Deck 7: Energy Metabolism

Question 1

Glycolysis is the conversion of ____.

A)glycogen to fat
B)glycogen to protein
C)glucose to pyruvate
D)glucose to glycogen
E)glycogen to glucose

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which reaction is characterized as catabolic?

A)Glucose formation from glycerol
B)Pyruvate formation from glucose
C)Albumin formation from amino acids
D)Palmitic acid formation from acetate
E)Formation of triglycerides from glycerol and fatty acids

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The site of lipid synthesis in the cell is the ____.

A)nucleus
B)Golgi bodies
C)mitochondria
D)smooth endoplasmic reticulum
E)exoplasm

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is a feature of aerobic metabolism?

A)Little or no oxygen is consumed.
B)Lactic acid is a major byproduct.
C)Energy is produced more slowly than in anaerobic metabolism.
D)Pyruvate is converted to glucose by reverse glycolysis to yield a net of 2 ATPs.
E)The process can only be sustained for relatively brief periods of time.

Question 5

Which statement defines a coenzyme?

A)A unit consisting of an enzyme bound to reactants plus ATP
B)An organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme
C)The small, active part of an enzyme that binds to the organic reactants
D)An inactive enzyme that becomes functional upon contact with specific cofactors
E)An enzyme precursor

Question 6

A feature of catabolic reactions is that they ____.

A)involve the release of energy
B)occur only in mitochondria
C)involve consumption of energy
D)occur only during loss of body weight
E)require carbon dioxide

Question 7

What is the approximate percent efficiency of conversion of food energy to ATP energy in the body?

A)30%
B)50%
C)70%
D)90%
E)99%

Question 8

What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells?

A)ATP
B)Glucose
C)Pyruvate
D)A kcalorie
E)Acetyl CoA

Question 9

What term is specific to reactions in which simple compounds are combined into more complex molecules?

A)Anabolic
B)Catabolic
C)Ergogenic
D)Gluconeogenic
E)Anaerobic

Question 10

The series of reactions involving the conversion of glucose to pyruvate is known as ____.

A)pyrolysis
B)glycolysis
C)beta-oxidation
D)coupled reaction
E)gluconeogenesis

Question 11

An aerobic reaction is one that requires ____.

A)alcohol
B)oxygen
C)nitrogen
D)ammonia
E)glucose

Question 12

The Cori cycle involves the interconversion of ____.

A)lactate and glucose
B)glucose and amino acids
C)pyruvate and citric acids
D)fatty acids and acetyl CoA
E)glycerol and glucose

Question 13

In photosynthesis, the plant uses energy from the sun, plus water and carbon dioxide, to synthesize ____.

A)carbohydrates only
B)fats and carbohydrates only
C)protein and carbohydrates only
D)fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
E)protein only

Question 14

Which metabolic reaction occurs when a cell uses energy?

A)ATP gains a phosphate group and becomes ADP.
B)ADP gains a phosphate group and becomes ATP.
C)ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP.
D)ADP releases a phosphate group and becomes ATP.
E)ADP and ATP cycle back and forth repeatedly.

Question 15

Which process describes the sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells?

A)Digestion
B)Metabolism
C)Absorption
D)Catabolism
E)Anabolism

Question 16

Which reaction is characterized as anabolic?

A)Pyruvate synthesis from glucose
B)Acetyl CoA synthesis from cholesterol
C)Carbon dioxide synthesis from citric acid
D)Cholesterol synthesis from acetyl CoA molecules
E)Hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose

Question 17

Which statement describes lactate production by muscle cells?

A)It occurs only during intense exercise.
B)When rapid, it causes muscle fatigue.
C)It produces lactate that may eventually be used by the liver for glucose production.
D)It lowers the pH of the muscle cell, thereby lowering muscle performance.
E)It is an aerobic process.

Question 18

A typical cell contains "powerhouses," which is another name for ____.

A)DNA
B)ribosomes
C)mitochondria
D)electron transport chains
E)RNA

Question 19

In the adult body, food energy not stored as fat or glycogen is lost as ____.

A)heat
B)photons
C)carbon dioxide
D)electromagnetic radiation
E)methane

Question 20

Which statement describes a correct energy-yielding endpoint?

A)Carbohydrates yield glucose only when proteins are not available.
B)Proteins cannot yield fat stores.
C)Fatty acids yield amino acids.
D)Glycerol yields nonessential amino acids when nitrogen is present.
E)Fatty acids yield glucose.

Question 21

What percentage (by weight) of a triglyceride molecule can be converted to glucose?

A)0%
B)5%
C)25%
D)50%
E)75%

Question 22

After digestion and absorption, an amino acid not used to build protein will first be subjected to ____.

A)removal of its amino group
B)removal of its carboxyl group
C)hydrolysis of its peptide bond
D)condensation of its peptide bond
E)removal of its acetyl group

Question 23

Which of the following is a feature of the electron transport chain?

A)It captures energy in the high-energy bonds of ATP.
B)It pumps carbon dioxide across the mitochondrial membrane.
C)It is composed of a series of coenzymes that transfer electrons up a concentration gradient.
D)It combines oxygen from carbon dioxide with hydrogen generated from the splitting of water.
E)It facilitates the transport of sodium and calcium.

Question 24

How many acetyl CoA molecules may be obtained from oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acid?

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8
E)16

Question 25

Where do the TCA cycle reactions take place?

A)Golgi bodies
B)Endoplasmic reticulum
C)Nucleus of the mitochondria
D)Inner compartment of the mitochondria
E)Outer membrane of the Golgi bodies

Question 26

What is a possible fate of acetyl CoA?

A)Degradation to urea
B)Synthesis to glycerol
C)Synthesis to fatty acids
D)Degradation to ammonia
E)Storage in lipids

Question 27

Which nutrient can be made from compounds composed of 2-carbon skeletons?

A)Glucose
B)Fructose
C)Glycogen
D)Fatty acids
E)Pyruvate

Question 28

What is a possible metabolic reaction in the cell?

A)Pyruvate to urea
B)Lactate to pyruvate
C)Acetyl CoA to pyruvate
D)Carbon dioxide to glycerol
E)Fatty acids to glucose

Question 29

If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, what can be converted to glucose?

A)Fatty acids
B)Acetyl CoA
C)Amino acids
D)Carbon dioxide
E)Urea

Question 30

When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) can lead to storage of fat?

A)Fat only
B)Carbohydrate only
C)Fat and carbohydrate only
D)Fat, carbohydrate, and protein
E)Protein and fat only

Question 31

When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and the energy in the molecules is ____.

A)stored as fat only
B)excreted in the feces
C)stored as amino acids only
D)stored as glycogen and fat
E)excreted in the urine

Question 32

Which process leads to the production of urea?

A)Oxidation of glucose
B)Oxidation of amino acids
C)Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids
D)Synthesis of protein from amino acids
E)Incomplete oxidation of glycerol

Question 33

What are the products of the complete oxidation of fatty acids?

A)Urea and acetone
B)Fatty acids and glycerol
C)Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
D)Water, carbon dioxide, and energy
E)Pyruvate and acetyl CoA

Question 34

The number of ATP molecules that can be produced from a molecule of protein, fat, or carbohydrate is generally related to the number of atoms of ____.

A)carbon
B)oxygen
C)nitrogen
D)hydrogen
E)potassium

Question 35

In addition to energy, what are the principal end products of cellular oxidation of carbohydrates?

A)Water and carbon dioxide
B)Carbon, hydrogen, and urea
C)Indigestible fiber and nitrogen
D)Monosaccharides and amino acids
E)Oxygen and carbolic acid

Question 36

When a person is performing intense physical exercise and begins to feel fatigue and a burning pain in the muscles, the response of the muscles is to synthesize more ____.

A)lactate
B)glucose
C)citric acid
D)fatty acids
E)galactate

Question 37

An immediate consequence of a cellular deficiency of oxaloacetate is a slowing of ____.

A)glycolysis
B)the TCA cycle
C)lactate synthesis
D)ketone formation
E)protein excretion

Question 38

Production of excessive amounts of acetyl CoA molecules leads to the synthesis of ____.

A)fatty acids only
B)fatty acids and glucose only
C)fatty acids and fructose only
D)fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids
E)amino acids only

Question 39

Fatty acid oxidation results in the direct production of ____.

A)ketones
B)fructose
C)pyruvate
D)acetyl CoA
E)lactate

Question 40

What accounts for the higher energy density of a fatty acid compared with the other energy-yielding nutrients?

A)Fatty acids have a lower percentage of hydrogen-oxygen bonds.
B)Fatty acids have a greater percentage of hydrogen-carbon bonds.
C)Other energy-yielding nutrients have a lower percentage of oxygen-carbon bonds.
D)Other energy-yielding nutrients undergo fewer metabolic reactions, thereby lowering the energy yield.
E)Other energy-yielding nutrients have a lower percentage of oxygen-hydrogen bonds.

Question 41

Which of the following is classified as a ketone body?

A)Sorbitol
B)Pyruvate
C)Acetyl CoA
D)Acetoacetate
E)Oxaloacetate

Question 42

Nationally, what percentage of college students are frequent binge drinkers?

A)5%
B)10%
C)20%
D)30%
E)50%

Question 43

What is a feature of the metabolism of surplus dietary fat?

A)Excess fat is almost all stored.
B)Excess fat promotes increased fat oxidation.
C)Excess fat spares breakdown of body proteins.
D)Conversion of excess fat to storage fat is inefficient.
E)Excess dietary fat facilitates conversion of other macronutrients to fat.

Question 44

Of the total amount of glucose energy consumed by the body, approximately what percentage is used by the brain and nerve cells?

A)10%
B)30%
C)50%
D)70%
E)90%

Question 45

What is one explanation for the generally lower tolerance for alcohol in women in comparison to men?

A)Women fast more often.
B)Women do not eat as much food with the alcohol.
C)Women consume more of their alcohol in sweetened drinks.
D)Women have lower amounts of stomach alcohol dehydrogenase.
E)Women are more likely to gulp their drinks.

Question 46

During the first few days of a fast, what energy source provides about 90% of the glucose needed to fuel the body?

A)Protein
B)Ketones
C)Glycogen
D)Triglycerides
E)Glycerol

Question 47

How soon would death occur from starvation if the body was unable to shift to a state of ketosis?

A)3 to 5 days
B)7 to 10 days
C)within 3 weeks
D)4 to 6 weeks
E)6 to 12 weeks

Question 48

What percentage of U.S. adult men are classified as drinking excessively? What percentage of women are doing the same?

A)2%; 5%
B)5%; 2%
C)8%; 3%
D)10%; 4%
E)11%; 8%

Question 49

Approximately how many kcal are contained in 3 ounces of 80-proof rum?

A)50 kcal
B)100 kcal
C)150 kcal
D)200 kcal
E)400 kcal

Question 50

Which of the following is a characteristic of the metabolism of specific macronutrients?

A)The rate of fat oxidation does not change when fat is eaten in excess.
B)The rate of protein oxidation does not change when protein is eaten in excess.
C)The rate of glucose oxidation does not change when carbohydrate is eaten in excess.
D)The conversion of dietary glucose to fat is the major pathway of carbohydrate utilization.
E)The conversion of protein to muscle is hastened when protein intake exceeds protein requirements.

Question 51

How does excess carbohydrate intake contribute to obesity?

A)It is efficiently converted to storage fat.
B)It spares oxidation of body fat and dietary fat.
C)It stimulates glucagon release, resulting in inhibition of fatty acid oxidation.
D)It stimulates pancreatic lipase secretion, which results in higher dietary fat absorption.
E)It results in large amounts of glycogen storage that is increased as carbohydrate consumption increases.

Question 52

Which dietary nutrient would most rapidly reverse a state of ketosis in a starving person?

A)Nonessential fatty acids
B)Protein
C)Amino acids
D)Carbohydrate
E)Essential fatty acids

Question 53

What organ is the major site for gluconeogenesis?

A)Liver
B)Brain
C)Muscle
D)Small intestine
E)Pancreas

Question 54

The amount of ethanol in a typical "drink" is ____.

A)0.5 ounce
B)1 ounce
C)1.5 ounces
D)2 ounces
E)4 ounces

Question 55

Which of the following can be synthesized from all three energy-yielding nutrients?

A)Lactate
B)Glycogen
C)Acetyl CoA
D)Oxaloacetate
E)Glucose

Question 56

If a person consumes 100 kcalories in excess of energy needs from olive oil, approximately what percentage of the kcalories are stored in the body?

A)55%
B)65%
C)75%
D)85%
E)95%

Question 57

What is the most likely explanation for the body's higher metabolic efficiency of converting a molecule of corn oil into stored fat compared with a molecule of sucrose?

A)The enzymes specific for metabolizing absorbed fat have been found to have higher activities than those metabolizing sucrose.
B)The absorbed corn oil is transported to fat cells at a faster rate than the absorbed sucrose, thereby favoring the uptake of corn oil fat.
C)There are fewer metabolic reactions for disassembling the corn oil and re-assembling the parts into a triglyceride for uptake by the fat cells.
D)Because corn oil has a greater energy content than sucrose, conversion of these nutrients into stored fat requires a smaller percentage of the energy from the corn oil.
E)The metabolic reactions for disassembling the corn oil and re-assembling the parts into a triglyceride for uptake by the fat cells require less energy themselves.

Question 58

What is the primary organ that oxidizes alcohol?

A)Brain
B)Liver
C)Pancreas
D)Stomach
E)Small intestine

Question 59

Storing excess energy from dietary carbohydrate as body fat requires ____ percent of the ingested energy intake.

A)5
B)15
C)25
D)35
E)45

Question 60

Which item is used to supply some of the fuel needed by the brain only after the body has been fasting for a while?

A)Ketones
B)Glycerol
C)Fatty acids
D)Amino acids
E)Protein

Question 61

What would be the best method of slowing alcohol absorption?

A)Not eating
B)Eating protein snacks
C)Drinking caffeinated drinks
D)Eating carbohydrate snacks
E)Fasting 6 to 8 hours before drinking

Question 62

Which functions are first to be affected when a person begins to drink alcohol?

A)Speech and vision
B)Judgment and reasoning
C)Voluntary muscle control
D)Respiration and heart function
E)Balance and coordination

Question 63

In the average healthy person, about how much time is required by the liver to process the alcohol in a typical drink?

A)15 minutes
B)30 minutes
C)1 hour
D)2 hours
E)4 hours

Question 64

Which statement is true regarding alcoholic beverages containing caffeine?

A)The FDA has banned their sales.
B)The time needed to be intoxicated is slowed by caffeine.
C)The presence of caffeine slows down consumption.
D)The caffeine slows the development of alcohol-induced impairment.
E)The presence of caffeine improves an individual's judgment about his or her level of intoxication.

Question 65

Fatty acids are taken apart two carbons at a time in a series of reactions known as ____________________.

Question 66

Some of the energy released during the breakdown of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids is captured in the high-energy compound with three phosphate groups called ____________________.

Question 67

The process by which green plants use the sun's energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water is ____________________.

Question 68

Excess alcohol intake leads to a reduction in the synthesis rate of ____.

A)liver fat
B)liver glucose
C)ketone bodies
D)acetyl CoA molecules
E)insulin

Question 69

The making of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources is called ____________________.

Question 70

What is the median weekly number of alcoholic drinks consumed by college students in general?

A)1 ½
B)3
C)5
D)10
E)14 ½

Question 71

The metabolism of alcohol begins in the ____.

A)liver
B)brain
C)stomach
D)intestines
E)mouth

Question 72

When the body needs energy quickly, pyruvate is converted to ____________________; when the energy expenditure is slower, pyruvate is broken down into ____________________.

Question 73

The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in people with chronic alcohol abuse stems primarily from a deficiency of ____.

A)folate
B)thiamin
C)antidiuretic hormone
D)alcohol dehydrogenase
E)protein

Question 74

The final common metabolic pathway for carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids is the ____________________.

Question 75

What proportion of all domestic violence incidents involve alcohol use?

A)25%
B)35%
C)45%
D)55%
E)65%

Question 76

Enzyme helpers are called ____________________.

Question 77

In the absence of adequate energy intake, ____________________ are formed from combining acetyl CoA fragments derived from fatty acids.

Question 78

In the first step of alcohol metabolism, alcohol dehydrogenase oxidizes alcohol to ____________________.

Question 79

In the TCA (tricarboxylic acid; Krebs) cycle, ____________________ is broken down into ____________________ and ____________________,

Question 80

What is acetaldehyde?

A)An intermediate in fatty acid synthesis
B)An intermediate in alcohol metabolism
C)The first product of fatty acid catabolism
D)The TCA compound that combines with acetyl CoA
E)The final product of alcohol metabolism.