Deck 12: Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Question 1

Dana presents a child with two identical balls of clay.She rolls one of the balls into a long,thin piece of clay.She then asks the child if there is more clay in the ball or in the long,thin piece.The child replies that both have same amount of clay.According to Piaget's stages of development,the child's reply indicates that the child is capable of:

A)concrete operations.
B)formal operations.
C)inference operations.
D)judgment operations.

Answer 1

A
Explanation: Dana presents a child with two identical balls of clay.She rolls one of the balls into a long,thin piece of clay.She then asks the child if there is more clay in the ball or in the long,thin piece.Since the child answers the question correctly,it implies that the child has imagination that involves a reversible mental action applied to a real,concrete object.In other words,this Piagetian task confirms that the child is capable of concrete operations.

Question 2

Which of the following terms refers to the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions?

A)Animism
B)Transitivity
C)Seriation
D)Egocentrism

Answer 2

B
Explanation: Transitivity is the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions.

Question 3

According to Piaget's stages of development,the ability to classify or divide things into different sets and subsets and to consider their interrelationships develops during the _____ stage.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)formal operational
D)concrete operational

Answer 3

D
Explanation: The ability to classify or divide things into different sets and subsets and to consider their interrelationships develops during the concrete operational stage.

Question 4

Which of the following is a characteristic of both the preoperational and the concrete operational stages?

A)Animism
B)Centration
C)Egocentrism
D)Reasoning

Question 5

Which of the following is a characteristic of concrete operational thought?

A)An inability to classify
B)Presence of animistic thought
C)Presence of egocentric thought
D)Reasoning limited to specific examples

Question 6

With reference to Piaget's stages of development,a reversible mental operation with real objects is a(n):

A)concrete operation.
B)formal operation.
C)inference operation.
D)judgment operation.

Question 7

A child in the preoperational stage cannot understand a family tree,but a child in the concrete operational phase can.Piaget claims that this is because a child in the concrete operational level can:

A)think abstractly.
B)classify things.
C)memorize better.
D)reason intuitively.

Question 8

In a conservation problem,the difference between preoperational and concrete operational thought is that children in the preoperational stage:

A)can reverse the image in their thought,whereas children in the concrete operational stage depend on real life operation of reversing.
B)use abstract reasoning,while children in the concrete operational phase use imagination and symbolism.
C)utilize formal operations while children in the concrete operational phase use judgment operations.
D)focus on only one dimension of a problem,while children in the concrete operational level focus on more than one.

Question 9

Sondra has been asking questions about her extended family.In order to understand how all the relationships are interconnected,she needs to be able to use the skill of:

A)seriation.
B)centration.
C)classification.
D)animism.

Question 10

Lucienne watches as an experimenter takes one of two identical balls of clay and rolls it into a long,thin piece.Lucienne says that the two clay shapes are the same.Lucienne's reasoning indicates that Lucienne:

A)has entered in the sensorimotor stage of development.
B)is capable of reversing a mental action applied to a real,concrete object. Chas entered in the symbolic function substage of the preoperation stage of development.
D)is capable of understanding the falsity of animism.

Question 11

An experimenter presents a child with two identical balls of clay.The experimenter rolls one of the balls into a long,thin piece of clay.The child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long,thin piece.This Piagetian task is a test to see if the child is capable of:

A)concrete operations.
B)formal operations.
C)inference operations.
D)judgment operations.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about children's cognitive development and concrete operational abilities is correct?

A)Children's cognitive development closely follows the stages described by Piaget.
B)Development of concrete operational abilities depends on genetic inheritance and it cannot be influenced by training.
C)Culture has no influence on children's overall cognitive development.
D)Some concrete operational abilities do not appear in synchrony during childhood.

Question 13

Neo-Piagetians believe that:

A)there should be at least seven stages of cognitive development rather than only four.
B)further details should be sought about how children learn to solve conservation problems.
C)more emphasis should be placed on how children use attention,memory,and strategies.
D)Piaget's stage theory places too much importance on assimilation and accommodation.

Question 14

Jane's teacher has haphazardly placed eight sticks of different lengths on the table.He asks Jane to put the sticks in order from shortest to longest.Through this test,Jane's teacher is testing her ability of:

A)seriation.
B)centration.
C)understanding object permanence.
D)transitivity.

Question 15

Piaget opposed teaching methods that:

A)treat children as passive receptacles.
B)involve ongoing assessment.
C)facilitate,rather than direct learning.
D)require children to be active and seek solutions for themselves.

Question 16

Which of the following is an educational implication of Piaget's theory?

A)Effective teachers facilitate,rather than direct,learning.
B)Children's distorted ideas about the world make it hard for them to learn.
C)A single curriculum will be effective for children across cultures.
D)Avoid ongoing assessment.

Question 17

Which of the following terms refers to the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension?

A)Animism
B)Transitivity
C)Seriation
D)Egocentrism

Question 18

Regarding children's education,Piaget suggested that:

A)a child's genetic heritage plays a pivotal role in his cognitive development.
B)teachers should turn classrooms into a setting of exploration and discovery.
C)children must be able to trust adults before they will be willing to learn from them.
D)children can store an infinite amount of information in their long-term memories.

Question 19

With reference to Piaget's stages of development,a(n)_____ is a mental action that is reversible.

A)intuitive thought
B)symbolic thought
C)abstraction
D)operation

Question 20

According to Jean Piaget,children learn best when they:

A)are in the sensorimotor stage of development.
B)memorize complex facts about the world.
C)actively seek solutions for themselves.
D)accommodate and assimilate more efficiently.

Question 21

_____ thinking produces one correct answer and characterizes the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence. A)Divergent
B)Referenced
C)Convergent
D)Schematic

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true regarding long-term memory?

A)It is a volatile memory.
B)It increases considerably during early childhood but after the age of 7 does not show as much increase.
C)It depends on the learning activities individuals engage in when learning and remembering information.
D)It is a limited type of memory

Question 23

Alfred Binet was asked by the French ministry of education in 1904 to design a:

A)generalized test of intelligence and comprehension.
B)test that would identify students who were unable to learn in school.
C)test that would measure intelligence and creativity in schoolchildren.
D)test that would analyze learning needs of adults.

Question 24

Interest in intelligence has often focused on individual differences and assessment.In this context,the term individual differences refers to:

A)differences between individuals that are culture dependent.
B)the relative strengths and weaknesses within an individual.
C)day-to-day changes in an individual's knowledge and skills.
D)differences between individuals that are stable and consistent.

Question 25

Which of the following questions requires divergent thinking?

A)What is 45 times 37?
B)Do you like chocolate ice cream?
C)How do you interpret the book Moby Dick?
D)How many dimes can you get for $10?

Question 26

Gist refers to the central idea of the information.Which of the following theories considers gist in understanding memory?

A)The elaboration theory
B)The mental imagery theory
C)The schema theory
D)The fuzzy trace theory

Question 27

Which of the following term refers to a technique in which individuals are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group,play off each other's ideas,and say practically whatever comes to mind?

A)Brainstorming
B)Mental imagery
C)Memory schematization
D)Constructive theorizing

Question 28

_____ involves thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating evidence.

A)Monitoring strategies
B)Schematization
C)Critical thinking
D)Referencing

Question 29

Metacognition is:

A)learning about mindfulness.
B)learning about memory strategies.
C)knowing about knowing.
D)thinking about abstract concepts.

Question 30

Which of the following is a relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information?

A)Recoverable memory
B)Referenced memory
C)Schematic memory
D)Long-term memory

Question 31

According to Jacqueline and Martin Brooks,teachers can help cultivate critical thinking in their students by:

A)asking them to describe the concepts covered the previous day.
B)spending more class time rehearsing topics.
C)asking them to list all the points they studied the previous day.
D)motivating them to analyze,criticize,and create.

Question 32

Rita,who is in fifth grade,has just found out that her history exam is all fill-in-the-blank questions.She is discouraged,because she knows that she does not usually do well on this type of exam.In recognizing this,Rita has engaged in a form of:

A)referenced thinking.
B)reconstructive analysis.
C)mental imaging.
D)metacognition.

Question 33

_____ is an important strategy that involves engaging in more extensive processing of information.

A)Diversification
B)Collaboration
C)Elaboration
D)Schematization

Question 34

_____ memory increases considerably during early childhood but after the age of 7 does not show as much increase.

A)Metamemory
B)Analytical memory
C)Reconstructive memory
D)Short-term memory

Question 35

Long-term memory differs from short-term memory in that:

A)long-term memory can store a limited amount
B)after the age of 7 long-term memory does not show any increase
C)long-term memory increases with age during middle and late childhood
D)long-term memory increases considerably during early childhood

Question 36

Which of the following best exemplifies critical thinking?

A)Being able to understand the goal of a scientific study.
B)Being able to remember the details of a scientific data.
C)Being able to recite the findings of a scientific study.
D)Being able to evaluate the practical usefulness of a scientific study.

Question 37

Miko is asked to come up with as many uses of a paper clip as possible.This exercise requires the use of:

A)memory strategies.
B)reconstructive memory.
C)schematic thinking.
D)divergent thinking.

Question 38

Which of the following strategies of information processing is based on the premise that thinking about personal associations with information makes the information more meaningful and helps children to remember it?

A)Mental imagery
B)Schematization
C)Elaboration
D)Diversification

Question 39

Which of the following is a memory strategy that improves processing of information?

A)Diversification
B)Collaboration
C)Mental imagery
D)Schematization

Question 40

Junko is 14 years old and is reading a book of essays on politics in various countries.Junko enjoys reading about different political views and comparing them.With the help of the newly acquired knowledge,Junko is evaluating the validity of his own political beliefs.Junko is demonstrating:

A)mental imaging.
B)critical thinking.
C)referenced thinking.
D)memory schematization.

Question 41

Which of the following type of intelligence test yields several composite indexes such as the Verbal Comprehension Index,the Working Memory Index,and the Processing Speed Index?

A)The Binet Test
B)The Myers-Briggs test
C)The Wechsler Scales
D)The HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorschach_inkblot_test" \o "Rorschach inkblot test" Rorschach inkblot test

Question 42

Which of the following individuals suggested that it is more appropriate to think of a child's intelligence as a number of specific abilities than as a general ability?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Alfred Binet
C)Robert Sternberg
D)Michael Pressley

Question 43

Robert Sternberg's and Howard Gardner's theories of intelligence are similar in that both:

A)emphasize the ability to adapt to novel situations.
B)hypothesize several different types of intelligence.
C)hypothesize a single-factor theory of intelligence.
D)emphasize the ability to identify and remember patterns quickly.

Question 44

If mental age is the same as chronological age,then the person's IQ is _____.

A)100
B)10
C)1
D)0.1

Question 45

According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence,children with high analytical ability are most likely to do well:

A)in jobs that require common sense.
B)in tasks requiring application of ideas.
C)in creative tasks.
D)in conventional schooling.

Question 46

The Flynn effect refers to the:

A)worldwide increase in intelligence test scores.
B)worldwide acceptance of the Stanford-Binet IQ test.
C)effect that education has on intelligence test scores.
D)effect that culture has on Stanford-Binet IQ test scores.

Question 47

Amber was given a Stanford-Binet intelligence test.Her mental age was determined to be 27;her chronological age is 18.Amber's IQ is:

A)well below average.
B)about average.
C)below average.
D)well above average.

Question 48

James has an IQ of 60.He lives in his own apartment,has a job,and supports himself.However,he often requires assistance with simple tasks such as cooking,shopping,and commuting.According to the definition of mental retardation,James is:

A)mildly retarded.
B)not retarded.
C)severely retarded.
D)moderately retarded.

Question 49

Basketball superstar Michael Jordan is most likely to score high on which of Gardner's types of intelligence?

A)Verbal
B)Spatial
C)Bodily-kinesthetic
D)Intrapersonal

Question 50

The worldwide increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over a short time frame has been called the:

A)Sternberg effect.
B)Gardner effect.
C)Brody effect.
D)Flynn effect.

Question 51

If a child's IQ is below 100,then his or her CA (chronological age)is _____ his or her MA (mental age).

A)equal to
B)lower than
C)higher than
D)unrelated to

Question 52

Dr.Ruiz is a theoretical physicist who is a renowned researcher,but she has difficulty figuring out how to turn on the air conditioner in her car.According to Robert Sternberg,Dr.Ruiz has:

A)high analytical intelligence and low practical intelligence.
B)high creative intelligence and low analytical intelligence.
C)high analytical intelligence and low creative intelligence.
D)high practical intelligence and low creative intelligence.

Question 53

According to Gardner's eight frames of mind,which of the following persons is most likely to possess a high level of "interpersonal intelligence"?

A)a surgeon
B)an architect
C)a botanist
D)a mental health professional

Question 54

The fraction of the variance in a population that is attributed to genetics is called:

A)heritability.
B)heritage.
C)the genetic formula.
D)the genetic fraction.

Question 55

"Hannah has an IQ of 135.With that level of intelligence,I'm sure she'll be quite successful no matter what career she chooses." The speaker is:

A)misusing the results of an intelligence test.
B)giving an appropriate interpretation of an intelligence test.
C)assuming that intelligence is composed of several different factors.
D)not placing enough emphasis on intelligence as a predictor of success.

Question 56

Maria regularly uses her common sense in dealing with the world and she has excellent social skills.But she performs poorly in the objective tests conducted by her school.According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence,Maria exhibits _____ intelligence.

A)creative
B)analytical
C)general
D)practical

Question 57

Which of the following theories,proposed by Robert J.Sternberg,describes three types of intelligence;analytical,creative,and practical?

A)The triarchic theory of intelligence
B)The sociocultural theory of intelligence
C)The psychosocial theory of intelligence
D)The developmental theory of intelligence

Question 58

Paul has an IQ of 72.He lives in his own apartment,has a job,and supports himself.He has an active social life with many friends with whom he goes bowling and goes out to eat frequently.According to the definition of mental retardation,Paul is:

A)mildly retarded.
B)not retarded.
C)severely retarded.
D)moderately retarded.

Question 59

Who has suggested that there are eight different types of intelligences or "frames of mind"?

A)Alfred Binet
B)David Wechsler
C)Robert Sternberg
D)Howard Gardner

Question 60

A painter is most likely to score high on which of Gardner's types of intelligence?

A)Verbal
B)Spatial
C)Bodily-kinesthetic
D)Intrapersonal

Question 61

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic motivator?

A)Cleaning one's room because it feels good to do so
B)Doing a science project to win an award
C)Running for the love of running
D)Painting because it is enjoyable

Question 62

Gus practices the violin because he really enjoys hearing himself play a difficult piece.Gus's practice is _____ motivated.

A)mastery
B)intrinsically
C)mindset
D)performance

Question 63

Children with a helpless orientation often attribute their difficulty to:

A)bad luck.
B)uncaring adults.
C)poor efforts.
D)lack of ability.

Question 64

Carol has just started to acquire reading skills.Based on the available research,Carol's teacher is most likely to tell Carol's parents that the best way to teach her to read is through:

A)the whole-language approach.
B)learning two languages simultaneously.
C)direct instruction in phonological training.
D)listening to someone read to her.

Question 65

Which of the following is the best example of bilingual education in a U.S.school?

A)Ron's first language is English,and now he is taking a Spanish course in middle school.
B)Maria's first language is Spanish,so she has a teacher who speaks Spanish during some of her classes until Maria can learn more English.
C)Lynn's first language is English,and one of her teachers speaks in Spanish sometimes during class so the children can learn a little Spanish.
D)Ava has always studied in Spanish,and now she is taking an English course in middle school.

Question 66

Amy is 6 years old and is playing the violin at a level equal to 15-year-olds.She enjoys learning but does not like to be told what to do.She has an ability to concentrate intensely.Amy is most likely:

A)autistic.
B)an average six-year-old.
C)gifted.
D)idiosyncratic.

Question 67

Jerry and Kathy are told that their child has _____.After doing some research,they discover that this type of retardation involves no brain damage and results from the normal variation of intelligence in people combined with growing up in a below-average intellectual environment.

A)organic retardation
B)cultural-familial retardation
C)physical retardation
D)environmental retardation

Question 68

The _____ approach emphasizes that reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.

A)metalinguistic
B)phonics
C)whole-language
D)language schematization

Question 69

Which of the following is true with regard to learning a second language?

A)Adults make slower initial progress but their eventual success is greater than that of children.
B)Children's ability to pronounce a second language correctly increases with age.
C)The way children and adults learn a second language differs somewhat.
D)Bilingualism has detrimental effects on concept formation,analytical reasoning,and cognitive flexibility.

Question 70

Mental retardation is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ,usually below _____ on a traditional intelligence test,and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.

A)100
B)90
C)80
D)70

Question 71

A child,who concentrates on learning strategies when faced with a difficulty or a challenge,is a child with a:

A)helpless orientation.
B)mastery orientation.
C)neutral mindset.
D)high extrinsic motivation.

Question 72

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic motivator?

A)Studying hard to avoid parental disapproval
B)Running to catch a bus
C)Learning something out of curiosity
D)Completing a painting to win a trophy

Question 73

Which of the following terms refers to the knowledge about language,such as knowing what a preposition is or the ability to discuss the sounds of a language?

A)Whole-language awareness
B)Superlinguistic awareness
C)Metalinguistic awareness
D)Critical language awareness

Question 74

Which of the following terms refers to the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes?

A)Emotional contagion
B)Self-efficacy
C)Cognitive dissonance
D)Emotional labor

Question 75

When faced with a difficult series of tasks,Juan says,"I doubt my ability to perform these." Juan demonstrates _____.

A)a performance block
B)cognitive monitoring
C)a helpless orientation
D)contextual intelligence

Question 76

When teaching reading,the whole-language approach stresses that:

A)reading instruction should parallel a child's natural language learning.
B)phonetics is the most important component in learning to read a language.
C)children should be able to write a language before they are able to read it.
D)learning a foreign language helps students learn their own language.

Question 77

Children's ability to pronounce words with a nativelike accent in a second language typically decreases with age,with an especially sharp drop occurring after the age of about:

A)1 to 4.
B)4 to 7.
C)7 to 10.
D)10 to 12.

Question 78

Which of the following is a characteristic of gifted people?

A)They tend to be less mature than an average person.
B)They have fewer emotional problems than others.
C)They are socially maladjusted.
D)They have some type of mild mental disorder.

Question 79

Organic retardation is caused by:

A)an impoverished intellectual environment.
B)undernourishment during childhood.
C)a genetic disorder or brain damage.
D)traumatic experiences in early childhood.

Question 80

Children with above-average intelligence-an IQ of 130 or higher-and/or a superior talent for something are called:

A)genius.
B)creative.
C)mastery oriented.
D)gifted.