Deck 2: Chemical Principles

Question 1

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A)NaOH ⇌ Na⁺ + OH⁻ is a base
B)HF ⇌ H⁺ + F⁻ is an acid
C)MgSO₄ ⇌ Mg²⁺ + is a salt
D)KH₂PO₄ ⇌ K⁺ + H₂ is an acid
E)H₂SO₄ ⇌ 2H⁺ + is an acid

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which type of molecule is composed of (CH₂O)units?

A)carbohydrate
B)lipid
C)nucleic acid
D)protein

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which type of molecule contains -NH₂ (amino)groups?

A)carbohydrate
B)triglycerides
C)nucleic acid
D)protein

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Antacids neutralize acid by the following reaction.Identify the salt in the following equation: Mg(OH)₂ + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂O

A)Mg(OH)₂
B)HCl
C)MgCl₂
D)H₂O
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 5

Table 2.1
Using the information in Table 2.1,calculate the number of moles in 92 grams of ethanol,C₂H₅OH.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)The answer cannot be determined.

Question 6

Identify the following reaction: Glucose + Fructose → Sucrose + Water

A)dehydration synthesis reaction
B)hydrolysis reaction
C)exchange reaction
D)reversible reaction
E)ionic reaction

Question 7

Based upon the valence numbers of the elements magnesium (2)and hydrogen (1),predict how many covalent bonds would form between these atoms to achieve the full complement of electrons in their outermost energy shells.

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 8

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Salts readily dissolve in water.
B)Water molecules are formed by hydrolysis.
C)Water freezes from the top down.
D)Water is formed as a part of a dehydration synthesis reaction.
E)Water is a polar molecule.

Question 9

Identify the following reaction: HCl + NaHCO₃ → NaCl + H₂CO₃

A)dehydration synthesis reaction
B)hydrolysis reaction
C)exchange reaction
D)reversible reaction
E)ionic reaction

Question 10

Table 2.2
Which of the following statements about the reactions in Table 2.2 is FALSE?

A)They are exchange reactions.
B)They are ionization reactions.
C)They occur when the reactants are dissolved in water.
D)They are dissociation reactions.
E)They are reversible reactions.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the atom is C FALSE?

A)It has 6 protons in its nucleus.
B)It has 12 neutrons in its nucleus.
C)It has 6 electrons orbiting the nucleus.
D)Its atomic number is 6.
E)Its atomic weight is 12.

Question 12

Table 2.1
Using the information in Table 2.1,calculate the molecular weight of ethanol,C₂H₅OH.

A)96
B)46
C)34
D)33
E)The answer cannot be determined.

Question 13

Which type of molecule contains the alcohol glycerol?

A)carbohydrate
B)phospholipids
C)DNA
D)protein

Question 14

Identify the following reaction: Lactose + H₂O → Glucose + Galactose

A)dehydration synthesis reaction
B)hydrolysis reaction
C)exchange reaction
D)reversible reaction
E)ionic reaction

Question 15

Which of the following is the type of bond holding K⁺ and I⁻ ions in KI?

A)ionic bond
B)covalent bond
C)hydrogen bond

Question 16

What is the type of bond holding hydrogen and oxygen atoms together in a single H₂O molecule?

A)ionic bond
B)covalent bond
C)hydrogen bond

Question 17

Which type of molecule NEVER contains a phosphate group?

A)triglycerides
B)phospholipid
C)nucleic acid
D)ATP

Question 18

Identify the following reaction: NH₄OH ⇌ NH₃ + H₂O

A)dehydration synthesis reaction
B)hydrolysis reaction
C)exchange reaction
D)reversible reaction
E)ionic reaction

Question 19

Which of the following is the type of bond between molecules of water in a beaker of water?

A)ionic bond
B)covalent bond
C)hydrogen bond

Question 20

Which of the following statements regarding protein structure is FALSE?

A)The primary structure is formed by covalent bonding between amino acid subunits.
B)Secondary structures are formed only from hydrogen bonds.
C)Tertiary structures are formed only from covalent bonds.
D)Quaternary structures involved multiple polypeptides.

Question 21

Figure 2.1

Which compound in Figure 2.1 is an organic acid?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 22

What is the type of strong chemical bond between carbon,hydrogen,and oxygen atoms in a single organic molecule?

A)ionic bond
B)covalent bond
C)hydrogen bond

Question 23

Which molecule is composed of a chain of amino acids?

A)carbohydrate
B)lipid
C)protein
D)nucleic acid

Question 24

Figure 2.3
What kind of bond is at the arrow in Figure 2.3?

A)disulfide bridge
B)double covalent bond
C)hydrogen bond
D)ionic bond
E)peptide bond

Question 25

Two glucose molecules are combined by a dehydration synthesis reaction to make a maltose molecule.What is the chemical formula for maltose?

A)C₃H₆O₃
B)C₆H₁₂O₆
C)C₁₂H₂₄O₁₂
D)C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
E)C₁₂H₂₃O₁₀

Question 26

Radioisotopes are frequently used to label molecules in a cell.The fate of atoms and molecules in a cell can then be followed.Assume Saccharomyces cerevisiae is grown in a nutrient medium containing the radioisotope ³⁵S.After a 48-hour incubation,the ³⁵S would most likely be found in the S.cerevisiae's

A)carbohydrates.
B)nucleic acids.
C)water.
D)lipids.
E)proteins.

Question 27

A scientist wants to perform a test that will indicate whether a nucleic acid sample is composed of either RNA or DNA.Testing for the presence of which of the following is most appropriate in this situation?

A)phosphate
B)nitrogen
C)guanine
D)uracil
E)thymine

Question 28

What is the type of weak bond between the hydrogen of one molecule and the nitrogen of another molecule,where the two don't actively share an electron?

A)ionic bond
B)covalent bond
C)hydrogen bond
D)disulfide bond
E)hydrophobic bond

Question 29

Which are the primary molecules making up plasma membranes in cells?

A)carbohydrates
B)lipids
C)proteins
D)nucleic acids

Question 30

Which of the following is a base?

A)C₂H₅OCOOH → H⁺ + C₂H₅OCOO⁻
B)C₂H₅OH
C)NaOH → Na⁺ + OH⁻
D)H₂O → H⁺ + OH⁻
E)H₂CO

Question 31

Radioisotopes are frequently used to label molecules in a cell.The fate of atoms and molecules in a cell can then be followed.Assume Saccharomyces cerevisiae is grown in a nutrient medium containing the radioisotope ³²P.After a 48-hour incubation,the majority of the ³²P would be found in the S.cerevisiae's

A)plasma membrane.
B)cell wall.
C)water.
D)proteins.
E)carbohydrates.

Question 32

Figure 2.1

In Figure 2.1,which is an alcohol?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 33

What do genes consist of?

A)carbohydrates
B)lipids
C)proteins
D)nucleic acids

Question 34

What is the type of bond between ions in salt?

A)ionic bond
B)covalent bond
C)hydrogen bond

Question 35

Most amino acids found in cells demonstrate what type of chirality?

A)L-isomers
B)D-isomers
C)C-isomers
D)B-isomers
E)A-isomers

Question 36

An E.coli culture that has been growing at 37°C is moved to 25°C.Which of the following changes must be made in its plasma membrane to help it cope with the decrease in temperature?

A)The number of phosphate groups must increase.
B)The viscosity must increase.
C)The number of saturated chains must increase.
D)The number of unsaturated chains must increase.
E)No changes are necessary.

Question 37

Figure 2.1

Which compound in Figure 2.1 is an ester?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)e

Question 38

The antimicrobial drug imidazole inhibits sterol synthesis.This would most likely interfere with

A)bacterial cell walls.
B)fungal cell walls.
C)eukaryotic plasma membranes.
D)prokaryotic plasma membranes.
E)genes.

Question 39

Structurally,ATP is most like which type of molecule?

A)carbohydrate
B)lipid
C)protein
D)nucleic acid

Question 40

Starch,dextran,glycogen,and cellulose are polymers of

A)amino acids.
B)glucose.
C)fatty acids.
D)nucleic acids.
E)acids.

Question 41

All forms of life function optimally at a pH of 7.

Question 42

Covalent bonds are always shared equally.

Question 43

Elements only achieve the full complement of electrons in outermost energy shells by donating away or sharing electrons.

Question 44

Identify the two functional groups that interact to form a peptide bond.

A)amino group and carboxyl group
B)carboxyl group and ester group
C)amino group and ester group
D)ester group and hydroxyl group
E)hydroxyl group and amino group

Question 45

All chemical reactions are,in theory,reversible.

Question 46

Carbon dioxide is an organic molecule.

Question 47

In terms of similarities,which two molecules would be isomers of each other?

A)glucose and sucrose
B)glucose and maltose
C)sucrose and fructose
D)fructose and glucose

Question 48

You put a spoonful of table salt,NaCl,into a glass of water and it dissolves.You repeat this test,but drop the spoonful of salt into a glass of vegetable oil instead.What happens,and why?

A)The salt doesn't dissolve because oil is nonpolar,and couldn't dissociate the ionic bond between the Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions.
B)The salt dissolves in the oil just the same as it did in the water.
C)The salt dissolves in the oil,but takes much longer to do so because oil molecules move more slowly than water,slowing the dissolution process down.
D)The salt doesn't dissolve because oil is polar,and only nonpolar solvents would cause the dissociation of the Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions in the table salt.

Question 49

If an amino acid contained a large hydrocarbon (a group of multiple carbons and hydrogens linked together)as its side group,in which of the following categories could it be appropriately designated?

A)hydrophilic
B)polar
C)nonpolar
D)basic
E)acidic

Question 50

A basic solution is expected to contain more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions.

Question 51

Individual covalent bonds are stronger than individual ionic bonds.

Question 52

A friend tells you that he recently read an article claiming that you need to work to restore the alkalinity of your blood to remain healthy.Why is this impossible and impractical (and unhealthy even if you could make it happen)?

A)The normal pH of human blood is in the acidic range,so making it alkaline would kill you.
B)Blood is usually around the neutral (pH 7)range,not the alkaline range,in healthy human beings.
C)Blood contains buffers that prevent the pH from changing too drastically,so trying to forcibly alter blood pH wouldn't work effectively.
D)The normal pH of human blood is already in the alkaline range,so it isn't necessary to "restore" it to that point.
E)Blood is usually around the neutral (pH 7)range,not the alkaline range,in healthy human beings AND blood contains buffers that prevent the pH from changing too drastically,so trying to forcibly alter blood pH wouldn't work effectively.

Question 53

A dehydration synthesis reaction between glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)and fructose (C₆H₁₂O₆)produces a molecule of sucrose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁).Why don't the two individual molecular formulae add up to the same number of atoms in the sucrose product?

A)Oxygen must be burned/consumed during the reaction.
B)In a dehydration reaction,a water molecule (H2O)is removed from the final molecule formed.
C)In a dehydration reaction,a water molecule (H2O)is added to the final molecule formed.
D)Hydrogen must be burned/consumed during the reaction.

Question 54

The density of liquid water is greater than the density of ice.

Question 55

What is the main/most important factor that differentiates methanol,ethanol,and isopropanol from each other?

A)the specific location of the hydroxyl functional group
B)the number of carbon atoms in the molecule
C)the number of hydrogen atoms in each molecule
D)the location of the carboxyl functional group
E)the number of hydroxyl functional groups present

Question 56

Which one of the following microbes would grow best at pH 1-3.5?

A)Cyanobacteria in ocean water
B)Propionibacterium acnes bacteria on human skin
C)Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in the runoff from a copper mine

Question 57

Subtle differences exist in the plasma membrane molecules of the organisms in the three Domains._______ functional groups are found in the plasma membrane molecules of bacteria and eukarya,while ________ functional groups are found in the plasma membrane molecules of archaea.

A)amino;carboxyl
B)ether;ester
C)ester;ether
D)ketone;aldehyde
E)aldehyde;ketone

Question 58

The formation of ADP from ATP can be defined as a hydrolytic reaction.

Question 59

Which one of the following would be the most difficult covalent bond to break in a chemical reaction?

A)Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in NaCl
B)two oxygen atoms in a molecule of O₂
C)two nitrogen atoms in a molecule of N₂
D)two hydrogen atoms in a molecule of H₂

Question 60

Water has recently been discovered to be lying just underneath the soil on Mars.This means it is possible life as we know it may also exist (or may once have existed)on Mars.

Question 61

A scientist claims that when a protein is denatured,it can be expected that its secondary structure will more likely be retained when compared to all other levels of protein structure structures.Do you agree? Explain.

Question 62

Compare a molecule of a nucleotide to ATP.Could a cell simply insert ATP into DNA without altering it? Explain.

Question 63

Figure 2.5

Use Figure 2.5 to answer the following.Starch,cellulose,dextran,and glycogen are polysaccharides.How are they similar? To what are their different properties due? Why can't an enzyme that hydrolyzes starch degrade cellulose?

Question 64

Water has recently been found just beneath the soil on Mars,but in frozen form.What does this mean for both the prospect of finding life on Mars in some form,but also for the possibility of humans to survive on/colonize the surface of Mars?

Question 65

Describe how the properties of phospholipids make these molecules well suited for plasma membranes.