems in securely attached children.
D)most of the children in child-care setting obtain high quality positive nonparental child care.

Question 68

Even though there are cultural variations in attachment classification,the most frequent classification in every culture studied so far is _____.

A)insecure avoidant
B)insecure disorganized
C)insecure resistant
D)secure attachment

Question 69

Which of the following statements is true regarding the attachment theory?

A)It acknowledges the importance of role played by genetic characteristics and temperament on a child's social competence.
B)It emphasizes that infants are highly resilient and adaptive.
C)It ignores the diversity of socializing agents and contexts that exists in an infant's world.
D)It considers the influence of culture on nature of attachment in infants.

Question 70

Which of the following terms refers to the collection of neurons in the forebrain that are involved in pleasure?

A)Hypothalamus
B)Amygdala
C)Nucleus accumbens
D)Hippocampus

Question 71

The current leave policy in the United States allows up to _____ weeks of unpaid leave to care for a newborn.

A)6
B)12
C)15
D)18

Question 72

Caregivers of insecure avoidant babies:

A)are sensitive to their signals and are consistently available to respond to their infants' needs.
B)often let their babies have an active part in determining the onset and pacing of interaction in the first year of life.
C)often don't respond to their babies' signals and have little physical contact with them.
D)tend to be inconsistent;sometimes they respond to their babies' needs,and sometimes they don't.

Question 73

Caregivers of insecure disorganized babies:

A)are sensitive to their signals.
B)often let their babies have an active part in determining the onset and pacing of interaction in the first year of life.
C)tend to be inconsistent;sometimes they respond to their babies' needs,and sometimes they don't.
D)often neglect or physically abuse them.

Question 74

In which of the following cultures,fathers spend almost equal time interacting with their infants as their mothers?

A)The Huasa culture
B)The Aka pygmy culture
C)The African American culture
D)The Asian culture

Question 75

The Strange Situation developed by Mary Ainsworth is an observational measure of _____.

A)self-directed behavior
B)infant attachment
C)infant's response to cues
D)habituation

Question 76

Brianna is playing with her son,Kevin.When Brianna smiles at Kevin,he smiles back at her,and when Kevin smiles at his mother she responds by smiling back at him.This shows that Brianna and Kevin are engaging in:

A)reciprocal socialization.
B)social referencing.
C)secure attachment.
D)indirect interactions.

Question 77

Caregiver-infant games like peek-a-boo and pat-a-cake exemplify _____.

A)social referencing
B)scaffolding
C)secure attachment
D)indirect interactions

Question 78

When baby Jeremy's mother leaves the room,he cries.However,when she returns to the room,Jeremy does not usually reestablish contact with her and sometimes even turns his back on her.According to Mary Ainsworth Jeremy's attachment to his mother is:

A)secure.
B)insecure avoidant.
C)insecure resistant.
D)insecure disorganized.

Question 79

Reciprocal socialization occurs when:

A)children socialize with peers.
B)parents socialize children.
C)children and parents socialize each other.
D)parents socialize children in ways similar to how their parents socialized them.

Question 80

In which of the following cultures grandmothers and siblings provide a significant care to infants?

A)Hausa culture
B)Latin American culture
C)German culture
D)Hamitic culture