Deck 15: Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Question 1

_____ is Piaget's formal operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses,or best guesses,about ways to solve problems.

A)Idealistic scenario reasoning
B)Divergent thinking
C)Convergent thinking
D)Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Answer 1

D
Explanation: Hypothetical-deductive reasoning is Piaget's formal operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses,or best guesses,about ways to solve problems.

Question 2

The heightened self-consciousness of adolescence,the belief that everyone is as interested in them as they are in themselves,and a sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability are all parts of:

A)adolescent egocentrism.
B)hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
C)realistic reasoning.
D)concrete operational thinking.

Answer 2

A
Explanation: The heightened selfconsciousness of adolescents that is reflected in their belief that others are as interested in them as they are in themselves,and in their sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility is known as adolescent egocentrism.

Question 3

Paul feels extremely self-consciousness in public.He believes that everyone is watching him and that they all notice the pimple on the end of his nose.Paul's behavior is characteristic of:

A)convergent thinking.
B)imaginary audience phenomenon.
C)transitivity.
D)seriation.

Answer 3

B
Explanation: Imaginary audience is an adolescents's belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are,as well as attention-getting behavior.

Question 4

The formal operational period is characterized by:

A)animistic reasoning.
B)coordination of perception and action.
C)logical reasoning about the world as reality.
D)abstract thinking.

Question 5

John,an adolescent,was thinking about how animals think.Then he started thinking about why he was thinking about how animals think.Which of the following characteristics of formal operational stage is John displaying in this example?

A)abstract thought
B)concrete thought
C)critical thought
D)egocentric thought

Question 6

During formal operational stage,_____ dominates.

A)trial-and-error problem solving
B)egocentrism
C)assimilation
D)pragmatism

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true about adolescents?

A)They usually solve problems through trial and error.
B)They are limited to actual experiences as anchors for thought.
C)They need to see the concrete elements A,B,and C to be able to make the logical inference that,if A = B and B = C,then A =C.
D)They have an increased tendency to think about thought itself.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true about Piaget's formal operational stage?

A)This stage is characterized by the ability to reason logically about specific or concrete examples.
B)This stage is characterized by the ability to classify things into different sets or subsets.
C)This stage is characterized by the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions.
D)This stage is characterized by the ability to create a hypothesis and deduce its implications.

Question 9

According to Piaget,hypothetical-deductive reasoning abilities develop in _____ stage.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)formal operations
D)concrete operations

Question 10

In the _____ stage individuals are no longer limited to actual experiences as anchors for thought.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 11

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning enables adolescents to:

A)indulge in idealistic thinking.
B)plan and systematically test alternatives.
C)overcome adolescent egocentrism in their thinking.
D)speculate about ideal characteristics they desire in themselves and in others.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of the imaginary audience phenomenon?

A)Jean likes the challenge of dissecting frogs in his biology class.
B)Haley doesn't want to go to school today,because everyone will see she is having a "bad hair" day.
C)Ashton sometimes takes LSD,yet she believes that she will never experience a "bad trip."
D)Bradley thinks that his parents have stupid political ideas,listen to horrible music,and are always doing annoying things.

Question 13

Children are likely to solve problems _____,whereas adolescents begin to solve problems _____.

A)idealistically;through inductive reasoning
B)through trial and error;systematically
C)by thinking them through carefully;by guessing
D)using heuristics;using past experience

Question 14

According to Jean Piaget,adolescents differ from younger children in that younger children will have significant difficulty in:

A)solving problems through trial-and-error.
B)differentiating between thoughts and reality.
C)dealing with concrete experiences.
D)creating and testing hypotheses.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

A)Andrew draws his family tree and is able to understand that his mother is also a daughter,a sister,and a wife at the same time.
B)Paula solves an algebraic problem by making plans to solve the problem and systematically testing each solution.
C)Ann resolves a fight with her friend by offering a compromise,an approach that had always worked in the past.
D)Viola learns how to play the piano by observing her mother closely while she plays the instrument,and then practising by herself.

Question 16

"What if the sun were to explode?" asked Arleneene."But it never has," replied Karlevin."But what if it did?" insisted Arlene.'"But it never has! You worry too much about all those what-ifs," said Karl.In this example,Arlene is exhibiting _____ thought,while Karl is showing _____ thought.

A)abstract;concrete
B)concrete;abstract
C)abnormal;idealistic
D)deductive;inductive

Question 17

Khloe has not been getting along with her best friend.She writes down all the difficulties they have been having and tries to generate possible reasons for them.She then considers what she can do to deal with the problems,weighing the pros and cons of each possibility.Khloe is using which of the following to solve her problem?

A)Idealistic scenario reasoning
B)Concrete operational reasoning
C)Adolescent-egocentric reasoning
D)Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Question 18

According to Jean Piaget's theory,people going into adolescence are entering which stage?

A)Sensorimotor
B)Preoperational
C)Concrete operational
D)Formal operational

Question 19

Idealistic beliefs about possibilities that can change the world for the better are characteristic of the _____ stage of cognitive development.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operations
D)formal operations

Question 20

Which of the following is an essential characteristic of the imaginary audience phenomenon?

A)A sense of immortality
B)A feeling of insignifiance
C)Attention seeking behavior
D)A sense of indestructibility

Question 21

In the dual-process model,it is the _____ system that benefits adolescent decision making.

A)experiential
B)analytical
C)deductive
D)inductive

Question 22

_____ refers to adolescent's sense of invincibility that may also lead them to believe that they themselves are invulnerable to dangers and catastrophes that happen to other people.

A)Personal fable
B)Social comparison
C)Imaginary audience
D)Perspective thinking

Question 23

Which of the following strategies can be used to improve adolescent decision making in an atmosphere of stress?

A)Visual matrix
B)Role playing
C)Mnemonics
D)Imaginary audience

Question 24

Driving recklessly at high speeds is an example of _____ invulnerability.

A)psychological
B)natural
C)danger
D)induced

Question 25

Emma often does shoplifting and other petty crimes,with her group of friends.Even though she has heard that people eventually get caught while shoplifting,she feels that it will never happen to her.Emma's beliefs is characteristic of _____.

A)personal fable
B)social comparison
C)imaginary audience phenomenon
D)perspective thinking

Question 26

______ invulnerability,involves adolescents' sense of indestructibility and tendency to take on physical risks.

A)Psychological
B)Natural
C)Danger
D)Induced

Question 27

Making decisions and thinking critically are part of:

A)mindfulness.
B)lower-order cognitive processes.
C)executive functioning.
D)mnemonic strategies.

Question 28

Which of the following statements,made by Barbara,is an indicator of the imagined audience phenomenon?

A)"Why am I always thinking that bad things will happen to me?"
B)"My parents are so frustrating."
C)"I love arguing politics and religion."
D)"Everyone is going to notice that I'm wearing braces."

Question 29

Which of Ethan's statements is an indicator of personal fable?

A)"Nobody could possibly understand how I feel."
B)"My parents are so boring."
C)"I love listening to music."
D)"Why can't I stop worrying about my driving test?"

Question 30

_____ is a kind of "mental workbench" where information is manipulated and assembled to help make decisions,solve problems,and comprehend written and spoken language.

A)Intermediate memory
B)Long-term memory
C)Short-term memory
D)Working memory

Question 31

Deanna Kuhn argues that the most important cognitive change in adolescence is:

A)problem solving through trial-and-error.
B)increased concrete thinking.
C)reduced egocentrism.
D)improvement in executive functioning.

Question 32

Which of the following cognitive changes that occur during adolescence allow(s)for improved critical thinking?

A)Increased breadth of content knowledge in a variety of domains.
B)Improvement in concrete thinking.
C)Increased ability to indulge in idealistic thinking.
D)Engaging in imaginary audience and personal story processes.

Question 33

Which of the following is an example of personal fable?

A)Jake enjoys creative activities such as making Christmas decorations.
B)Haley doesn't want to go to school today,because everyone will notice that she has a pimple on her face.
C)Ashton drives fast and recklessly but says she will never get in an accident because it could never happen to her.
D)Bradley constantly compares himself with his friends,and feels that he is inferior to them.

Question 34

Which of the following statements is true about adolescent decision making?

A)Adolescence is a time of decreased decision making.
B)Adolescents make better decisions when they are emotionally aroused rather than when they are calm.
C)Young adolescents are less likely to generate different options,compared with children.
D)Adolescents need more opportunities to practice and discuss realistic decision making.

Question 35

_____ involves managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control.

A)Mindfulness
B)Lower-order cognitive processes
C)Executive functioning
D)Mnemonic strategies

Question 36

_____ refers to an adolescent's belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are,as well as their attention-getting behavior.

A)Personal fable
B)Social comparison
C)Imaginary audience
D)Perspective thinking

Question 37

_____ invulnerability,captures an adolescent's felt invulnerability related to personal or psychological distress.

A)Psychological
B)Natural
C)Danger
D)Induced

Question 38

Which of the following is a central characteristic of the personal fable?

A)Self-criticism
B)An awareness of others
C)A sense of uniqueness
D)A sense of being ordinary

Question 39

_____ states that decision making is influenced by two systems-one analytical and one experiential,which compete with each other.

A)Executive function approach
B)Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
C)Dual-process model
D)Social constructivist approach

Question 40

Which of the following is part of executive functioning?

A)Critical thinking
B)Perception
C)Attention
D)Memory

Question 41

Implementation of _____ in schools benefits adolescents by helping them achieve higher grades,increase their goal setting,achieve higher self-esteem,and increase the likelihood that they will serve as volunteers in the future.

A)etiquette training
B)service learning
C)moral science
D)religious learning

Question 42

The _____ is conveyed by the moral atmosphere that is a part of every school.

A)hidden curriculum
B)character education
C)political orientation
D)values clarification

Question 43

Clarence High School is a private school in Cincinnati.The school conducts a semester-long course that deal with moral education.The school educators believe that students should learn to value such aspects of life as freedom,truth,and equality as their moral reasoning develops.The classes are facilitated by an instructor who encourages students to discuss moral issues.Clarence High School uses which of the following methods of moral education?

A)A hidden moral curriculum
B)Character education
C)Cognitive moral education
D)A values clarification program

Question 44

In a typical _____ program,high school students meet in a semester-long course to discuss a number of moral issues.The instructor acts as a facilitator,rather than as a director,of the class.

A)hidden curriculum
B)character education
C)cognitive moral education
D)values clarification

Question 45

If an individual has not developed a solid basis of _____ during childhood,critical-thinking skills are unlikely to mature in adolescence.

A)fundamental skills
B)literacy and math skills
C)hypothetical-deductive reasoning
D)personal fable

Question 46

Cognitive moral education is a concept based on the belief that:

A)students should be encouraged to define their own moral values and to understand the moral values of others.
B)students need to be taught a basic moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior and doing harm to themselves and others.
C)students should learn to value such aspects of life as democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops.
D)students can learn moral values only through observational learning.

Question 47

A direct approach that involves teaching students a basic moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior and harming themselves or others is called:

A)hidden curriculum.
B)character education.
C)service learning.
D)value clarification.

Question 48

In the _____ approach,every school is expected to have an explicit moral code that is clearly communicated to students.Any violations of the code will be met with sanctions.

A)hidden curriculum
B)character education
C)political orientation
D)values clarification

Question 49

Cognitive moral education differs from values clarification in that cognitive moral education:

A)fails to stress distinctions between right and wrong behavior.
B)is conveyed by the moral atmosphere that is a part of every school.
C)advocates that every school should have an explicit moral code that is clearly communicated to students.
D)is based on the belief that students should develop such values as democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops.

Question 50

Over the past three decades,traditional-aged college students have shown:

A)an increased concern for personal well-being.
B)a decreased concern for the well-being of others.
C)an increased concern for the disadvantaged.
D)a decreased concern for being well off financially.

Question 51

_____ is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and helping others in the community.

A)Environmental science
B)Service learning
C)Hidden curriculum
D)Religious learning

Question 52

Mark,an adolescent,attends a program in his school in which he is taught about basic moral concepts,and codes of behavior that are in accordance with the moral concepts.Mark's instructor also warns him that violation of the moral codes would be dealt with severe sanctions.The program aims to teach students a basic moral code so that they do not engage in immoral behavior and cause harm to themselves or others.Which moral education program is Mark's school following?

A)A hidden curriculum
B)Character education
C)Cognitive moral education
D)A values clarification program

Question 53

One important goal of service learning is to help students:

A)become less self-centered.
B)improve their grades.
C)develop their academic skills.
D)become more competitive and ambitious.

Question 54

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory has been the basis for a number of _____ programs.

A)cognitive moral education
B)values clarification
C)service learning
D)character education

Question 55

Researchers found that students who participated in service learning were more likely to:

A)become self-centered.
B)have higher self-esteem.
C)participate in religious activites.
D)have lower grades.

Question 56

At Boston Sacred Heart School all the students in grades 9 to 12 are asked to participate in community building programs.Students were asked to choose from a wide range of initiatives,such as helping older adults,conducting activities in orphaneges,assisting animal-welfare workers,etc.The school also conducted group discussions where children were encouraged to reflect upon their experiences.This program aimed at enabling the students to become less self-centered and promote prosocial behavior.In this example,Boston Sacred Heart School uses _____.

A)life skillsbased training
B)service learning
C)classical conditioning
D)operant conditioning

Question 57

_____ are beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be.

A)Perceptions
B)Ethics
C)Values
D)Thoughts

Question 58

Hidden curriculum differs from values clarification in that hidden curriculum:

A)is conveyed by the moral atmosphere that is a part of every school.
B)is based on the belief that students should develop such values as democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops.
C)fails to stress distinctions between right and wrong behavior.
D)does not tell students what their values should be.

Question 59

The _____ approach to moral education encompasses reflective moral thinking and commitment to justice advocated in Kohlberg's approach along with an emphasis on developing a particular moral character as advocated in the character education approach.

A)integrative
B)normative
C)prescriptive
D)induced

Question 60

In the _____,the moral atmosphere is created by school and classroom rules,the moral orientation of teachers and school administrators,and text materials.

A)hidden curriculum
B)character education
C)political orientation
D)values clarification

Question 61

In late teens most individuals: A)often begin to think about careers on an idealistic basis.
B)usually turn serious about their careers as they explore different career possibilities.
C)choose a major or specialization that is designed to lead to work in a particular field.
D)have completed their education or training and entered a full-time occupation.

Question 62

Educators wanting to reduce the dropout rate should:

A)provide early reading programs and tutoring.
B)provide easy access to computers and instruction in computer technology.
C)provide monetary incentives for school attendance and academic performance.
D)raise the required number of days of attendance per year.

Question 63

Which of the following is one of the most common cause for dropping out of high school?

A)Early marriage
B)Work to help support the family
C)Not liking school
D)Poor relations with peers

Question 64

Describe the key changes in adolescent information processing and explain how these changes affect the adolescent.

Question 65

What is adolescent egocentrism? What are its key components?

Question 66

Researchers have found that participation in extracurricular activities is linked to:

A)reduced school engagement.
B)greater likelihood of dropping out of school.
C)lower rates of depression.
D)lower self-esteem.

Question 67

The increase in _____ lets adolescents consider various ideas about religious and spiritual concepts.

A)abstract thinking
B)trial-and-error learning
C)adolescent egocentrism
D)the imaginary audience phenomenon

Question 68

Researchers who have charted the transition from elementary to middle school find that:

A)many students find the first year of middle school to be difficult.
B)most students perform better in academic and extracurricular activities during the first year of middle school.
C)most students experience an increase in adolescent egocentrism during the transition to middle school.
D)most students experience the imaginary audience phenomenon during the first year of middle school.

Question 69

Describe danger invulnerability and psychological invulnerability.

Question 70

Which of the following statements is true about the top-dog phenomenon?

A)It refers to an adolescent's tendency to indulge in risk-taking behavior,to maintain the top-position amongst his or her peers.
B)It refers to the circumstance of moving from the top position in elementary school to the lowest position in middle or junior high school.
C)It refers to adolescents' belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are.
D)It refers to an adolescent's sense of uniqueness and invincibility.

Question 71

Hector,an adolescent,often engages in rash driving.Though he has witnessed several of his friends getting hurt,he feels that such an eventuality will never happen to him.His friends have advised him not to drive while drinking.However,Hector believes that he is different from everyone else,and no one can understand how he really feels.Explain Hector's bevior using the adolescent egocentrism approach.

Question 72

One finding from the Carnegie Corporation's 1989 report,Turning Points,was that most middle schools and junior high schools tend to:

A)be too small to provide a diversified curriculum.
B)involve parents and community leaders in schools.
C)provide health care and counseling services to students.
D)teach from seemingly irrelevant curricula.

Question 73

Describe the characteristics of Jean Piaget's stage of formal operational thought and give examples of each characteristic.Discuss David Elkind's conceptualization of adolescent egocentrism.

Question 74

Turning Points 2000 continued to endorse the recommendations set forth in Turning Points 1989.One new recommendation in the 2000 report stated that:

A)it is important to teach a curriculum grounded in rigorous academic standards for what students should know and should be able to learn.
B)large middle schools can develop smaller "communities" or "houses" to lessen their impersonal nature.
C)it is important to involve parents and community leaders in schools.
D)it is important to lower student-to-counselor ratios from several hundred-to-1 to 10-to-

Question 75

Which of the following is true?

A)Critics stress that many high schools foster autonomy rather than passivity.
B)The transition to middle school from elementary school is a smooth one for most students.
C)Educators worry that middle schools mimic the curricular and extracurricular schedules of high schools.
D)Students in middle school tend to feel less grown up than they felt in elementary school.

Question 76

The National Research Council (2004)recommended which of the following as a way to improve U.S.high schools?

A)Involve students in public health care.
B)Discourage students from taking on community service involvement.
C)Find ways to get students more engaged in learning.
D)Encourage students to focus on one extracurricular activity at a time.

Question 77

The 1989 Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development report recommended that middle schools:

A)should separate students into smaller,more personal units and involve parents more.
B)should focus on the academic curriculum and downplay the extracurricular programs.
C)should increase student-to-counselor ratios.
D)should be integrated with high schools to take advantage of having older adolescents as role models.

Question 78

In Erik Erikson's (1968)theory,as part of their search for_____,adolescents begin to grapple in more sophisticated,logical ways with such questions as "Why am I on this planet?" ,"Is there really a God or higher spiritual being?",and "What really are my religious views?"

A)ego strength
B)identity
C)autonomy
D)a sense of competence

Question 79

Moving from the oldest student in middle school to the youngest in high school is known as:

A)top-of-the-heap phenomenon.
B)bottom-of-the-pile phenomenon.
C)top-dog phenomenon.
D)younger sibling syndrome.

Question 80

William Damon (2008)suggested that many of today's adolescents:

A)have realistic career goals.
B)have fantasy career goals that have no connection to reality.
C)want to take up a career path that is similar to their parents.
D)choose career paths that their peers choose.