Deck 8: Picture Archiving and Communication Systems

Question 1

A CR examination consisting of two images with an image size of 2048 x 2048 x 12 will result in ____ MB of data.

A)12
B)14
C)16
D)18

Answer 1

16

Question 2

Privacy, authentication, and integrity are vital security concerns surrounding an electronic radiology department.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The ____ is a PACS developed by the radiology department and hospital using technical components from various manufacturers to suit the needs of the hospital.

A)partnership model
B)turnkey model
C)home-grown model
D)application service provider model

Answer 3

home-grown model

Question 4

The ultimate goal of workflow is to improve patient care and the efficiency of various processes, from patient registration and image acquisition to report generation, archiving, and image/report distribution throughout the health care enterprise.

Question 5

Joint photographic experts group (JPEG) image compression features either lossy or lossless compression methods.

Question 6

In the ____, a system integrator provides all PACS-related service to a client, which can be the entire hospital or practice group. No IT requirements are required by the client.

A)partnership model
B)application service provider model
C)home-grown model
D)turnkey model

Question 7

Integration profiles represent a central feature of IHE specifications.

Question 8

A(n) ____ is a router, a computer, or even a small network containing routes and computers that is used to connect two networks to provide security.

A)firewall
B)intranet
C)bandwidth
D)node

Question 9

Communication and integration of all of the ____ components require the use of communication protocol standards.

A)IHE
B)DICOM
C)PACS
D)HL-7

Question 10

The PACS is concerned primarily with image data, and the RIS deals with textual data such as patient demographics.

Question 11

Digital image acquisition represents the final point where data and images are entered into a PACS, and, therefore, it is important that such entries are error-free, since errors generated here can propagate throughout the system, adversely affecting clinical operations.

Question 12

Some digital X-ray imaging modalities, as well as MRI, generate very large amounts of digital images that result in what has been referred to as a data explosion.

Question 13

____ is a communication standard configured for information systems, which addresses the communication of textual data, such as patient demographics, admission and discharge transfer, and the type of imaging examinations and radiology reports?

A)HL-7
B)CR
C)DHE
D)LAN

Question 14

In the early days of PACS development, FDA approval was not required since PACS was considered accessory equipment to image acquisition modalities.

Question 15

What is the data transfer rate of the network called?

A)LAN
B)links
C)node
D)bandwidth

Question 16

Which of the following is another type of network based on TCP/IP and used within a single organization, such as the radiology department?

A)network security
B)Internet
C)bandwidth
D)intranet

Question 17

In order for information to be communicated through the network, ____ are critical.

A)network protocols
B)magnetic disks
C)brokers
D)schemas

Question 18

Two types of RIS/HIS integration schemes are available: one is brokerless and the other one uses a broker and is the preferred and default method.

Question 19

While offline storage cannot be removed and provides immediate access to images (RAM for example) within seconds, nearline storage is removable (RAID for example) with longer image retrieval times.

Question 20

Which of the following are described in terms of matrix size, inherent spatial resolution, bit depth, number of slices, study sizes, and overall image quality?

A)computer networks
B)storage servers
C)image data sets
D)image acquisition modalities

Question 21

In a PACS environment, what has an impact on clerical personnel, technologists, and radiologists?

A)workflow
B)referral
C)transport
D)imaging

Question 22

These definitions imply that PACS is a digital radiology computer-based system or medical device where images acquired from a patient are displayed on monitors for viewing and subsequent digital image ____________________.

Question 23

A(n) ____ is a computer-based system that processes data to produce information in a form that can be understood by people using the system in order to solve problems.

A)integration
B)workflow
C)information system
D)firewall

Question 24

In a simple DICOM configuration, a CR unit sends images to a PACS for ____.

A)transmittal
B)service
C)imaging
D)storage

Question 25

____, an independent organization, plays an active role in not only developing the skill set for PACS Administrators but also providing access to certification examinations.

A)PARCA
B)CPSA
C)CPIA
D)HIPAA

Question 26

A(n) ____ is the element that reduces the size of the image file, and is therefore a very important variable in studies examining the effects of image compression on image quality.

A)image ratio
B)image display
C)compressed image
D)compression ratio

Question 27

The purpose of IHE is to ensure that all digital imaging systems and information systems from different vendors can communicate with each other using communication standards to integrate all ____________________ clinical information for the purpose of viewing such information collectively.

Question 28

An individual device is referred to as a node, and the connections among nodes are called ____________________.

Question 29

The lack of PACS interfacing to information systems such as radiology information systems (RIS) and hospital information systems (HIS) resulted in ____________________ problems, such as the delivery of data to specific locations at specific times, a function carried out by technologists in a film-based imaging department.

Question 30

Current ____________________ technologies for PACS include solid-state memory, magnetic data carriers (disk and tapes), and optical disks.

Question 31

Compression can be either ____________________ compression, or reversible compression, where no information is lost in the process.

Question 32

In the digital imaging environment, one of the central means of addressing this particular challenge requires the use of a(n) ____________________ archiving and communication systems.

Question 33

A LAN connects ____________________ that are separated by short distances such as within a radiology department, a building, or two or more buildings.

Question 34

A(n) ____ is a computer-based information system used to gather not only medical information about a patient but also all activities related to the hospital's administration, such as billing, accounting, statistics, personnel, budgets, and materials management, to mention only a few.

A)PACS
B)RIS
C)HIS
D)voice-recognition system

Question 35

____ became law in the United States in 1996 in an effort to reform health care by addressing several objectives relating to the protection of the patient's health information, standards for such information, fraud and abuse of such information, and so forth.

A)FDA
B)PARCA
C)HIPAA
D)CPSM

Question 36

A display and ____________________ workstation used in a PACS environment is a computer workstation consisting of hardware and software to facilitate the display of digital images for diagnostic interpretation and for review purposes.

Question 37

____, as defined by IHE, are information systems or components of information systems that produce, manage, or act on information associated with operational activities in the enterprise.

A)Integration profiles
B)Textual data
C)Actors
D)Data models

Question 38

____ refers to storage devices that must be retrieved by an individual and loaded into a drive for access to images.

A)Online storage
B)Nearline storage
C)Long-term storage
D)Offline storage

Question 39

To be a part of a PACS, image ____________________ modalities must be digital in nature.

Question 40

Which of the following offers the specification of strict requirements on the contents of the image header and the form of the pixel data itself for each type of modality, thereby improving interoperability?

A)ACR
B)DICOM
C)TCP/IP
D)COTS

Question 41

____________________ communication involves two devices, one called a user and the other a provider.

Question 42

DICOM specifies information object ____________________ to address what is contained in images from different imaging modalities.

Question 43

In order to integrate the two information systems, the RIS and the HIS, several data ____________________ standards have been developed.

Question 44

The primary function of the IHE integration profiles is to outline the roles of actors in the DICOM and ____________________ environment.

Question 45

A(n) ____________________ function is one that enables the user of the workstation to find the image or images to be reviewed.

Question 46

At low ____________________ ratios (8:1 or less), the loss of image quality is such that the image is still visually acceptable.

Question 47

PACS workstations and their use is that of workstation ____________________.

Question 48

For the management and care of patients, PACS have been implemented largely in hospitals and clinics where health care and medical information are the primary focus. These systems can also be used for teaching and ____________________ purposes.

Question 49

____________________ serves to combine all the components into a whole system so that they can all communicate with one and other.

Question 50

To address this need, radiology departments have created a new job title, the PACS ____________________.