Deck 8: Thinking About Parenthood

Question 1

The world's population is expected to grow to over __ 9 billion by 2050.

A)3
B)5
C)7
D)9
E)11

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Every time you and your spouse go to see your Grandma, she starts up again with "When are you two going to have children? What are you waiting for? Don't you know how great it is to be parents?" This is an example of:

A)fecundity.
B)the medicalization of children.
C)pronatalism.
D)the parental movement.
E)the USDA.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to the USDA, housing accounts for _____ percent of the costs associated with raising a child.

A)20
B)30
C)40
D)50
E)60

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Developed nations such as the United States, Canada, or in Western Europe tend to have __________fertility rates and __________ mortality rates.

A)high; low
B)low; low
C)steady; high
D)low; steady
E)high; high

Question 5

The USDA estimates that it will cost __________ to raise a child born in 2011 until his or her 18th birthday.

A)$121,000
B)$158,000
C)$197,000
D)$210,000
E)$234,900

Question 6

A study by the Pew Charitable Trust asked people where they find the most fulfillment in their lives. Eighty-five percent of parents said:

A)their careers.
B)their minor children.
C)their spouse.
D)their jobs.
E)their adult friends.

Question 7

Jan is concerned about the opportunity costs associated with raising children.Opportunity costs include:

A)housing.
B)childcare.
C)personal happiness.
D)part-time work.
E)the threat of divorce.

Question 8

Judith Cates, profiled in the feature box, is unusual because:

A)she had twins while in her late 50s.
B)she delivered sextuplets.
C)she delivered a baby while undergoing a sex change operation to be a man.
D)she did not know she was pregnant until she delivered a baby.
E)she had a baby at the age of 11.

Question 9

Which group has the highest fertility rate today?

A)Whites
B)Blacks
C)Asian-Americans
D)Native Americans
E)Hispanics

Question 10

According to the text, one reason that studies show that the costs of children outweigh the benefits is:

A)the rewards are more subjective and difficult to measure.
B)opportunity costs remain higher than the rewards.
C)having children tends to isolate parents rather than connecting them with others.
D)the research does not follow people over time.
E)more research is done with women than with men.

Question 11

Population statistics reflect two important trends. These are:

A)fertility rate; mortality rate
B)sex ratio; average age of population
C)fertility rates; fecundity rate
D)sex ratio; percentage of elderly in population
E)average age of population; mortality rate

Question 12

Juan and Tracey, in the opening vignette, are an example of:

A)a same-sex couple raising children.
B)parents who adopted two children after experiencing infertility.
C)divorced parents who share custody of their child.
D)parents who are raising eleven children.
E)a couple who are childfree by choice.

Question 13

Historically, total fertility rate in the U.S:
A) has steadily increased since the turn of the 20ᵗʰ century.

A)rose around the Great Depression and then deceased during the 1950s.
B)has steadily decreased since the turn of the 20th century.
C)fell during the Great Depression and then rose in the 1950s.
D)have remained relatively consistent.

Question 14

Ruth is experiencing infertility, which is defined as:

A)the inability to get pregnant after five years of trying.
B)having at least 3 miscarriages.
C)the inability to get pregnant after one year of trying.
D)having a child over age 45.
E)the inability to carry a fetus to term.

Question 15

Which is TRUE about infertility?

A)It affects nearly 3 million people of childbearing age.
B)Three-quarters of infertility difficulties can be traced to the female.
C)Assisted reproductive technology includes all fertility treatments in which both egg and sperm are handled.
D)About one in ten ART cycles results in a pregnancy, although it drops to one in twenty among women over age 40.
E)ART is no longer controversial or has any particular ethical considerations.

Question 16

A cultural value that encourages childbearing is called:

A)pronatalism.
B)opportunity costs.
C)direct costs.
D)fecundity.
E)total fertility.

Question 17

In 1970, the average age at which women had their first child was 21; today it is __________.

A)22
B)25
C)29
D)32
E)35

Question 18

The average number of children born to women during their lifetimes is called the:

A)general fertility rate.
B)crude fertility rate.
C)total fertility rate.
D)refined fertility rate.
E)cross-sectional fertility rate.

Question 19

The number of children born per 1,000 women aged 15-44 is called the:

A)general fertility rate.
B)crude fertility rate.
C)total fertility rate.
D)refined fertility rate.
E)cross-sectional fertility rate.

Question 20

Several fundamental changes are occurring with the value associated with having children. Which is NOT one of these changes?

A)Parents are older than in the past.
B)More people are choosing to forgo parenthood.
C)People are having larger families after a 20-year decline in family size.
D)Education and job opportunities for women continue to expand.
E)Pronatalism has declined, but it has not been eliminated.

Question 21

With respect to couples who are voluntarily childfree:

A)childfree couples usually experience their decision as a process that is revisited several times.
B)men are more likely to have firm opinions about not having children than are women.
C) older childfree couples have higher rates of depression than do couples with children.
D)older childfree couples have more extensive relationships with their friends and extended family than do couples with children.
E)older childfree couples are less likely to live in an institution than are couples with children.

Question 22

Population statistics reflect both fertility rates and death rates.

Question 23

Which is TRUE about adoption?

A)A closed adoption is one that occurs through a licensed public agency.
B)Closed adoptions were popular in the past, but today adoptions are more likely to be open.
C)A review of college family textbooks and readers shows that adoption is covered extensively and the focus tends to be on the positive aspects rather than the negative aspects of adoption.
D)Although few people are adopted, one larger survey found that nearly one- third of people have some direct personal connection with adoption.
E)Private adoptions tend to be less expensive than public adoptions.

Question 24

Which of the following reservations regarding adopting children by gay and lesbian parents has been shown to have some validity?

A)Children raised in homosexual households will become gay.
B)Children raised in homosexual households will develop mental health problems.
C)Children raised in homosexual households are vulnerable to teasing.
D)Homosexual parents might molest their children.
E)Homosexual parents are not able to provide stable home environments.

Question 25

There are several reasons that contribute to the challenge associated with the transition to parenthood, according to Alice Rossi. Which is NOT one of them?

A)Pronatalist sentiment may pressure people to become parents even they may not be ready or want to be parents.
B)Most people are surprised to find that being a parent is quite different from being a child.
C)Most parents have limited experience in childcare.
D)Becoming a parent is abrupt, unlike many other roles.
E)Complex changes must occur in the couple's relationship, and activities become more instrumental.

Question 26

The Baby M case demonstrates some of the complications that can arise from:

A)traditional surrogacy.
B)substitute parenting.
C)cultural motherhood.
D)gestational surrogacy.
E)interracial adoption

Question 27

The United States currently offers parents:

A)12 weeks of unpaid leave
B)14 weeks of paid leave at 60 percent salary
C)16 weeks on paid leave
D)18 weeks of unpaid leave
E)3 years of unpaid leave

Question 28

An open adoption is one that allows:

A)parents to adopt without any prior screening.
B)children to opt out of the adoption agreement when they reach high school.
C)adopted children to have contact with their birth parents.
D)parents to adopt a child of a different race or ethnicity.
E)single parents to adopt children.

Question 29

The period of the 1950s is known as the baby bust.

Question 30

Ashley and her partner do not have children. Which of the following is a macro-level factor that may have contributed to their fertility?

A)They don't want to have children.
B)Ashley experienced infertility.
C)Neither earns very much money and they don't feel that they can afford a child.
D)They live in a culture in which children are more of a liability than a benefit.
E)They are rebelling against their parents who are pressuring them to give them grandchildren to play with.

Question 31

The number of children born per 1,000 in the population is called the total birth rate.

Question 32

Lucas is a family scientist specializing in fertility. He measures fertility using the total fertility rate, which is the average number of children born to a woman over the course of her life.

Question 33

The medicalization of childbirth began around:

A)the end of the 18ᵗʰ century.
B)the middle of the 19ᵗʰ century.
C)during the Great Depression.
D)during the sexual revolution of the late 1960s.
E)the 1990s.

Question 34

A relationship in which one woman gives birth for another person or couple, who then adopts or takes legal custody of the child, is called:

A)ART.
B)IVF.
C)substitute parenting.
D)cultural motherhood.
E)surrogacy.

Question 35

Birth centers have become more popular in the last few decades in response to:

A)the dangers of gestational surrogacy.
B)the difficulty involved in adopting a child.
C)the increase in the rate of infertility.
D)the Family Medical Leave Act.
E)) the medicalization of childbirth.

Question 36

The transition to parenthood:

A)is more challenging for men because they face a greater contradiction in roles between breadwinner and father.
B)is innate.
C)is primarily a matter of juggling work and family.
D)is similar for men and women because they tend to think about their babies in similar ways and analyze their thoughts so that they fit the image of "good"
Mothers and fathers.
E)provides a good example of "doing gender."

Question 37

Adoption:

A)of minority children by White parents generally results in children who know very little about their cultural heritage.
B)rarely occurs among the never-married: Among adoptive parents, only 6 percent of women and 1 percent of men have never been married.
C)from China has increased in recent years, while the number of adoptions from Guatemala and Russia have declined.
D)internationally is often a result of political decisions around the world that produce orphans, such as China's one-child policy.
E)internationally poses great risk because children are usually not available for adoption for at least 6-12 months, and therefore most often fail to thrive with
Their new families.

Question 38

Sophie just had a baby, and her government ensures that she has 16 weeks of paid maternity leave, with 3 additional years of unpaid leave if she wants it. Her husband also has 11 days of paid leave. What country does Sophie live in?

A)the United States
B)Canada
C)Switzerland
D)Australia
E)France

Question 39

The fertility rate in developed nations now exceeds that of developing nations.

Question 40

Which of the following has NOT been shown to be a factor that makes the transition to childbearing so challenging?

A)pronatalism
B)lack of experience
C)adjusting to time away from work
D)the abruptness of the change
E)changes in the parents' relationship

Question 41

Pronatalism is a cultural value that encourages childbearing.

Question 42

The reasons for delayed parenthood are both biological and social in nature.

Question 43

"Reproductive tourism" refers to the choice some couples make to conceive children in other countries, in order to take advantage of those countries' childcare services.

Question 44

The fertility rate rose sharply after World War II through the 1950s.

Question 45

One of the rewards of parenting is referred to as localized rewards.

Question 46

How we conceive children and give birth to them is influenced by macro-level factors.

Question 47

Beginning in the 1850s, "orphan trains" are services that connect adopted children with their biological parents.

Question 48

During the twentieth century, childbirth shifted from a home-based event to a hospital-based and sickness-oriented model.

Question 49

While the majority of adoptive U.S. parents are White, most adopted children belong to an ethnic or racial minority.

Question 50

Women usually have firmer opinions about choosing to forgo parenthood than do men.

Question 51

Surrogacy is strictly regulated by the federal government.

Question 52

The USDA estimates that it will cost over $234,900 to raise a child born in 2011 until he or she is 18.

Question 53

Since about 1975, fertility rates have declined significantly.

Question 54

About 20 percent of women between the ages of 40 and 44 are childfree, double the number just a generation ago.

Question 55

"When are you two going to have a baby?" your mother asks. "You should have children so you're not lonely in old age." Her comments reflect anti-natalism.

Question 56

Today, Whites and American Indian/Alaska Natives have the fewest children, on average.

Question 57

Infertility is defined as not getting pregnant after one year of trying, and affects about 12 percent of adults of childbearing age.

Question 58

Out-of-pocket expenses for things like food, clothing, and housing for children are referred to as a/an opportunity cost.

Question 59

One study found that less than half of parents reported that their children were the most fulfilling part of their lives.

Question 60

Due to the high rate of childbirth by C-section, the United States has one of the highest infant and maternal mortality rates among developed nations.

Question 61

List the three ways of measuring fertility.

Question 62

The United States is one of four developed nations that offer only 6 weeks of paid maternity leave.

Question 63

Many new parents find the transition to parenthood to be very easy because of pronatalist sentiment and their own experiences caring for children.

Question 64

The image of a "good mother" and "good woman" requires balancing two cultural images that can be at odds with one another, but this is not the case for men.

Question 65

What is pronatalism?

Question 66

According to parents surveyed, what are the major benefits of having children?

Question 67

Population trends and changes are related to many different macro-level issues.List four of these issues:

Question 68

Distinguish between direct financial costs and opportunity costs and give an example of each.

Question 69

As of late 2010, 23 states have a ban against gays and lesbians adopting children.

Question 70

List two social reasons for delayed parenthood.

Question 71

List three differences between childfree older couples and older couples with adult children.

Question 72

What do we mean when we say that childbirth has become more "medicialized" over the past century?

Question 73

Identify a potential health risk of ART.

Question 74

List three facts about C-sections in the U.S. that has the World Health Organization worried.

Question 75

Deeya would like to adopt a baby. She has contacted several agencies that specialize in placing children in adoptive families. This is known as a __________ adoption.

Question 76

The trend in international adoption from Russia, Guatemala, and China - considered the big three countries for adoption - show a sharp increase until the mid-2000s, and then a sharp decline.

Question 77

How long must a couple attempt to become pregnant before they are considered infertile?

Question 78

Why did fertility rates drop in the Great Depression?

Question 79

An opportunity cost associated with children is:

Question 80

Your father was adopted when he was a baby. He knows nothing about his birth mother or father because the records were sealed. He has no way to trace his biological ancestry. This is an example of a/an __________ adoption.