Deck 5: Body, Brain, Health

Question 1

Which statement is true?

A) Estrogen is an androgen.
B) Progesterone is an estrogen.
C) Testosterone is an androgen.
D) Androgen is a progesterone.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

If left untreated, children who lack adequate growth hormones tend NOT to exceed _____ in height in adulthood.

A) 4 feet
B) 4 feet 6 inches
C) 5 feet
D) 5 feet 6 inches

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The endocrine gland that regulates growth and triggers the growth spurt during adolescence is(are) the

A) pituitary gland.
B) thyroid gland.
C) adrenal gland.
D) testes and ovaries.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The endocrine system is most accurately thought of as a _____ system.

A) neurotransmitter
B) hormonal
C) respiratory
D) cardiovascular

Question 5

Melissa is 15 years old. All of her friends have become notably "adolescent" in appearance. They have pubic hair and underarm hair and have experienced the "adolescent growth spurt." Melissa has no pubic or underarm hair, and still looks much more like a young girl than an adolescent. The most likely culprit for Melissa's plight is a malfunction of the

A) central nervous system.
B) ovaries.
C) testes .
D) thyroid.

Question 6

During his second year of life, Titus suffered a long and severe illness that left him well below his expected weight and height. After recovering from the illness, Titus suddenly experienced rapid gains in both height and weight. This event is best explained by

A) plasticity.
B) the proximodistal principle.
C) catch-up growth.
D) the secular trend.

Question 7

The average female in the United States is about _____ tall.

A) 5 feet 2 inches
B) 5 feet 4 inches
C) 5 feet 6 inches
D) 5 feet 8 inches

Question 8

A child with _____ would be most likely on a gluten-free diet.

A) celiac disease
B) PKU
C) autism
D) sickle-cell disease

Question 9

Androgens do all of the following EXCEPT

A) trigger the adolescent growth spurt.
B) contribute to sexual motivation in adulthood.
C) cause ovulation in women.
D) trigger the development of male sex organs.

Question 10

The basic cellular unit of the nervous system is the

A) dendrite.
B) axon.
C) synapse.
D) neuron.

Question 11

_____ is the primary female hormone.

A) Testosterone
B) Androgen
C) Progesterone
D) Estrogen

Question 12

During middle adulthood, the most likely impact of thyroid hormones would be to

A) generate growth spurts.
B) help metabolize food.
C) create myelin.
D) drain reserve capacity.

Question 13

Catch-up growth is most likely to occur

A) in males.
B) following hormone replacement therapy.
C) during late puberty.
D) following a period of malnutrition or illness.

Question 14

The endocrine glands

A) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
B) secrete neurotransmitters into the brain.
C) are instrumental in producing myelin, which protects the neurons.
D) transmits information from the sensory organs to the brain.

Question 15

Which is most responsible for the maturation of bones and muscles?

A) Adrenal gland androgens
B) Ovary-released estrogen
C) Brain released acetylcholine
D) Thyroid-released thyroxine

Question 16

The pituitary gland is located

A) next to the testes/ovaries.
B) in a chamber near the heart.
C) at the base of the brain.
D) in the upper chest.

Question 17

Emilee has been diagnosed with celiac syndrome. This means that Emilee will likely display stunted growth due to her

A) inability to absorb nutrients through her stomach lining.
B) genetically based small bone structure.
C) inability to differentiate between nutritious and non-nutritious food.
D) genetically based small muscle structure.

Question 18

Male is to female as

A) adrenal gland is to androgen.
B) estrogen is to testosterone.
C) testosterone is to androgens.
D) testosterone is to estrogen.

Question 19

I am the "master gland" that triggers the release of hormones from all other endocrine glands. I am the ______ gland.

A) pituitary
B) thyroid
C) adrenal
D) testes

Question 20

Maya was born with a thyroid deficiency that was not diagnosed as such until she was three years old. What is the likely outcome for Maya?

A) Maya will have some level of intellectual disability.
B) There will be no long-lasting effects as long as Maya receives treatment once the problem is diagnosed.
C) Maya will grow to be over 6 feet tall.
D) Maya will become blind and deaf.

Question 21

Which structure is accurately described as the "superhighway" connecting the two hemispheres of the brain?

A) Pons
B) Endocrine gland
C) Brain stem
D) Corpus callosum

Question 22

Myelination has been implicated in the increase in _____ in teenagers.

A) suicide
B) the generation of hypothetical questions
C) the vocabulary spurt
D) a focused sex drive

Question 23

With regard to brain lateralization, a majority of people

A) rely primarily on the left hemisphere of the brain to carry out language activities.
B) rely primarily on the left hemisphere of the brain for spatial perception and listening to music.
C) rely on the left hemisphere for both language and spatial perception.
D) rely on the right hemisphere for both language and spatial perception.

Question 24

Brain lateralization is first evident

A) in embryos.
B) at birth.
C) at age two.
D) at age five.

Question 25

Propensity for plasticity is greatest in

A) infancy.
B) middle childhood.
C) late adolescence.
D) middle age.

Question 26

Newborn Newton's parents, Isaac (his dad), and Fig (his mom), both have been left-handed throughout their lives. The probability that Newton will be left-handed is closest to

A) 1 in 4.
B) 2 in 4.
C) 3 in 4.
D) 4 in 4.

Question 27

Which best exemplifies the concept of brain plasticity?

A) The fact that the brain changes in response to experience
B) The fact that a rat brain has the same basic components as a human brain
C) The fact that, as the result of hormonal differences, the male brain is smaller than the female brain
D) The fact that the brain is built on a plan that is genetically determined

Question 28

Jill came tumbling down the hill and sustained a serious head injury. As a result, her language skills have been seriously impaired. Which part of Jill 's brain was most likely damaged?

A) Left hemisphere
B) Right hemisphere
C) Hypothalamus
D) Brain stem

Question 29

If a cell is experiencing myelination, it is

A) migrating into its proper place in the brain.
B) dividing uncontrollably.
C) developing a fatty covering encasing its axon.
D) releasing neurotransmitters.

Question 30

What part of an overhead projector would be most like the myelin found in the brain?

A) The insulation covering the extension cord, as this insulation helps transmit the electrical energy more efficiently
B) The light bulb, as myelin becomes highly active when it receives energy
C) The reflecting mirror, as the purpose of myelin is to reflect away neurotransmitters
D) The long arm holding up the reflecting mirror, as the main function of the myelin is as a conduit through which electrical chemical energy flows within the neuron

Question 31

Brain development

A) is completed around age five.
B) is completed during later childhood.
C) is completed during late adolescence.
D) is never completed.

Question 32

The greater ability of adults to integrate thoughts and emotions may be attributable to

A) increased production of androgens
B) progressive myelination
C) decreased production of growth hormone
D) alterations in brain stem structures

Question 33

Lateralization refers to the

A) specialization of the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.
B) organizational structure of the peripheral nervous system.
C) plasticity of the spinal cord.
D) number of neurons produced during prenatal development.

Question 34

Myelin is important to the nervous system because it

A) transmits neural impulses from the brain to the body.
B) directs the release of hormones from the endocrine glands.
C) increases the transmission speed of neural impulses.
D) is where memories are stored.

Question 35

The statement, "I am just a gap between neurons," best describes a

A) dendrite.
B) axon.
C) synapse.
D) gland.

Question 36

Changes in the _____ of the brain in adolescents may help explain the increase in risk-taking behavior in that group.

A) somatosensory cortex
B) occipital lobe
C) prefrontal cortex
D) temporal lobe

Question 37

Plasticity results in the immature brain being

A) vulnerable to danger and highly non-adaptable.
B) invulnerable to danger and highly non-adaptable.
C) vulnerable to danger and highly adaptable.
D) invulnerable to danger and highly adaptable.

Question 38

Neurons communicate with one another

A) by releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse.
B) by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus.
C) through the pituitary gland.
D) using androgens.

Question 39

The right brain hemisphere

A) controls the right side of the body and is skilled at sequential processing.
B) controls the left side of the body and is skilled at sequential processing.
C) controls the right side of the body and is skilled at simultaneous processing.
D) controls the left side of the body and is skilled at simultaneous processing.

Question 40

An overly simplistic way to describe the brain is that the left side is the "_____" side, and the right side is the "_____" side.

A) behaving; desiring
B) thinking; emotional
C) desiring; behaving
D) emotional; thinking

Question 41

Neurogenesis

A) only occurs in science fiction movies.
B) results in the loss of key brain cells.
C) is incompatible with increased blood flow in the brain.
D) may be possible in humans.

Question 42

Which is the best example of cephalocaudal development?

A) Infant gains control over the arms before the hands.
B) Infant can sit up before it can walk.
C) Infant can roll over before it can grasp a small object.
D) Infant can hear before it can see.

Question 43

Which of the following characterizes the typical aging brain?

A) Degeneration only
B) Plasticity only
C) Both degeneration and plasticity
D) Neither degeneration nor plasticity

Question 44

If Webster is an average child, he will have achieved half his adult height around his _____ birthday.

A) second
B) third
C) fourth
D) fifth

Question 45

Which is the least common occurrence in the aging brain?

A) Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia
B) Some decrease in the number of neurons
C) Reduced blood flow to the brain
D) Some decreased levels of neurotransmitters

Question 46

Which of the following is the best definition of a reflex?

A) A behavior that has been repeated over and over
B) An automatic response to stimulus
C) A voluntary muscle movement
D) The first type of sense developed after birth

Question 47

Colleen is playing a guessing game at a friend's baby shower. If Colleen correctly guesses the birth weight and length of her friend's newborn, she will win a great prize. Based on typical full-term newborn size in the United States, Colleen's best guess would be

A) 5 pounds and 15 inches.
B) 5 pounds and 17 inches.
C) 7 pounds and 17 inches.
D) 7 pounds and 20 inches.

Question 48

A researcher says, "The video you are about to watch contains scenes of neurogenesis." As such, you should expect to see

A) the creation of new neurons.
B) the migration of neurons.
C) the destruction of neurons.
D) the differentiation of neurons.

Question 49

The neurogenesis of the brain continues

A) until age 5.
B) until age 10.
C) through adolescence.
D) well into adulthood.

Question 50

During its first few months after birth, an average newborn gains about an ounce per

A) minute.
B) hour.
C) day.
D) week.

Question 51

The aging brain may compensate for losses by increased activity in the

A) limbic system
B) prefrontal cortex
C) cerebellum
D) corpus callosum

Question 52

When lying flat, babies can hold their heads up before they can lift their hips or legs. This illustrates the _____ direction of growth.

A) cephalocaudal
B) cephalodistal
C) proximodistal
D) proximocaudal

Question 53

Concerning the development of bones and muscles,

A) infants have cartilage at birth but not bone.
B) cartilage needs to soften to become bone.
C) infants have all of the muscle cells that they will ever possess.
D) the strength of a newborn is proportionally identical to that of an adult.

Question 54

According to the orthogenetic principle, growth

A) occurs from the inside to the outside.
B) occurs in a head-to-toe direction.
C) is increasingly distinct and organized.
D) consists of gains and losses.

Question 55

Which statement does NOT belong on a list of the summarization of a lifespan model of health?

A) Health is a life-long process.
B) Health is determined by both genetic and environmental influences.
C) Changes in health due to aging involve only losses.
D) Health can be enhanced by social and historical factors.

Question 56

Cephalocaudal development proceeds from

A) head toward tail.
B) body to limbs.
C) brain to behavior.
D) legs to arms.

Question 57

Humans begin their existence as a single undifferentiated cell and proceed to become a highly complex and organized billion-cell organism. This change best exemplifies the _____ principle.

A) orthogenetic
B) proximodistal
C) cephalocaudal
D) reality

Question 58

Proximodistal development proceeds from the

A) head toward the tail.
B) body to the limbs.
C) brain to behavior.
D) legs to the arms.

Question 59

Which change is NOT normally seen in the aging brain?

A) Loss of neurons
B) Increased brain weight
C) Formation of senile plaques
D) Reduced blood flow

Question 60

Infants can flail their arms around before they can move their hands and fingers with any precision. This illustrates the _____ direction of growth.

A) cephalocaudal
B) cephalodistal
C) proximodistal
D) proximocaudal

Question 61

A reflex is best described as

A) unlearned and voluntary.
B) learned and voluntary.
C) unlearned and involuntary.
D) learned and involuntary.

Question 62

Which reflex disappears first as the infant matures?

A) Grasping reflex
B) Swallowing reflex
C) Pupillary reflex
D) Breathing reflex

Question 63

The defining feature of a survival reflex is that it

A) has clear adaptive value.
B) is linked to eating.
C) is learned in the first three months after birth.
D) does not fade with age.

Question 64

The leading cause of death during the first year of life is

A) congenital malformations.
B) cancer.
C) accidental injury.
D) infection.

Question 65

As an average newborn, Kit would spend about ______ percent of his sleeping hours in REM sleep.

A) 25
B) 50
C) 75
D) 100

Question 66

An organized and individualized pattern of daily activity found in an infant is called a

A) reflex.
B) secular trend.
C) rhythmic stereotype.
D) behavioral state.

Question 67

Concerning sleep, REM stands for

A) rapid eye movement.
B) rotational emotional manipulation.
C) remembering every minute.
D) reflexive evoked moment.

Question 68

Which reflex is NOT a survival reflex?

A) The breathing reflex
B) The sucking reflex
C) The toe-fanning reflex
D) The eye-blink reflex

Question 69

Molly strokes the bottom of her baby Martin's foot and watches his toes fan out and then curl. Martin is exhibiting the _____ reflex.

A) Babinski
B) Moro
C) Palmer
D) stepping

Question 70

From age 2 until puberty, children typically gain _____ inches and _____ pounds per year.

A) 1 to 2; 3 to 5
B) 2 to 3; 5 to 6
C) 3 to 5; 7 to 9
D) 6 to 8; 10 to 12

Question 71

Which reflex is permanent?

A) eye-blink
B) Babinski
C) swimming
D) stepping

Question 72

When Donna puts her finger in her new baby's hand, the baby curls her fingers around Donna's finger because of the _____ reflex.

A) Moro
B) rooting
C) Babinski
D) grasping

Question 73

Which reflex disappears in the first 8 weeks of life unless the infant has a chance to practice it?

A) swimming
B) stepping
C) Moro
D) grasping

Question 74

Which reflex evolves into the startle reflex?

A) Moro
B) Babinski
C) rooting
D) grasping

Question 75

When a typical infant attempts to kick a ball, it tends to do so with its "whole body." When a typical first-grader attempts to kick a ball, he or she tends to do so only using a foot. The change best exemplifies the _____ principle.

A) orthogenetic
B) epigenetic
C) cephalocaudal
D) Babinski

Question 76

The fact that activities of a toddler's arms are mastered before activities of their fingers illustrates the _____ principle.

A) cephalocaudal
B) cephalodistal
C) proximodistal
D) proximocaudal

Question 77

Infants may spend so much time in REM sleep because REM sleep is

A) needed for the formation of a strong id.
B) important for learning and memory processes.
C) critical for normal muscle and reflex development.
D) necessary to ensure the infant continues to breathe during sleep.

Question 78

During middle childhood (ages 6 to 11 years), growth

A) virtually ceases in preparation for adolescence.
B) gains are smaller in proportion to the child's size.
C) rates accelerates noticeably.
D) ceases following the principles of growth.

Question 79

Primitive reflexes

A) are found in non-human primates but not in humans.
B) allow for the use of language and spatial reasoning.
C) are acquired through experience.
D) serve no clear purpose.

Question 80

Which reflex involves turning a cheek towards a tactile stimulus?

A) sucking
B) grasping
C) blink
D) rooting