Deck 17: Making Decisions About Computers, Information, and Society

Question 1

Although music sales on physicalmedia still account for slightly over half of the recording industry's revenue,39% now comes from digital sales and VoIP._________________________

Answer 1

False
- streaming

Question 2

The scholarly field of ethics has a long history ofstudying how to identify and resolve conflicts.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

All musicians are naturally opposed to music file sharing.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

____ is a technologythat encrypts a computer file so it can only be used according to the wishes of thecopyright holder.

A) Digital rights management
B) File sharing
C) Wiretapping
D) Peer-to-peer

Question 5

Using the utilitarians' criterion requires subjective judgments._________________________

Question 6

BitTorrent isthe most popular current peer-to-peer file sharing system and accounts for 7% of Internet traffic, putting it in
fourth place overall (after Netflix, YouTube, and HTTP traffic)._________________________

Question 7

By most accounts, the majority of music that Napster users "shared" was copyrighted, and most of the copyright holders objected to the copying of their music without royalty payments.

Question 8

Napster lost the case accusing it of copyright infringement but won subsequent appeals.

Question 9

VoIP stands for Voice over InternetProtocol._________________________

Question 10

Today, more than ____ U.S.households have no landline-basedphone, and that percentage is growing rapidly.

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 40%

Question 11

The most well-known consequentialists are the neo-Luddites._________________________

Question 12

What would a careful utilitarian declare an act if HAPPINESS_AFTER = HAPPINESS_BEFORE?

A) good
B) evil
C) ethically neutral
D) not relevant

Question 13

An ethical dialectic usually has a clean stopping point.

Question 14

Some people view hackers as social gadflies, people who raise important, but irritating, questions about society.

Question 15

Music file copying has encouraged CD buying over the long term.

Question 16

The Napster software set up what's called ____ file sharing.

A) freeware
B) MP3
C) peer-to-peer
D) client-server

Question 17

Once Napster helpedusers find each other electronically, the file sharing took place through Napster.

Question 18

Most ethicists agree that since there are many more music publishers than listeners, MP3 copying is okay.

Question 19

"Sharing" of music and movies was rare prior to thepopularity of high-speed Internet.

Question 20

____ answer the question "Good for whom?" with a hearty, "Good for everyone!".

A) Deontologists
B) Consequentialists
C) Utilitarians
D) Intelligent agents

Question 21

The new way of thinking about making and sharing music will deemphasize the need for large ____ companies.

A) record
B) music
C) software
D) publishing

Question 22

The philosopher ____ was known to say "never treat a fellow human merely as a means to an end."

A) Descartes
B) Turing
C) Aristotle
D) Kant

Question 23

____ calls can be made from any place that the user can get an Internet connection.

A) FTP
B) VoIP
C) Linux
D) MP3

Question 24

Social ____ are people who raise important, but irritating, questions about society.

A) gadflies
B) gadabouts
C) hackers
D) dialectics

Question 25

The opponents of ____________________ hold that in the long run there may be far less music available because artists and publishers will have far less incentive to create and disseminate music.

Question 26

The "hacker ethic" makes the claim that ____.

A) all hacking is positive hacking
B) information sharing is a powerful positive good
C) hackers are ethically ok as long as they have fun
D) hacking is acceptable as long as it is a solitary activity

Question 27

A(n) ____ is someone who breaks into computer systems, launches Internet worms and viruses, or perpetrates other dubious computer-related vandalism.

A) encryption
B) PGP
C) utilitarian
D) hacker

Question 28

Perhaps the most famous ____ was the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, who was born in the eighteenth century.

A) utilitarian
B) Consequentualist
C) deontologist
D) hacktivist

Question 29

The final step of the paramedic method is to ____.

A) make a decision or revisit the steps
B) identify stakeholders
C) identify what is at stake
D) think of analogies

Question 30

The power of ____________________ is that it can transfer our understandings and intuitions about something well known to a situation or entity that is less well known.

Question 31

A fundamental question in ____________________ is what criteria to use when "measuring" the rightness or wrongness of a particular act.

Question 32

The word ____ is from the Greek and means "the study of duty."

A) encryption
B) hacker
C) deontology
D) modus ponens

Question 33

One of the challenges when using a(n) ____________________ argument in a dialectic about hacking is that it is sometimes difficult to predict consequences with any accuracy.

Question 34

Ideally, in a(n) ____________________, the ultimate goal is for both sides to "win" by moving closer to the truth from two different perspectives.

Question 35

Ethicists depend on what is called a(n) ____ to try to make better and better ethical decisions.

A) categorical imperative
B) dialectic
C) reductionist argument
D) deontology

Question 36

Kant came up with ____ that characterized the duties we humans have to each other.

A) ten laws
B) a mathematical formulation
C) categorical imperatives
D) an algorithm

Question 37

____ arguments focus on the duties of the person acting and the way the act impinges on the rights of others.

A) Utilitarian
B) Consequentialist
C) Hacker
D) Deontological

Question 38

The first step in the paramedic method is to ____.

A) ask what is at stake
B) identify stakeholders
C) identify duties and responsibilities
D) think of analogies

Question 39

A ____ focuses on the consequences of an act to determine if the act is good or bad.

A) consequentialist
B) universalist
C) PGP
D) dialectic

Question 40

In a(n) ____, we move back and forth between different viewpoints, criticizing each and trying to learn from each.

A) encryption scheme
B) dialectic
C) utilitarian scheme
D) PGP

Question 41

Define cyberbullying.

Question 42

Explain what WikiLeaks is, how it operates, and what its goal is.

Question 43

Using the VoIP case from thisChapter, walk through the interested parties and how the establishment of lawful intercepts affects the happiness of these parties.

Question 44

Explain what sexting is.

Question 45

What are two challenges associated with using a utilitarian argument in a dialectic about hacking?

Question 46

What are the components of the "hacker ethic" described in the text?

Question 47

Identify two of the major leaks in which WikiLeaks has been involved.

Question 48

What is impersonation, in the context of cyberbullying?

Question 49

What is Kant's second categorical imperative?

Question 50

What is Anonymous? What are its best-known actions?