Deck 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions

Question 1

Which of the following is a directional test?

A)a one-tailed test
B)a two-tailed test
C)the research hypothesis
D)the null hypothesis

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The _______ is defined as an "educated guess" that describes the relationship between variables.

A)research question
B)hypothesis
C)theorem
D)postulate

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following refers to the group you wish to generalize your results to?

A)population
B)sample
C)sampling error
D)general group

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following types of hypotheses is considered an implied hypothesis?

A)the null hypothesis
B)the alternative hypothesis
C)the research hypothesis
D)none of these

Question 5

Unless you have sufficient evidence otherwise, you must assume that ______.

A)both the null and alternative hypotheses are true
B)the alternative hypothesis is true
C)neither the null nor alternative hypotheses are true
D)the null hypothesis is true

Question 6

Optimally, it is possible to generalize your results from _______ to _______.

A)your population; a smaller sample
B)your sample; a smaller population
C)your population; a larger sample
D)your sample; a larger population

Question 7

A _______ is a hypothesis that reflects the difference between groups and also specifies the direction of the difference.

A)null hypothesis
B)nondirectional research hypothesis
C)directional research hypothesis
D)none of these

Question 8

Hypothesis testing relates to _______.

A)the sample
B)the population
C)multiple populations
D)samples and populations

Question 9

Which of the following is a nondirectional test?

A)a one-tailed test
B)a two-tailed test
C)a research hypothesis
D)all hypotheses

Question 10

The _______ is a more testable version of a research question.

A)hypothesis
B)theorem
C)postulate
D)theory

Question 11

Which is formulated second?

A)the research hypothesis
B)research theories
C)alternative postulates
D)the null hypothesis

Question 12

Which of the following can only be tested indirectly?

A)the null hypothesis
B)the research hypothesis
C)the alternative hypothesis
D)all hypotheses

Question 13

In a study, a _______ is drawn from a _______.

A)sample; larger population
B)sample; smaller population
C)population; smaller sample
D)population; larger sample

Question 14

A _______ is a statement of equality between sets of variables.

A)null hypothesis
B)research hypothesis
C)nondirectional research hypothesis
D)directional research hypothesis

Question 15

What does a hypothesis help you determine?

A)techniques to be used
B)variability
C)average score
D)sampling plan

Question 16

What does your research question help to guide?

A)hypothesis
B)correlation
C)sampling error
D)average score

Question 17

What will you have if there is no difference between sample and population values?

A)a high sampling error
B)a low but positive sampling error
C)no sampling error
D)It cannot be determined.

Question 18

Which of the following can be tested directly?

A)the null hypothesis
B)the research hypothesis
C)both the null and research hypotheses
D)all hypotheses

Question 19

A _______ is a hypothesis that reflects the difference between groups but does not specify the direction of the difference.

A)null hypothesis
B)directional research hypothesis
C)nondirectional research hypothesis
D)none of these

Question 20

Which is formulated first?

A)a theorem
B)the research hypothesis
C)the null hypothesis
D)research postulates

Question 21

What type of hypothesis posits a difference between groups where the difference is specified?

A)directional hypothesis
B)nondirectional hypothesis
C)research hypothesis
D)null hypothesis

Question 22

Which of the following is a measure of how well a sample approximates the characteristics of a population?

A)sampling accuracy
B)sampling error
C)sampling generalizability
D)sampling consistency

Question 23

A smaller difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter means that you will have _______ sampling error.

A)higher
B)lower
C)no
D)infinite

Question 24

What does generalizability mean?

A)Results may be applied to the population studied.
B)Results apply only to the sample studied.
C)Sampling error is high.
D)The sample does not represent the population.

Question 25

Wolf cubs born in northern woods will grow thicker fur than wolf cubs born in southern woods.This research hypothesis is an example of a _______.

A)directional hypothesis
B)nondirectional hypothesis
C)null hypothesis
D)mutual hypothesis

Question 26

A sample is best defined as ______.

A)the first 20% of the population
B)the last 20% of the population
C)a smaller group selected from a given population
D)a smaller group selected from the general populace

Question 27

What are the two main categories of hypotheses?

A)null and research
B)null and sample
C)research and population
D)research and sample

Question 28

In order to help ensure generalizability, which of the following should be true about your sample?

A)It is small.
B)It is large.
C)It is representative.
D)It is nonrepresentative.

Question 29

What type of hypothesis posits no relationship between the variables in your study?

A)directional hypothesis
B)nondirectional hypothesis
C)research hypothesis
D)null hypothesis

Question 30

What type of hypothesis posits a difference between groups where the difference is not specified?

A)directional hypothesis
B)nondirectional hypothesis
C)research hypothesis
D)null hypothesis

Question 31

Which of the following provides you with a measure of how well your sample approximates the population?

A)generalizability
B)population
C)sampling error
D)hypothesis

Question 32

A greater difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter means that you will have _______ sampling error.

A)lower
B)higher
C)no
D)infinite

Question 33

When the sample accurately represents the population, the results of the study are said to have a high degree of _______.

A)quality
B)validity
C)error
D)generalizability

Question 34

A hypothesis is best defined as ______.

A)a difficult-to-define question
B)an educated guess
C)cause-and-effect analysis
D)a scientific inquiry

Question 35

The group you actually collect data from for your study is known as the _______.

A)population
B)sample
C)sampling error
D)general group

Question 36

What test would you want to use to test a nondirectional research hypothesis?

A)one-tailed test
B)two-tailed test
C)nonparametric test
D)frequency test

Question 37

What test would you want to use to test a directional research hypothesis?

A)one-tailed test
B)two-tailed test
C)nonparametric test
D)frequency test

Question 38

Research hypotheses refer to _______.

A)the population
B)multiple samples
C)multiple populations
D)the sample

Question 39

A representative sample allows you to generalize your results to a _______.

A)smaller sample
B)smaller population
C)larger population
D)larger sample

Question 40

Null hypotheses refer to _______.

A)the sample
B)both samples and populations
C)multiple samples
D)the population

Question 41

If you hypothesize that there will be a difference between test scores from Classroom A and Classroom B, but you do not hypothesize the direction, you have _______.

A)a directional research hypothesis
B)a nondirectional research hypothesis
C)a null hypothesis
D)either a null or research hypothesis

Question 42

Having a large degree of sampling error does not affect generalizability.

Question 43

If you were to hypothesize that communication students and history students will differ on their oral communication measures, you would have a ______.

A)directional research hypothesis
B)nondirectional research hypothesis
C)null hypothesis
D)hypothesis type that cannot be determined

Question 44

Individuals in a representative sample should match as closely as possible to the characteristics of the population.

Question 45

If you were to hypothesize that there is no relationship between reaction time and problem-solving abilities, you would have a ______.

A)directional research hypothesis
B)nondirectional research hypothesis
C)null hypothesis
D)hypothesis type that cannot be determined

Question 46

If you were to hypothesize that test scores from Classroom A will be higher than test scores from Classroom B, you would have a _______.

A)directional research hypothesis
B)nondirectional research hypothesis
C)null hypothesis
D)hypothesis type that cannot be determined

Question 47

"There is no difference in the weight between rats fed low-fiber diets and rats fed high-fiber diets." This is an example of a(n) _______.

A)null hypothesis
B)alternative hypothesis
C)directional hypothesis
D)nondirectional hypothesis

Question 48

The null hypothesis can only be tested indirectly.

Question 49

A one-tailed test would be used with a directional research hypothesis.

Question 50

Which of the following is an example of a nondirectional hypothesis?

A)There is a positive relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.
B)There is a negative relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.
C)There is a relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.
D)There is no relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.

Question 51

If you were to hypothesize that communication students will have a higher average score on the oral communication measures, you would have a ______.

A)directional research hypothesis
B)nondirectional research hypothesis
C)null hypothesis
D)hypothesis type that cannot be determined

Question 52

When writing a research hypothesis, what type of letters are used?

A)Arabic
B)Greek
C)Roman
D)Latin (English)

Question 53

If you are unsure whether the null or research hypothesis is true, you can assume that the research hypothesis is true.

Question 54

When writing a null hypothesis, what type of letters are used?

A)Arabic
B)Greek
C)Roman
D)Latin (English)

Question 55

A statement that postulates a relationship between variables is referred to as a _______.

A)research hypothesis
B)null hypothesis
C)definitive hypothesis
D)postulative hypothesis

Question 56

Which of the following is an example of a directional hypothesis?

A)There is a positive relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.
B)There is a large relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.
C)There is a relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.
D)There is no relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.

Question 57

Sampling error relates to how well a population approximates the characteristics of a sample.

Question 58

If you were to hypothesize that there is a relationship between reaction time and problem-solving ability, you would have a ______.

A)directional research hypothesis
B)nondirectional research hypothesis
C)null hypothesis
D)hypothesis type that cannot be determined

Question 59

If you were to hypothesize that there is a positive relationship between reaction time and problem-solving ability, you would have a ______.

A)directional research hypothesis
B)nondirectional research hypothesis
C)null hypothesis
D)hypothesis type that cannot be determined

Question 60

The null hypothesis refers to the _______, whereas the research hypothesis refers to the _______.

A)sample; population
B)direction; sample
C)population; direction
D)population; sample

Question 61

Why is a representative sample important?

Question 62

Why is it important to have a precise and clear research question?

Question 63

Hypotheses should reflect the theory or literature on which they are based.

Question 64

Define null hypothesis and research hypothesis.

Question 65

Hypotheses do not have to posit a relationship between variables.

Question 66

What are four differences between the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis?

Question 67

Null hypotheses always refer to the sample.

Question 68

A good hypothesis is stated as a question.

Question 69

What is the difference between the nondirectional research hypothesis and the directional research hypothesis?

Question 70

What is the purpose of the research hypothesis?

Question 71

What is the most important role of a hypothesis?

Question 72

What purposes does the null hypothesis serve?

Question 73

According to the book, what are five characteristics of a well-written hypothesis?