Deck 11: Work

Question 1

Jobs often are structured to make work carry specific gender meanings.These gender meanings

A)differ across cultures and continually change over time.
B)have virtually disappeared in today's society.
C)reflect the fundamental differences between men and women.
D)are more pronounced in jobs that carry greater social status and pay.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Among the following,which would be the best example of emotion work?

A)getting a drunk client to sit down without a fuss
B)sitting up all night with your sick two-year-old child
C)ignoring the coworkers who are abusive to you
D)not complaining when you have to work overtime

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The experience of female flight attendants in the 1960s demonstrates that

A)when women enter previously male-dominated professions,these professions are viewed more seriously.
B)women's work is thought of as involving other qualities and skills than for men doing the same job.
C)unlike today,women in the 1960s were sexualized in the job market and sexually harassed on the job.
D)women were increasingly viewed as competent and respected skilled workers.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Symbolic threat reflects

A)the realistic fear that women's entrance into a male-dominated occupation will bring down prestige and wages for everyone.
B)the possibility that any woman at a job site may feel sexually harassed and report a male employee to the boss.
C)women's frustration when men ride the glass escalator and are promoted ahead of them.
D)how men would feel if the wage gap were closed.

Question 5

The gender pay gap

A)is similar in every U.S.state.
B)is the same across all racial and ethnic groups.
C)decreases at higher levels of education.
D)increases across the life cycle.

Question 6

What does the concept androcentric pay scale refer to?

A)the idea that business women need to act more like men in order earn equal pay
B)the correlation between average wages and the average gender composition of a job
C)the unwillingness of employers to pay women to do the most demanding jobs
D)the gender wage gap between men and women within the same occupation (different pay for equal work)

Question 7

What is emotion work?

A)the androcentric assumption that women get more emotional in the workplace than men
B)the characterization of certain jobs as demanding more caring emotions (and therefore better suited to women)
C)work that is done to manage the emotions of oneself and others
D)the idea that women's emotional skills are made invisible when they provide care

Question 8

An androcentric pay scale implies which of the following?

A)The percentage of women in an occupation is a good predictor of it having lower wages.
B)Men and women get paid according to their skill levels,but men are more skilled on average.
C)The gender composition of the job has no effect on wages,but women are paid less for it.
D)The gender composition of a job is less important than workers' experience,and men have more experience.

Question 9

Barbara believes that the __________ hypothesis BEST explains job segregation,because she believes that female chemical engineers will leave their occupations at a higher rate than female nurses will.

A)employee selection
B)employer selection
C)selective exit
D)socialization

Question 10

How did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 impact the airline industry?

A)It ended marriage bans that had been applied to female airline workers,but only after court cases brought by the flight attendants.
B)It immediately forced the airlines to discontinue marriage bans and appearance rules.
C)It ended gender discrimination by airlines for all jobs,but only after the airlines started losing money.
D)It allowed women to be given preference over men as flight attendants,but barred discrimination against women pilots.

Question 11

Gendered job segregation is

A)relatively constant over time and place because it reflects gender dimorphism.
B)extremely high (90 percent or more)in some occupations in the United States today.
C)virtually gone from most U.S.occupations since the 1960s.
D)the belief that men and women who do the same work should do it separately.

Question 12

The glass ceiling is something that

A)men experience in female-dominated occupations.
B)women experience in male-dominated occupations.
C)both men and women experience in occupations dominated by the other gender.
D)transmen and transwomen experience in occupations dominated by the other gender.

Question 13

Employers tend to prefer men for masculine jobs and women for feminine jobs.An explanation for this preference is called the __________ hypothesis.

A)gendered network
B)employer selection
C)socialization
D)subordination

Question 14

The gender pay gap is

A)the difference between the average incomes of men and women who work full-time for pay.
B)the actual salary gap between women and men regardless of the hours they work for pay.
C)irrelevant,because today women and men make the same amount for the same jobs,but just have different jobs.
D)the difference between women's and men's incomes in exactly the same job for the same employer.

Question 15

Mary has recently been promoted to CEO of the bank where she works.The bank has been involved in a public relations scandal,and it is in serious danger of closing.Mary's promotion is a good example of the __________ women encounter in the workplace.

A)glass ceiling
B)glass cliff
C)glass escalator
D)glass ladder

Question 16

When psychologists asked ten- and eleven-year-olds to evaluate fake jobs,the ones that the children were told were performed mostly by men were

A)viewed as being low paying.
B)seen as being more sexist.
C)rated as higher status.
D)seen as less desirable.

Question 17

"Fly Me" was a 1970s National Airlines advertising campaign that

A)implied that flying was a thrill-seeking,masculine adventure.
B)sexually objectified flight attendants.
C)valued women and the role they played in the airline industry.
D)highlighted the importance of air travel for men in business.

Question 18

Which of the following statements best describes the socialization hypothesis for explaining job segregation?

A)Men and women respond to gender stereotypes when planning,training,and applying for jobs.
B)Hiring often occurs through personal networks,which are themselves gendered,so hiring is gendered in turn.
C)Employers tend to prefer men for masculine jobs and women for feminine jobs,slotting applicants into gender-consistent roles during hiring and promotion.
D)Workers tend to abandon counterstereotypical occupations at a higher rate than stereotypical ones.

Question 19

The practice of filling occupations with mostly male or mostly female workers is

A)illegal but rarely prosecuted.
B)rare since the Civil Rights Act was passed.
C)common because collectively we understand jobs as being either masculine or feminine.
D)impossible to prevent,since men and women naturally have different abilities and interests.

Question 20

According to research conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics,__________ is the single largest contributor to the gender wage gap.

A)the gender composition of a job
B)interruptions to women's employment over the course of their working life
C)discrimination in the workplace
D)benevolent and hostile sexism

Question 21

A pharmacy is currently hiring for an open pharmacist position.Which candidate is MOST likely to be viewed the most favorably?

A)a married man with no children
B)a married man with children
C)an unmarried woman with children
D)a married woman with children

Question 22

Describe how the socialization hypothesis,the employer selection hypothesis,and the selective exit hypothesis explain gendered job segregation.Then explain how each of these hypotheses could be used to explain why nursing is highly female-dominated in the United States.Do you think one of these hypotheses does a better job of explaining the gendered nature of nursing? Why or why not? Make sure to explain your reasoning.

Question 23

Andrea is complaining to a friend about being placed on the "mommy track." What in particular is Andrea upset about?

A)the extra housework that women have,in addition to paid work outside the house
B)a career path with fewer opportunities for raises,promotions,or even equal pay
C)an average decrease in women's salaries with every child they have
D)the interruptions that occur in women's work lives because men do not share childcare equally

Question 24

Travis has been working as a nurse for two years,while Tina has been working as a nurse for five years.Travis recently was promoted to a managerial position.Which term best explains why Travis was promoted over Tina?

A)glass ceiling
B)glass cliff
C)glass escalator
D)glass ladder

Question 25

The university is hiring a new instructor,and the department head is interviewing three candidates for the job: (a)an unmarried woman without children(b)a married father of two,and (c)a mother with a newborn baby.Which of these candidates would you predict would likely be offered more money to start? Which of these candidates would likely be offered more training and promotion opportunities? Use the terms and data offered in the chapter to explain who you think has a better chance of being hired as well as having more promotion opportunities,and offer an explanation for your prediction.

Question 26

Celia just received her annual performance review from her male boss.She is interested in applying for a job in the pay grade above hers,so she needs to receive concrete feedback on the areas she needs to improve to strengthen her chances of being promoted.Her boss,however,doesn't want to hurt her feelings,so he provides vague feedback that is hard to interpret.Her boss is demonstrating how __________ can impede women's chances for advancement.

A)benevolent sexism
B)double binds
C)glass ceilings
D)hostile sexism

Question 27

Define emotion work,and describe two careers that require its employees to perform emotion work.Make sure to give detailed examples of the type of emotion work an employee would be expected to do in these roles.Then,discuss whether the two examples you've detailed would be viewed as skilled labor by American society as a whole.Make sure to address why or why not.

Question 28

The idea that an employee should focus exclusively on the job without interference from family responsibilities is called

A)the ideal worker norm.
B)the glass ceiling.
C)illegal sex discrimination.
D)the mommy track.

Question 29

The discrimination that employers show toward women with children compared to other women and men as actual or potential employees is called

A)the ideal worker norm.
B)the motherhood penalty.
C)benevolent sexism.
D)hostile sexism.

Question 30

Are discrimination against women and discrimination against mothers in the job market two separate,important phenomena or just two names for the same thing? Make a case for the similarities and differences that you think matter most and why.Use concepts and empirical evidence from the chapter to shape your answer.

Question 31

The textbook authors write: "Gendered job segregation in itself . . . isn't sufficient to explain the pay gap.It's only the start." Explain this statement.How does gender segregation relate to the gender gap in pay? What other factors are important in explaining the pay gap?

Question 32

What is the motherhood penalty?

A)the extra housework that women have,in addition to paid work outside the house
B)the highest cost of health care for women who choose to have children
C)a career path with fewer opportunities for raises,promotions,or even equal pay
D)a loss in wages per hour on the job associated with becoming a mother