Deck 10: Language and Education

Question 1

Prosody involves _____ sounds are produced.

A)when
B)where
C)how
D)why

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Word segmentation is best defined as the number of

A)letters in a word.
B)distinct sounds in a word.
C)distinct words in a sentence.
D)sentences in a paragraph.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

How many of the following ("d," "da," "dada," "daddy") are phonemes?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The systematic rules for forming sentences is referred to as

A)phonology.
B)prosody.
C)syntax.
D)pragmatics.

Question 5

When four-year-old Methuselah sees an elderly gentleman enter a store, he screams, "Mommy, look at that old man who looks like he should be dead!" The fact that Methuselah does not yet realize that such statements are socially inappropriate indicates that he lacks a complete understanding of the _____ of language.

A)semantics
B)syntax
C)prosody
D)pragmatics

Question 6

Shakespeare turned in a paper in his English composition class. The teacher returned it with a note that he needs to work on sentence structure (i.e., the order in which words are placed in a sentence). To which aspect of language does this comment refer?

A)Phonology
B)Morphology
C)Prosody
D)Syntax

Question 7

The sentence, "I the text read Chapter 10 in" violates the English rules of

A)syntax.
B)pragmatics.
C)joint attention.
D)morphology.

Question 8

When Jasmine says, "That song makes me blue." Her friend Rice says, "You don't look like a different color to me." Rice's failure to understand that in certain context the word "blue" in English means depressed illustrates a lack of _____ understanding.

A)morpheme
B)syntactic
C)prosody
D)semantic

Question 9

Which word consists of three morphemes?

A)Cat
B)Volcano
C)Previewing
D)Breakfast

Question 10

The fact that eight-month-old Robin recognizes that the sentence, "There is a bird in the tree" has seven distinct words indicates that she understands

A)intonation.
B)overextension.
C)word segmentation.
D)holophrases.

Question 11

How many morphemes are there in the word football?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 12

Which linguistic concept is best defined as an understanding of the rules concerning the appropriate use of language in different social context?

A)Prosody
B)Pragmatics
C)Holophrasing
D)Syntax

Question 13

_____ are the basic units of meaning in a language

A)Phonemes
B)Syntax
C)Morphemes
D)Intonation

Question 14

Frances brings home a math assignment from kindergarten and shows it to her Mom, who says, "Wow, Frances, that assignment looks really rough!" Frances runs her hand over the paper and says, "No, Mommy, it's not rough; it's smooth!" Which aspect of language is causing Frances and her Mommy to have some communication difficulties?

A)Semantics
B)Pragmatics
C)Phonology
D)Syntax

Question 15

The basic units of sound in a given language are called

A)phonemes.
B)pragmatics.
C)semantics.
D)morphemes.

Question 16

All forms of language are

A)spoken.
B)based on some agreed-upon set of rules.
C)inherited.
D)gesture-based.

Question 17

Which best defines a language?

A)Limited number of signals producing infinite number of messages
B)Unlimited number of signals producing infinite number of messages
C)Limited number of signals producing finite number of messages
D)Unlimited number of signals producing finite number of messages

Question 18

Nina's mom has been warning her about the danger of playing with her balloon near a burning candle. Suddenly, the balloon hits the flame and explodes. Nina's mom looks at her and says, "I hope that you are happy," but because of the tone of her voice, her mom is really saying, "See, I told you to watch out!" This use of tone to change the meaning of a sentence provides a good example of the concept of

A)word segmentation.
B)syntactic bootstrapping.
C)overregulation.
D)prosody.

Question 19

When someone says, "It's a matter of semantics," they are referring to the _____ of a sentence.

A)context
B)meaning
C)length
D)syllables

Question 20

Which aspect of speech involves the melody, intonation, or timing of a word production?

A)Semantics
B)Prosody
C)Syntax
D)Morphology

Question 21

A "coo" is best defined as a _____ sound.

A)vowel-like
B)consonant-plus-vowel
C)meaningful
D)crying

Question 22

Which is the typical order of linguistic attainment (from earliest to latest)?

A)Coo, then babble, then word, then holophrase
B)Babble, then coo, then word, then holophrase
C)Coo, then babble, then holophrase, then word
D)Babble, then coo, then holophrase, then word

Question 23

Concerning language development, joint attention is best defined as occurring when

A)a baby and parent view an object together.
B)a parent directs a child's gaze to an object and names the object for the child.
C)two infants repeat the same nonsense word.
D)the same word is used to describe several unrelated objects.

Question 24

When using syntactic bootstrapping, a child

A)uses a word's placement in a sentence to help determine its meaning.
B)generates a one-word utterance that has the meaning of a full sentence.
C)uses a grammar rule in an inappropriate manner (e.g., uses the "-ed" which means past tense on a word like "run" to create the word "runned").
D)is able to immediately connect a word in one language to its counterpart in a second language.

Question 25

Toddlers substantially increase their vocabulary when they

A)have an older sibling to whom they can listen.
B)turn one year of age.
C)attend preschool.
D)realize that everything has a name.

Question 26

Which statement is true?

A)At five months of age, deaf and hearing children from all cultures make similar sounds.
B)At five months of age, deaf and hearing children produce very different sounds.
C)At five months of age, children from different cultures produce very different sounds.
D)At five months of age, deaf children produce no sounds while hearing children produce many sounds.

Question 27

Six-month-old Emir is sitting in his car seat and repeatedly saying "na na na na na." Emir is best described as

A)babbling.
B)using pragmatics.
C)cooing.
D)holophrasing.

Question 28

Two-year-old Tonka calls every four-wheeled vehicle he sees "truck." This is an example of

A)overextension.
B)overregularization.
C)telegraphic speech.
D)social speech.

Question 29

Most infants begin cooing about 6-8 _____ after birth.

A)hours
B)days
C)weeks
D)months

Question 30

In most one-year-olds,

A)language comprehension typically precedes language production.
B)language production typically precedes language comprehension.
C)language comprehension and language production occur simultaneously.
D)neither language comprehension nor language production is readily apparent.

Question 31

A "babble" is best defined as a _____ sound.

A)vowel-like
B)consonant-plus-vowel
C)meaningful
D)crying

Question 32

Joel reaches up to Daddy with waving outstretched arms and says "Up!" meaning "Daddy, pick me up!" This is an example of

A)underextension.
B)echolalia.
C)a holophrase.
D)babbling.

Question 33

Eighteen-month-old Gavin has just learned 10 new words in the past week. This brings his total vocabulary to 30 words. Gavin is best described as

A)babbling.
B)experiencing a vocabulary spurt.
C)overextending.
D)acquiring metalinguistic awareness.

Question 34

Nadine's father says, "Look at that ferret with that man." She has never before heard the term "ferret," but because of where the term occurred in her dad's statement, she is sure that it refers the little furry animal that the man has on a leash. Nadine's ability to ascertain the meaning of the word "ferret" was accomplished using

A)overextension.
B)syntactic bootstrapping.
C)telegraphic speech.
D)emergent literacy.

Question 35

One-year-old Van Damn's ability to learn the meaning of words has been greatly enhanced by the fact that his dad, Claude, often points and repeatedly names objects that are around Van Damn. Claude's teaching style best reflects the process of

A)intonation.
B)vocabulary spurt.
C)joint attention.
D)decontextualized language.

Question 36

Six-week-old Beck is lying in his crib and making a melodic sound that might be described as an "ooooh." Beck is best thought of as currently

A)babbling.
B)using pragmatics.
C)cooing.
D)holophrasing.

Question 37

In a holophrase,

A)a single word conveys the meaning of an entire sentence.
B)the same word is used for many objects in an environment.
C)an infant makes vocalizations consisting only of vowel sounds.
D)a vocalization is produced, but it has no meaning.

Question 38

Most infants begin babbling about 3-4 _____ after birth.

A)hours
B)days
C)weeks
D)months

Question 39

Overextension occurs when a person

A)uses the same word to describe too wide a range of objects.
B)initially learns all the letters of the alphabet.
C)cannot understand the relationship between the sound for a word and the object it represents.
D)uses many words to describe a single object.

Question 40

Nelson (1973) found that the majority of words found in the vocabularies of one-year-olds were

A)verbs concerning actions of people who were familiar to the child.
B)verbs concerning actions of people who were unfamiliar to the child.
C)nouns representing objects or people who were unfamiliar to the child.
D)nouns representing objects or people who were familiar to the child.

Question 41

Reserving the use of the word "puppy" to refer only to the dog at home and not other dogs is an example of

A)babbling.
B)functional grammar.
C)underextension.
D)overextension.

Question 42

A vocabulary dominated by phrases or words like _____ would indicate that a child is using an expressive style of language acquisition.

A)"kitty, horsy, puppy"
B)"stop, go, now"
C)"elevator, escalator, navigator"
D)"I like cake, watch TV, I am two"

Question 43

Though 18-month-old Saturn knows the word "car," she only uses it when referring to her mother's sedan (i.e., she does not use it to describe any other vehicle). Saturn's linguistic limitation is best described as involving

A)underextension.
B)overregularization.
C)telegraphic speech.
D)overextension.

Question 44

Underextension is most likely the result of a toddler's limited

A)vocabulary size.
B)joint attention.
C)phonetic ability.
D)pragmatic skills.

Question 45

The typical first-grader would begin school with a vocabulary of around _____ words.

A)500
B)1,000
C)5,000
D)10,000

Question 46

Due to a slight hearing loss, 90-year-old Tiger has begun to have trouble differentiating some English sounds. For example, thelast time he was golfing, his partner said "nice putt," but Tiger thought he said "nice butt." This difficulty is best thought of as a deficiency in

A)morphology.
B)phonology.
C)syntax.
D)intonation.

Question 47

Logan has just realized that the phrase "daddy run" can mean both "daddy is going for a run" and "can I go for a run with daddy." This realization best illustrates the acquisition of

A)overregulation.
B)functional grammar.
C)metalinguistic awareness.
D)child-directed speech.

Question 48

John has just developed the ability to convert a declarative sentence (e.g., "I like pizza") into both a question (e.g., "Do I like eating pizza?") and an imperative (e.g., "I must eat pizza!"). This would indicate that he now is aware of

A)overregulation.
B)functional grammar.
C)overextension.
D)transformation grammar.

Question 49

Changes in language use during preschool and early elementary school years typically include

A)decreased use of decontextualized language.
B)decreased vocabulary size.
C)increased babbling.
D)increased use of transformational grammar rules.

Question 50

Which is the best example of telegraphic speech?

A)"Baabaa"
B)"Bottle"
C)"Want bottle"
D)"I would like you to hand me the bottle"

Question 51

Which question demonstrates the correct placement of the auxiliary verb?

A)"How pig?"
B)"How big pig?"
C)"How can the pig oink?"
D)"How big the pig is?"

Question 52

Underextension occurs when a child uses a

A)term from a nonnative language.
B)sign instead of a spoken word.
C)word too narrowly.
D)verb in the place of a noun.

Question 53

When a person speaks using several critical content words but does not actually use full sentences, he or she is said to be engaging in

A)underextension.
B)telegraphic speech.
C)babbling.
D)joint attention.

Question 54

Functional grammar emphasizes the _____ relations between words.

A)semantic
B)morphological
C)phonological
D)intonation

Question 55

Rachel stubs her toe and says "Ouch! I hurted myself!" This is an example of

A)animism.
B)metacognition.
C)overregularization.
D)overextension.

Question 56

Metalinguistic awareness is best defined as

A)vocabulary size.
B)rules for appropriately using language in social settings.
C)knowledge of language as a system.
D)an innate system for understanding language.

Question 57

Which is the best example of metalinguistic awareness?

A)Being able to pronounce all the phonemes in a language
B)Becoming less egocentric and then becoming better able to understand the meaning of selfishness
C)Confusing a "w" with an "m" and reading "wow" as "mom"
D)Using the term "truck" when referring to all wheeled vehicles (e.g., trucks, cars, motorcycles)

Question 58

Dumbo and his Dad are at the zoo. "Look at those huge foots!" exclaims Dumbo, as they watch an elephant in its cage. Dumbo's error in speech best demonstrates

A)overregularization.
B)telegraphic speech.
C)overextension.
D)holophrasing.

Question 59

Applying language rules to cases in which the rule is not appropriate defines the concept of

A)joint attention.
B)overregularization.
C)telegraphic speech.
D)holophrasing.

Question 60

Transformation grammar is best associated with rules of

A)phonology.
B)semantics.
C)morphology.
D)syntax.

Question 61

The fact that humans have a unique genetic capacity to learn language is best associated with the concept of

A)metalinguistic awareness.
B)syntactic bootstrapping.
C)mastery motivation.
D)universal grammar.

Question 62

What is the best summary of implications of neurobiological research on language?

A)There is no doubt that language acquisition is impacted solely by heredity factors.
B)There is no doubt that language acquisition is impacted by both heredity and environmental factors.
C)There is no doubt that language acquisition is impacted solely by environmental factors.
D)There is no doubt that the factors which underlie language acquisition cannot be identified.

Question 63

Older adults experience all of the following changes in language EXCEPT

A)they use less complex sentences than younger adults do.
B)they show refinements in the pragmatic use of language.
C)their knowledge of semantics increases.
D)their knowledge of grammar decreases.

Question 64

Learning theory does the poorest job of explaining the _____ aspect of language development.

A)morphology
B)phonology
C)semantics
D)syntax

Question 65

Carter has been diagnosed with aphasia. What symptom is he most likely exhibiting?

A)Difficulty in maintaining his balance
B)Difficulty in retrieving an autobiographical memory
C)Difficulty in repeating a sentence he just heard
D)Difficulty in scoring above average on an IQ test

Question 66

The increasing "tip-of-the-tongue" experience in older age is most likely the result of the

A)inability to retrieve a word stored in memory.
B)permanent loss of a word from memory.
C)reduced speed of access to items in sensory memory.
D)lack of ability to encode new words into memory.

Question 67

Which statement concerning language acquisition is true?

A)Imitation alone can account for the learning of grammatical rules.
B)Reinforcement alone can account for the learning of grammatical rules.
C)Imitation and reinforcement together can account for the learning of grammatical rules.
D)Imitation and reinforcement together cannot account for the learning of grammatical rules.

Question 68

Universal grammar is best described as

A)a list of the manner in which all words should be pronounced.
B)the biological factor that limits the specific language (e.g., English, French) a newborn will acquire.
C)the belief that there are an unlimited number of possibilities for forming language.
D)a system of common rules and properties for learning any of the world's languages.

Question 69

Researchers have shown that individuals who are better able to learn new words show more connectivity between their left and right

A)supramarginal gyrus.
B)pons.
C)adrenal medulla.
D)reticular formation.

Question 70

As a neurobiologist, Dr. Proctor would be most likely to utilize ____ as an assessment tool.

A)MMPIs
B)ERPs
C)APGARs
D)MIDs

Question 71

With regard to language learning, nativists believe that

A)language is learned as a result of differential parental reinforcement.
B)children learn language by listening, observing, and imitating.
C)children are biologically programmed for language acquisition.
D)the social environment plays the most critical role in language learning.

Question 72

Which of the following claims does Chomsky make regarding language acquisition?

A)Humans have an inborn knowledge of all components of language.
B)Humans have an inborn mechanism for sifting through the language they hear and generating rules for that language.
C)Humans simply imitate the sounds they hear.
D)Humans must be exposed to language at a developmentally appropriate time in order for language to develop.

Question 73

Which best reflects the nurture-based research on language acquisition?

A)Children only learn words that are directly spoken to them.
B)Reinforcing a word does not increase the odds that a word will be learned.
C)Frequent caregiver conversation involving questions encourages language development in children.
D)Aphasia may be related to damage of arcuate fasciculus fibers.

Question 74

Chomsky asserts that humans have an inborn mechanism for mastering language. He calls this the

A)executive grammar governor.
B)inborn language processor.
C)language acquisition device.
D)programmed language center.

Question 75

The main role of the arcuate fasciculus is to help produce

A)memories.
B)mathematical analysis.
C)achievement motivation.
D)speech.

Question 76

If you believe in a language acquisition device, then you believe that

A)language is acquired mostly though the process of modeling.
B)infants have an inborn brain mechanism for processing language.
C)parental reinforcement can explain most of language acquisition.
D)the most difficult part of language acquisition involves grasping the rules of language.

Question 77

Concerning language, Broca's area is to Wenicke's area as

A)visual is to auditory.
B)production is to comprehension.
C)syntax is to semantics.
D)left hemisphere is to right hemisphere.

Question 78

Tyler argues that language is best explained in terms of a baby imitating the speech of her parents and being reinforced by parents for speaking words properly. These arguments best fit with the _____ perspective on language acquisition.

A)constructivist
B)learning
C)humanist
D)cognitive

Question 79

Which is a type of language disorder?

A)Aphasia
B)Apoptosis
C)Dysphoria
D)Anoxia

Question 80

Which statement about the language acquisition device is FALSE?

A)It is activated by exposure to language.
B)It determines the language an infant speaks.
C)It involves specific areas of the brain.
D)It helps a child learn the specific language to which he or she is exposed.