Deck 13: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Question 1

Which of the following statements is true with regard to children's ability to understand others in middle and late childhood?

A)Children in this phase show a gradual decrease in perspective taking.
B)Perspective taking bears a high correlation with antisocial behavior.
C)Perspective taking improves children's ability to sympathize with those in distress.
D)Children in this stage lack the abilities of cognitive inhibition and cognitive flexibility.

Answer 1

C
Explanation: In middle and late childhood,children show an increase in perspective taking,the ability to assume other people's perspectives and understand their thoughts and feelings.Perspective taking is especially thought to be important in whether children develop prosocial or antisocial attitudes and behavior.In terms of prosocial behavior,taking another's perspective improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when they are distressed or in need.

Question 2

Which of the following actions is desirable when attempting to raise children's self esteem?

A)Encouraging children not to worry about their problems
B)Focusing exclusively on areas of weaknesses,rather than competence
C)Motivating children by rewarding poor or mediocre performance
D)Teaching children real skills that they can master and apply

Answer 2

D
Explanation: Achievement can improve children's self-esteem.The straightforward teaching of real skills to children often results in increased achievement and,thus,in enhanced self-esteem.

Question 3

Joanna,a fourth grader,loves to go to school.Joanna's parents are amazed at how quickly she understands concepts,internalizes skills,and makes friends at school.Yesterday,Joanna came home and told her parents that the working model of a windmill that she had made along with her friends was put on display in class and applauded widely by everyone.Joanna is likely to develop a sense of _____ from her adjustments and accomplishments at this stage,according to Erikson's psychosocial theory.

A)trust
B)inferiority
C)industry
D)intimacy

Answer 3

C
Explanation: When children are encouraged in their efforts to make,build,and work-
whether building a model airplane,constructing a tree house,fixing a bicycle,solving an addition problem,or cooking-their sense of industry increases.However,parents who see their children's efforts at making things as "mischief" or "making a mess" encourage children's development of a sense of inferiority.

Question 4

An increased capacity in the area of _____ is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior,emotions,and thoughts that lead to increased social competence and achievement.

A)scheme internalization
B)self-regulation
C)behavior modification
D)self-continuation

Question 5

Jeremy is nine years old.He is mediocre in terms of his academic and extracurricular performance and suffers from low self-esteem.His parents have been using various strategies to help him increase his self-esteem.Which of the following strategies they have been using is least likely to be effective?

A)Identifying Jeremy's areas of competence
B)Giving Jeremy emotional support and social approval
C)Helping Jeremy learn to cope with the problem
D)Praising Jeremy for mediocre,or even poor performance

Question 6

During the elementary school years,children become more likely to recognize:

A)material attributes of self.
B)social aspects of self.
C)physical characteristics.
D)concrete features of self.

Question 7

Evan is slow learner who is in the fifth grade.He has been attending remedial classes where he receives training to retain and recall information better.His teachers have reassured his parents that the cumulative effect of these remedial classes take some time and are not visible instantly.Despite this knowledge,Evan's father often chastises him for his mediocre marks and compares his unfavorably to his peers.Evan's father's approach to his academic performance is likely to lead to a _____.

A)greater sense of self-esteem in Evan
B)greater sense of inferiority in Evan
C)lower level of guilt and shame in Evan
D)strong feeling of secure attachment in Evan

Question 8

_____ refers to global evaluations of the self;it is also called self-worth or self-image.

A)Self-actualization
B)Self-esteem
C)Self-efficacy
D)Self-concept

Question 9

Hillary's mother likes to let her daughter experience new things and gain new skills. As Hillary finds the process of baking very exciting,her mother recently allowed her to beat the eggs and measure out the flour required for the cake she was making.Though Hillary's mother could have done these tasks in a quicker and more efficient manner on her own,she chose to let Hillary take charge even if it meant more time,effort,and patience would be required on her part.Which of the following is true with regard to this situation?

A)Hillary is likely to mistrust her mother's judgment.
B)Hillary is likely to gain a sense of industry as a result of her mother's effort.
C)Hillary is likely to gain a sense of inferiority even though her mother will not reprimand her for making a mess while baking with her.
D)Hillary's mother is likely to have a low need for generativity.

Question 10

According to Erik Erikson,during middle and late childhood,children are in the stage of _____.

A)integrity versus despair
B)identity versus identity confusion
C)industry versus inferiority
D)initiative versus guilt

Question 11

_____ refers to domain-specifi c evaluations of the self.

A)Self-actualization
B)Self-esteem
C)Self-efficacy
D)Self-concept

Question 12

During their elementary school years,children:

A)believe that only one emotion can be experienced in a situation.
B)lack the capability of feeling sympathy for a distressed person.
C)develop the ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions.
D)fail to understand and express self-conscious emotions such as pride and shame.

Question 13

A study revealed that low levels of self-esteem were correlated to low academic achievement among children and adolescents.In this context,which of the following conclusions can be inferred?

A)Low self-esteem in children results in low academic achievement.
B)To increase academic achievement,self-esteem must be increased significantly.
C)Low self-esteem and low academic achievement are associated to each other.
D)Low academic achievement occurs because children with low self-esteem need to compensate their feelings of inferiority.

Question 14

In middle and late childhood,children tend to:

A)describe themselves in terms of physical and material attributes.
B)become more skeptical of others' claims.
C)eliminate the impact of social comparison on their self-evaluations.
D)experience an inability to perform prosocial behaviors.

Question 15

The industry versus inferiority stage is the _____ stage of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development.

A)seventh
B)fifth
C)fourth
D)sixth

Question 16

A ten-year-old is most likely to describe himself as:

A)"I am ten,and I have a bicycle."
B)"I am ten,and I have red hair and brown eyes."
C)"I am nice and I have a close friend named Tom."
D)"I live in a big,red brick house."

Question 17

Which of the following is true with regard to self-esteem?

A)Self-esteem and self-concept are terms with identical meaning and usage.
B)The impact of self-esteem on various positive outcomes is empirically proven.
C)A child's belief about his/her self-esteem is accurate and unchanging.
D)Self-esteem refers to global evaluations of the self and it is also called self-worth.

Question 18

Self-concept refers to _____ evaluations of the self.

A)domain-specific
B)universal
C)generalized
D)normative and age appropriate

Question 19

Erikson's fourth stage,industry versus inferiority,appears during _____.

A)adolescence
B)early childhood
C)middle and late childhood
D)late childhood and adolescence.

Question 20

Julie planned a surprise birthday party for her mother with the help of her friends and father.Before her mother got back from work,they put up streamers and other decorative items around their living room and waited for her mother to return and cut the cake.When Julie's mother returned,she got angry at the house being filled children and the mess they had made decorating for her birthday party and stormed out of the house.This incident is likely to enhance Julie's sense of _____.

A)inferiority
B)industry
C)autonomy
D)generativity

Question 21

At Kohlberg's _____ level of moral reasoning,the individual recognizes alternative moral courses,explores the options,and then decides on a personal moral code.

A)postconventional
B)conventional
C)heteronomous
D)social systems

Question 22

A person evaluates the degree to which actual laws preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values at Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral reasoning.

A)heteronomous morality
B)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
C)interpersonal expectations and interpersonal conformity
D)social contract or utility and individual rights

Question 23

Adolescents may reason that in order for a community to work effectively,it needs to be protected by laws that are adhered to by its members.This is an example of a moral judgment based on Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral reasoning.

A)heteronomous morality
B)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
C)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
D)social systems morality

Question 24

Melanie loves art class and she usually gets very good grades from her fifth grade art teacher,Annette Atkins.Annette recently recommended Melanie's name for an interschool art competition that she is sure Melanie can win.Melanie,who is usually confident,is experiencing feelings of anxiety ahead of the competition.She is also preparing for the competition and envisioning herself win the prize to make her parents proud.This represents Melanie's capacity to understand:

A)that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.
B)that rules are flexible and change from one situation to another.
C)that all negative emotions must be concealed and suppressed.
D)that she must judge all situations by her personal moral code.

Question 25

Six-year-old Phyllis decided to obey her older sister Maggie so that she would be allowed to go with Maggie to watch a movie.Phyllis is operating from Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral reasoning.

A)heteronomous morality
B)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
C)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
D)social systems morality

Question 26

_____ reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

A)Postconventional
B)Conventional
C)Immanent
D)Heteronomous

Question 27

Critics argue that Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development places too much emphasis on _____.

A)the role of family in moral development
B)the cultural differences in moral development
C)moral thought over moral behavior
D)the process of inductive discipline

Question 28

In which of the following of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning,do trust,caring,and loyalty serve as bases of moral judgments?

A)Heteronomous morality
B)Individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
C)Mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
D)Social systems morality

Question 29

Cynthia,a fourth grader,detests having to eat vegetables and recently,her mother caught her throwing away her lunch in the trash.Since this incident,Cynthia has been forcing herself to eat whatever food she is given,not because she understands that it is healthy for her,but because she is scared that her mother will announce another time out. This is an example of Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral reasoning.

A)heteronomous morality
B)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
C)social contract
D)social systems morality

Question 30

Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A)His theory places too much emphasis on moral behavior and not enough emphasis on moral thought.
B)Moral stages suggested by his theory appear somewhat later in age than he suggested.
C)His theory emphasizes relationships and concern for others over abstract principles of justice.
D)Moral reasoning at the lower stages is rarely found in the real world.

Question 31

The care perspective of moral development was proposed by _____.

A)Lawrence Kohlberg
B)Carol Gilligan
C)Jean Piaget
D)Albert Bandura

Question 32

The most publicized criticism of Kohlberg's theory has come from Carol Gilligan who believes that Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development:

A)focuses too much on the role played by family and cultural differences on moral development in children.
B)fails to use abstract principles of justice and ethics that are integral to morality.
C)fails to consider moral principles as universal and constant.
D)fails to account for relationships and concern for others as moral behavior.

Question 33

In Lawrence Kohlberg's preconventional reasoning stage,good and bad are interpreted in terms of _____.

A)personal moral codes
B)social contract or utility
C)external rewards and punishments
D)social order,law,justice and duty

Question 34

This of the following represents the determinants of morality in the sixth stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A)Individualism,purpose,exchange
B)Trust,caring,and loyalty
C)Social contract
D)Universal human rights

Question 35

Which of the followings statements is true with regard to Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A)Kohlberg proposed the two stages of heteronomous morality and autonomous morality to explain moral development in children.
B)Kohlberg proposed that children of different genders and cultural groups go through these stages in differential ways.
C)Progression through the levels occurs as morality becomes more internal or mature.
D)This theory represents the care perspective of morality and undermines the justice perspective of morality.

Question 36

Daniel was arrested for stealing government documents and he responded by saying that "Yes,I did steal the documents,and I am willing to go to jail for it.These documents prove that the government was engaging in a cover-up and I think the public has a right to know about such unethical actions." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify Daniel as using _____ morality in this situation.

A)preconventional
B)heteronomous
C)conventional
D)postconventional

Question 37

Which of the following is a feature of social conventional reasoning?

A)Emphasis on ethical standards
B)Focus on rules of morality
C)Arbitrary nature
D)Incorporation of the concept of justice

Question 38

Cybil is about to deliver a baby.Her husband,Bruce,is driving to the hospital at 80 miles per hour.Their son Will says,"Daddy,don't go that fast,you might get caught and sent to prison." From which level of Kohlberg's moral reasoning is Will making this statement?

A)Autonomous moral reasoning
B)Postconventional moral reasoning
C)Preconventional moral reasoning
D)Conventional moral reasoning

Question 39

Candice is presented with a moral dilemma.She responds by saying that the person in the dilemma should choose a course of action that will ensure that people will not think badly of that person.Candice's response reflects Lawrence Kohlberg's _____ level of moral development.

A)preconventional reasoning
B)conventional reasoning
C)autonomous moral reasoning
D)postconventional reasoning

Question 40

According to William Damon,sharing in early elementary school years is characterized by _____.

A)the objective standard of fairness
B)the motivation to obey adult authority figures
C)the sense of obligation
D)the sense of imitation

Question 41

_____ talk is the language of conversation and a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships.

A)Report
B)Rapport
C)Relative
D)Responsive

Question 42

When compared to boys,girls are likely to engage in:

A)more report talk than rapport talk.
B)less self-regulation of emotion than males.
C)more relational aggression..
D)more assertive communication and less prosocial behavior.

Question 43

Public speaking is an example of _____ talk.

A)report
B)rapport
C)relative
D)responsive

Question 44

Which of the following statements about gender differences in emotions is accurate?

A)Girls are less likely than boys to express their emotions openly.
B)Boys are more likely to show empathy than are girls.
C)Girls are more likely to be able to read others' emotions than boys.
D)Boys are more likely to show self-regulation of emotion than girls.

Question 45

_____ children are infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.

A)Controversial
B)Average
C)Neglected
D)Rejected

Question 46

In middle and late childhood,discipline and control of children is characterized by:

A)an increase in physical punishment.
B)an increase in time spent in parental supervision.
C)an increase in coregulation of the child's activities.
D)a major shift in autonomy from parent to child.

Question 47

Gender differences in communication have shown that girls engage in more _____ when compared to boys.

A)self-assertive speech
B)passive listening
C)report talk
D)self-disclosure

Question 48

_____ children are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.

A)Rejected
B)Unpopular
C)Neglected
D)Maladjusted

Question 49

Female brains differ from male brains,in that:

A)female brains are larger than male brains.
B)an area of the parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills is smaller in males than female.
C)the areas of the brain involved in emotional expression show more metabolic activity in males than females.
D)one part of the hypothalamus responsible for sexual behavior is larger in men than women.

Question 50

Laura is a fifth-grader.She was the most popular girl in her class until last month when Jennifer joined their class as a new student and quickly replaced Laura as the most popular girl.Laura is trying to regain her popularity by spreading malicious rumors about Jennifer so that others will start disliking Jennifer.Laura is engaging in _____.

A)affiliative communication
B)self-regulation
C)relational aggression
D)coregulation

Question 51

_____ aggression includes behaviors such as trying to make others dislike a certain individual by spreading malicious rumors about the person.

A)Instrumental
B)Normative
C)Relational
D)Hostile

Question 52

_____ includes such behaviors as trying to make others dislike a certain individual by spreading malicious rumors about the person.

A)Behavior modification
B)Behavioral aggression
C)Relational aggression
D)Overt aggression

Question 53

Which of the following is the primary reason for sharing among toddlers and preschoolers,according to William Damon?

A)Fairness
B)Empathy
C)Benevolence
D)Imitation

Question 54

_____ talk is talk that gives information.

A)Report
B)Rapport
C)Relative
D)Responsive

Question 55

Which of the following is true with regard to stepfamilies?

A)Infants and preschoolers are the largest group of children growing up in stepfamilies.
B)A vast majority of stepfamilies succeed in providing a stable family environment.
C)Three common types of stepfamily structure are (1)stepfather,(2)stepmother,and (3)blended or complex.
D)The largest number of stepfamilies are preceded by death of a spouse rather that differences between partners leading to a divorce.

Question 56

Which of the following is true of rapport talk?

A)Public speaking is an example of rapport talk.
B)Females enjoy rapport talk more than males do.
C)Males hold center stage through rapport talk.
D)Rapport talk is talk that gives information.

Question 57

_____ children are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.

A)Controversial
B)Neglected
C)Targeted
D)Average

Question 58

Susan Jones,a group counselor,came to Amelie's class and gave the students a questionnaire where students had to fill in the name of a classmate whom they liked the most,disliked the most,and who they considered to be a best friend.Susan cumulated all the results to give a score for each child.From the scenario,we can infer that:

A)Susan's assessment was designed primarily to reveal the androgynous characteristics of the students.
B)Susan used the Bem Sex-Role Inventory for the purpose of her study.
C)Susan evaluated each student's sociometric status in her study.
D)Susan was studying the cognitive and intellectual capacities of each child.

Question 59

Which of the following statements about gender differences in cognitive development is true?

A)Girls have slightly better reading and writing skills when compared to boys.
B)Girls have shown significantly higher levels of general intelligence than boys.
C)Girls have consistently achieved higher scores in math than boys.
D)Girls have better visuospatial skills when compared to boys.

Question 60

Which of the following is true regarding gender differences in brain structure and function?

A)Female brains are smaller but have more surface brain tissue than males.
B)One part of the hypothalamus responsible for sexual behavior is larger in women than men.
C)The areas of the brain involved in emotional expression show more metabolic activity in males than in females.
D)An area of the parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills is larger in females than in males.

Question 61

Which of the following is not a function of friendship?

A)Social comparison
B)Coregulation
C)Ego support
D)Stimulation

Question 62

Which of the following is the first step that children go through in processing information about their social world?

A)Selecting an optimal response
B)Decoding social cues
C)Enacting a chosen response
D)Interpreting the results of a social interaction

Question 63

Paulo is outgoing and self-confident.He seems to be happy and in a good mood most of the time.Paulo is good at talking with other children and seems to care about their interests and problems.He is likely to be:

A)popular with his peers.
B)rejected by most of his peers.
C)neglected in his peer interactions.
D)the target of rejection from his peers.

Question 64

Advocates of the direct instruction approach to teaching believe that students need to:

A)learn by collaborative methods.
B)give more attention to the content of a discipline.
C)explore their world and discover knowledge.
D)think in critical and creative ways.

Question 65

Bullies are most likely to:

A)be chidrem who have high grades.
B)be prosocial children.
C)be anxious and socially withdrawn children.
D)be children who smoke and drink alcohol.

Question 66

Jane and Cara often speak to each other about happenings at school,their weekend plans,or even something new they learnt.Their friendship grew even more when Jane's parents separated and Cara was there to listen to Jane's fears about her parents' impending divorce.Cara then told her how her parents fought very often too and that she was fearful that her parents may opt for a divorce as well.The communication in their friendship is characterized by _____.

A)relational aggression
B)self assertion
C)features of report talk
D)intimacy

Question 67

How can rejected children be trained to interact more effectively with their peers?

A)By teaching the children to more accurately assess when the intentions of their peers are negative.
B)By developing the children's ability to interact appropriately with adults.
C)By formulating strategies for changing the social settings in which the children participate.
D)By developing self-preservation skills so these children will not be so hurt by neglect.

Question 68

Clarice teaches math to fourth and fifth-graders.She does not believe in rote learning.She first teaches her class the basic principles and then helps children apply those to real-life scenarios.For instance,when teaching her students about the unitary method,she uses examples like packaged food to show them how to determine the price of a unit from the price of the whole package of items.Carice is using the _____ approach to teaching.

A)direct instruction
B)constructivist
C)problem solving
D)teacher-centered

Question 69

Ms.Johanssen likes to develop her lesson plans carefully and deviates from them as little as possible to ensure that all the material is covered.She insists that the class adhere to all the classrooms rules and that students maximize their learning time.Ms.Johanssen is using the _____ approach to teaching.

A)direct instruction
B)constructivist
C)problem solving
D)learner-centered

Question 70

Neglected children are:

A)infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
B)frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their teachers.
C)frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.
D)infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.

Question 71

Intimacy in friendships is characterized by _____.

A)sharing based on principles of fairness and exchange
B)sharing based on principles of coregulation and autonomy
C)sharing based on self-disclosure involving private thoughts
D)sharing based on compliance to parental authority

Question 72

Which of the following groups of children is most likely to have serious adjustment problems later in life?

A)Neglected children
B)Popular children
C)Controversial children
D)Rejected children

Question 73

_____ children engage in low rates of interaction with their peers and are often described as shy by peers.

A)Rejected
B)Unpopular
C)Neglected
D)Maladjusted

Question 74

Which approach is criticized for turning children into passive learners?

A)The constructivist approach
B)The learner-centered approach
C)The direct instruction approach
D)The problem-solving approach

Question 75

Rejected children are:

A)infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
B)frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their teachers.
C)frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.
D)infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.

Question 76

Advocates of the constructivist approach to teaching believe that students need to:

A)maximize time spent on academic tasks.
B)master the content of a discipline.
C)follow instructions diligently.
D)think in critical and creative ways.

Question 77

When compared with those who did the bullying,children who said they were bullied were more likely to:

A)smoke and drink alcohol.
B)display highly prosocial behaviors.
C)display anxiety and socially withdrawn behavior.
D)have a history of being bullies themselves earlier.

Question 78

The "jigsaw classroom" was developed by Elliot Aronson to _____

A)reduce student aggression
B)increase critical thinking
C)increase prosocial behavior
D)reduce racial tension

Question 79

Which approach is criticized for not giving enough attention to the content of a discipline?

A)The constructivist approach
B)The teacher-centered approach
C)The direct instruction approach
D)The problem-solving approach

Question 80

Which of the following statements is true with regard to bullying?

A)Girls are more likely to be bullied than boys.
B)Younger middle school students were least likely to be affected by bullying.
C)Incidents of bullying are unaffected by social context as there are no witnesses to acts of bullying in most cases.
D)Boys are more likely to be bullies than girls.