Deck 3: The Search for Causes

Question 1

Which of Merton's categories would a law-abiding citizen fall into?

A)Ritualist
B)Conformist
C)Innovator
C)Retreatist

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A theoretical approach that holds that crime is the natural consequence of economic and other social inequities is called:

A)Positivist theory.
B)Conflict theory.
C)Social theory.
D)Biological theory.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The relatively stable characteristic patterns of thoughts,feelings,and behaviors that make a person unique,and that influence that person's behavior is:

A)Social norms.
B)Behavioral conditioning.
C)Personality.
D)Psychoanalysis.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The ___________ is a perspective on criminological thought that highlights the process of interaction between individuals and society.

A)Social process theory
B)Chicago School theory
C)The broken windows theory
D)Neoclassical criminology

Question 5

A theory of human behavior,based on the writings of Sigmund Freud,that sees personality as a complex composite of interacting mental entities is found in:

A)Social norms.
B)Behavioral conditioning.
C)Personality.
D)Psychoanalysis.

Question 6

A branch of criminology that was developed after World War II and that builds on the tenets of postmodern social thought is known as:

A)Deconstruction criminology.
B)Feminist criminology.
C)Postmodern criminology.
D)Social criminology.

Question 7

A perspective on criminological thought that views offensive and deviant behavior as the product of dysfunctional personality is:

A)Classical School.
B)Feminist criminology.
C)Social learning theory.
D)Psychological School.

Question 8

______________ is known as the father of modern criminology.

A)Merton
B)Lombroso
C)Merton
D)Miller

Question 9

A ___________ is a set of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe,explain,predict,and ultimately control some class of events.

A)Hypothesis
B)Conflict Perspective
C)Trait
D)Theory

Question 10

What is atavism?

A)A term used to characterize aggression
B)A term used to denote one of the concentric zones
C)A condition characterized by the existence of features thought to be common in earlier stages of human evolution
D)A term used to describe anomie

Question 11

In 2013,Connecticut Chief Medical Examiner H.Wayne Carver,ordered the testing of Newton,Connecticut,school shooter Adam Lanza's DNA in an effort to determine "if he possessed any genetic abnormalities that could have led to his violent behavior." This is an examples of which of the theories listed below?

A)Heredity and heritability
B)Behavioral conditioning
C)Chromosome theory
D)Biosocial criminology theory

Question 12

Sigmund Freud is most closely related to which type of psychological theory:

A)Psychoanalysis.
B)The Psychological School.
C)Personality.
D)Behavioral conditioning.

Question 13

A violation of social norms defining appropriate or proper behavior under a particular set of circumstances is known as:

A)Deviance.
B)Theory.
C)Hypothesis.
D)Social process theory.

Question 14

A condition said to exist when a group is faced with social change,uneven development of culture,maladaptiveness,disharmony,conflict,and lack of consensus is known as:

A)Anomie.
B)Social ecological theory.
C)Subculture of violence.
D)Social disorganization.

Question 15

Which of the following is a sociological approach that emphasizes demographics and geographics,and that characterizes delinquency areas as a major cause of criminality and victimization?

A)Psychological School
B)Chicago School
C)Positivist School
D)Postmodernism

Question 16

An explanation that accounts for a set of facts that can be tested by further investigation is known as:

A)Deviance.
B)Theory.
C)Hypothesis.
D)Social process theory.

Question 17

A psychological principle that holds that the frequency of any behavior can be increased or decreased through reward,punishment,and association with other stimuli is:

A)Social norms.
B)Behavioral conditioning.
C)Personality.
D)Psychoanalysis.

Question 18

What would you call a scientist who examines the shape of the head to determine causes of human behavior?

A)Botanist
B)Nutritionalist
C)Atavist
D)Phrenologist

Question 19

The ________________ is an eighteenth-century approach to crime causation and criminal responsibility that emphasizes free will and reasonable punishments.

A)Classical School
B)Feminist criminology
C)Social learning theory
D)Psychological School

Question 20

Distinct portions of a cell's DNA that carry coded instructions for making everything the body needs are known as:

A)Chromosomes.
B)Genes.
C)Somatotypes.
D)Biochemical imbalances.

Question 21

Deconstructionist theory is one of the emerging approaches that challenges existing criminological perspectives to debunk them and that works toward replacing them with concepts more applicable to the postmodern era.

Question 22

______________ School is an approach to criminal justice theory that stresses the application of scientific techniques to the study of crime and criminals.

Question 23

Subculture of violence is a belief that an area's physical features may be modified and structured so as to reduce crime rates in that area and to lower the fear of victimization that residents experience.

Question 24

An eighteenth-century approach to crime causation and criminal responsibility that grew out of the Enlightenment and that emphasized the role of free will and reasonable punishment comes from the _______________ School of criminological theory.

Question 25

Modern criminology is a perspective that holds that crime-control agencies and the citizens they serve should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime.

Question 26

Franz Joseph Gall is most closely associated with the __________ theory of the causation of crime.

Question 27

Feminist criminology is a developing intellectual approach that emphasizes gender issues in criminology.

Question 28

Anomie is a socially pervasive condition of normlessness.

Question 29

A fairly new perspective that holds that crime-control agencies and the citizens they serve should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime is known as ___________________ criminology.

Question 30

The defensible space theory occurs when violence is a traditional and often accepted method of dispute resolution.

Question 31

A social process perspective that sees continued crime as a consequence of the limited opportunities for acceptable behavior that follow from the negative responses of society to those defined as offenders is known as the social development theory.

Question 32

William Sheldon used somatotyping to explain juvenile criminal behavior.

Question 33

A psychopath is a person with a personality disorder,especially one manifested in aggressively antisocial behavior,which is often said to be the result of a poorly developed superego.

Question 34

The Biological School views deviant behavior as the product of environmental forces.

Question 35

The social _______________ theory is a psychological perspective that says that people learn how to behave by modeling themselves after others whom they have the opportunity to observe.

Question 36

Postmodern criminology is a branch of criminology that developed after World War II and that builds on the tenets of postmodern social thought.

Question 37

All deviant behavior is a violation of the criminal law.

Question 38

Broken windows theory is a perspective on crime causation that holds that the physical deterioration of an area leads to higher crime rates and an increased concern for personal safety among residents.

Question 39

Reaction formation is the process whereby a person openly rejects that which he or she wants or aspires to but cannot obtain or achieve.

Question 40

Phrenology is the study of the shape of the head to determine anatomical correlates of human behavior.

Question 41

Compare and contrast the Restraint Theories.Include analysis on the Labeling,Containment,and Social Control theories.

Question 42

The theory that criminality is largely the result of conscious choices that people make.According to the ________________Choice theory,offenders choose to violate the law when they believe that the benefits of doing so outweigh the costs.

Question 43

A perspective on crime causation that holds that physical deterioration in an area leads to higher crime rates is the thesis of _________________ windows.

Question 44

A condition characterized by the existence of features thought to be common in earlier stages of human evolution is known as the ________________ theory.

Question 45

Compare and contrast the Psychological and Sociological theories of the causation of crime.Which of the two,if any,in your opinion is a valid theory on the causes of crime? Support your views with facts and data.

Question 46

Define and comment on the biosocial theory of criminology.Include the chromosome theory and the gender ratio problem.

Question 47

The attempt to categorize,understand,and predict the behavior of certain types of offenders
based on behavioral clues they provide is known as _________________ profiling.

Question 48

Define and comment on the conflict perspective theory of crime causation,including social policy and peacemaking criminology.

Question 49

What is a theory? Describe the steps in criminological theory building,and explain the role that social research plays in the development of theories about crime.

Question 50

What is meant by "emergent perspectives"? List and define three emergent perspectives on crime causation.

Question 51

A theory of human behavior based on psychoanalysis is most closely related with _________.

Question 52

List and define the basic assumptions of classical theories of crime causation,and the neoclassical perspective.