Deck 7: Digital Mammography

Question 1

Image processing algorithms allow the human to pick up initial lesions and suspicious patterns.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Which of the following algorithms can produce digital mammograms very similar to standard screen-film mammograms but is limited by its operator dependence?

A)manual intensity windowing
B)histogram-based intensity windowing
C)mixture-model intensity windowing
D)contrast-limited adaptive histogram

Answer 2

manual intensity windowing

Question 3

Which detector consists of three major components: a scintillator, photodiodes, a thin film transistor (TFT) array, and a glass support?

A)charge-coupled
B)flat-panel a-Se
C)flat-panel a-Si
D)scintillator

Answer 3

flat-panel a-Si

Question 4

What is the only DM system that has not been approved by the FDA, even though this system is being used in Japan and in Europe as well?

A)Fuji Contrast-Enhanced
B)General Electric Senograph
C)Fuji Computed Radiography
D)Fischer Imaging

Question 5

Which system consists of the X-ray tube and generator systems coupled to the digital detector imaging system?

A)computer processing
B)ADC
C)digital image processing
D)data acquisition

Question 6

Which array is arranged as a matrix of pixels that are sensitive to the light from the CsI phosphor?

A)CRT
B)CCD
C)DQE
D)ADC

Question 7

When X-rays fall upon the a-Se layer, an electric charge is released and readout using an electrode pad.

Question 8

There are two objects that are of interest in the imaging process, the diamond- and oval-shaped objects, which are located at different levels in the breast.

Question 9

Data processing uses rule-based methods and other approaches such as discriminant analysis, artificial neural networks, and the decision-tree method to distinguish between normal and abnormal patterns based on features obtained in qualitative interpretation.

Question 10

Once the image is displayed on a monitor for viewing, the observer can now apply digital image pre-processing techniques.

Question 11

Contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization can also provide subtle edge information but might degrade performance in the screening setting by enhancing the visibility of nuisance information.

Question 12

Which of the following algorithms enhances the sharpness of the borders of mass lesions, but may make even an indistinct mass appear more circumscribed?

A)peripheral equalization
B)Trex processing
C)unsharp masking
D)manual intensity windowing

Question 13

Digital mammography (DM) is radiography of the breast using a digital detector coupled to a computer that makes use of digital image processing techniques to enhance the visibility of detail and contrast of the image.

Question 14

The CsI phosphor is deposited on top of the a-Si TFT array in a needle-like fashion (to reduce lateral dispersion of light in order to improve image detail) and converts X-rays into images.

Question 15

The DQE for F-S mammography system is about ____%.

A)25
B)35
C)45
D)55

Question 16

Which cassette contains the intensifying screen and the film that has been made for use in mammographic imaging?

A)mammography
B)screen-film
C)X-ray tube
D)radiography

Question 17

Mammography was developed as a dedicated imaging technique to detect breast cancer that has become prevalent among women in Europe.

Question 18

____ is defined as radiography of the breast; it is a prime example of soft tissue radiography, since the breast is composed of soft tissues such as adipose (fat), fibrous, and glandular tissue.

A)Chemical imaging
B)Sonography
C)Breast imaging
D)Mammography

Question 19

Digital mammography computer display monitors should be located in rooms that have ambient light of less than ____.

A)5 lux2
B)10 lux2
C)15 lux2
D)20 lux2

Question 20

The digital output from the computer must be converted from an analog signal so that it can be displayed on a monitor workstation.

Question 21

In ____, computer software is used as a tool to provide additional information to the radiologist and other related individuals in order to make a diagnosis.

A)MIW
B)CAD
C)HMIW
D)DM

Question 22

Image processing is designed to optimize the quality of the output, but it should be remembered that sub-optimal image processing and display has the potential to result in image degradation and ____________________.

Question 23

During which procedure does the X-ray tube move through various angles while the detector is stationary?

A)CAD
B)digital tomosynthesis
C)specific image processing
D)CR digital mammography

Question 24

____ uses rule-based methods and other approaches such as discriminant analysis, artificial neural networks, and the decision-tree method to distinguish between normal and abnormal patterns based on features obtained in quantitation.

A)CAD
B)Algorithms
C)Image processing
D)Data processing

Question 25

Which of the following involves at least three steps to distinguish between lesions and normal anatomical structures?

A)qualitative interpretation
B)data processing
C)image processing
D)quantitation

Question 26

The X-ray tube travels ____ during the exposure to acquire data while the image detector remains stationary.

A)in a horizontal line
B)in a circle
C)in a vertical line
D)in an arc

Question 27

Digital mammography can be used in visualizing ____ by using an iodinated contrast medium.

A)lesions
B)density
C)angiogenesis
D)tomosynthesis

Question 28

The detector system consists of a thin layer of a(n) ____________________, a-Se, deposited onto a readout layer of electronics.

Question 29

Picture archiving and ____________________ systems are now commonplace in hospitals, and the next consideration for DM is to send all the digitally acquired images to the PACS.

Question 30

If the radiologist needs a lighter or darker film or if the image contrast needs to be changed, then the technologist must perform the exam using a different set of ____________________ technique factors to demonstrate these required characteristics.

Question 31

When X-rays fall upon the __________________ layer, an electric charge is released and readout using an electric field.

Question 32

The ____________________ is central to a DM imaging system.

Question 33

Mammography must be able to show the ____________________ between a lesion that is located in the breast and the normal anatomy that is around that lesion.

Question 34

____ include filtering baser, Fourier analysis, artificial neural networks, wavelet transform, etc., to enhance and extract lesions.

A)Image processing algorithms
B)CAD
C)Quantitation
D)Digital tomosynthesis

Question 35

Peripheral equalization displays lesion details well and preserves the peripheral information in the surrounding breast, but there may be a flattening of the image contrast in the ____________________ portions of the image.

Question 36

After obtaining which image of the breast are several iodinated contrast images (contrast medium-enhanced) recorded?

A)scout
B)compression
C)contrast
D)stationary

Question 37

Film is processed using a chemical processor to render the latent image ____________________.

Question 38

Which of the following allows visualization of both lesion detail and breast edge information but reduces image contrast?

A)manual intensity windowing
B)Trex processing
C)unsharp masking
D)mixture-model intensity windowing

Question 39

____ uses the principles of conventional tomography to produce tomographic images that are intended to enhance the conspicuity of lesions by blurring out structures above and below the layer of interest.

A)Digital tomosynthesis
B)CAD systems
C)Quantitation
D)Discriminant analysis

Question 40

The scintillator is made up of cesium iodide (CsI) activated by ____________________.

Question 41

____________________ finds unique features that can be readily distinguished reliably between a lesion and other normal anatomical structures.

Question 42

CAD has been applied to ____________________ and diagnostic mammography, chest radiography, chest CT, cardiovascular systems, neuroradiology, virtual colonography, pediatric radiology, and to the musculoskeletal system.

Question 43

Digital mammography can be used in visualizing ____________________ by using an iodinated contrast medium.

Question 44

The overall diagnostic accuracy of digital and film mammography as a means of screening for breast cancer is similar, but ____________________ mammography is more accurate in women under the age of 50 years, women with radiographically dense breasts, and premenopausal or perimenopausal women.

Question 45

There are three major technical components of a CAD system: image processing, ____________________ of image features, and data processing.

Question 46

Two CAD systems commercially available for use in Radiology are the R2 Image Checker, R2 Technology from R2 Technology, Inc., Los Altos, California; and the CADx ____________________, CADx Medical Systems, Quebec, Canada.

Question 47

The computer uses image-processing algorithms for enhancement and ____________________ of lesions.

Question 48

In order to compare the clinical usefulness of a new technique with existing techniques, it is essential to conduct ____________________.

Question 49

The imaging technique for breast ____________________ has two methods of acquiring data, namely the step-and-shoot method and the continuous exposure method.

Question 50

____________________ systems are essentially based on two approaches: those that use location of lesions by using the computer to search for abnormal patterns and those that quantify the image features of normal and/or abnormal patterns.