Deck 1: Crime and Justice in the United States

Question 1

The list of calls for police service in Chicago,Illinois,which is discussed in your textbook,found which call for service most common?

A) Burglar alarms
B) Parking violations
C) Violent offenses
D) Disturbances

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Like the family,schools,organized religion,the media,and the law,criminal justice is a(n):

A) institution of social control.
B) private response to crime.
C) informal method of social control.
D) subtle social control.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to a study by researchers at eight universities,which of the following types of new stories dominates local television news shows?

A) crime and criminal justice
B) government and politics
C) natural disasters
D) sports

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Critics of the American media argue that the news media have a dual obligation to:

A) present news that reflects a higher focus on international crime than on domestic crime and maintain their presentation of sensational crimes.
B) present news that reflects a more balanced picture of the overall crime problem and increase their presentation of sensational crimes.
C) present news that reflects a more balanced picture of the overall crime problem and reduce their presentation of sensational crimes.
D) present news that reflects a higher focus on international crime than on domestic crime and reduce their presentation of sensational crimes.

Question 5

In the case of a misdemeanor or an ordinance violation,a(n)____ may be held.

A) summary trial
B) information
C) arrest warrant
D) grand jury

Question 6

American criminal justice consists of three main agencies,which are listed below.Which of the following is NOT one of those three main agencies?

A) Corrections
B) Prisons
C) Police
D) Courts

Question 7

Cases that are not resolved through plea bargaining or by a jury trial are decided by a judge in a:

A) grand jury.
B) indictment.
C) bench trial.
D) arraignment.

Question 8

A(n)____ is a charging document specifying that an offense has been committed by a person or persons named or described.

A) information
B) grand jury indictment
C) complaint
D) all of the choices are correct

Question 9

About ____ of criminal defendants plead guilty to the charges against them,in an arrangement called plea bargaining.

A) 90 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 5 percent
D) 40 percent

Question 10

Often,an arrest supported by ____ and ____ is sufficient to close a case,especially with a less serious crime.

A) witness statements; crime scene evidence
B) media coverage; jurisdiction
C) crime scene evidence; media coverage
D) witness statements; jurisdiction

Question 11

The booking process typically involves:

A) entering the suspect's charge in the police blotter.
B) entering the suspect's name in the police blotter.
C) perhaps entering the suspect's fingerprints or photograph in the police blotter.
D) all of the choices are correct

Question 12

The primary purpose of the ____ is to hear the formal information or indictment and to allow the defendant to enter a plea.

A) preliminary hearing
B) indictment
C) arraignment
D) initial appearance

Question 13

There are three types of charging documents,which are listed below.Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of charging documents listed in your text?

A) An information
B) A misdemeanant
C) A complaint
D) A grand jury indictment

Question 14

The vast majority of criminal cases in the United States are disposed of through which of the following processes?

A) jury trials
B) plea bargaining
C) bench trials
D) vigilantism

Question 15

The purpose of the ____ is for a judge to determine whether there is probable cause to believe that the defendant committed the crime or crimes with which he or she is charged.

A) preliminary hearing
B) indictment
C) arraignment
D) initial appearance

Question 16

A(n)____ outlines the formal charge or charges,the law or laws that have been violated,and the evidence to support the charge or charges.

A) information
B) grand jury indictment
C) complaint
D) ordinance violation

Question 17

After an arrest has been made,the suspect is brought to the police station to be:

A) incarcerated.
B) booked.
C) interrogated.
D) tried.

Question 18

Your text names three types of disturbances that received calls for police service in the Chicago,Illinois,police study.Which of the following is not one of these types of disturbances?

A) Domestic disturbances
B) General disturbances
C) Gang disturbances
D) Violent disturbances

Question 19

A suspect becomes a defendant after:

A) an information has been made.
B) a complaint has been made.
C) arrest.
D) charges have been filed.

Question 20

The term jurisdiction,as used in your text,means:

A) the specific location in which a court is located.
B) the loose confederation of prisons and jails around the country.
C) a politically defined geographical area.
D) the system of rank and hierarchy within police agencies.

Question 21

Which of the following are used to increase efficiency-meaning speed and finality--in the crime control model?

A) mistrials
B) plea bargains
C) appeals
D) bench trials

Question 22

Defendants can appeal their convictions on legal grounds,and three examples of legal grounds are listed below.Which of the following is not one of the legal grounds listed in your textbook?

A) Mistaken interpretations of law
B) Defects in jury selection
C) Improper admission of evidence at trial
D) Illegal search and seizure

Question 23

Due process advocates recognize that there can be no equal justice where the kind of trial a person gets,or whether he or she gets a trial at all,depends substantially on:

A) how much money that person has.
B) the region of the country in which they live.
C) the demands of the court's caseload.
D) the personal beliefs of their counsel.

Question 24

How much did the federal government spend to execute mass murderer Timothy McVeigh (the cost of the entire process)?

A) $1 million
B) $10 million
C) $100 million
D) $1 billion

Question 25

Because there is considerable conflict and confusion between different agencies of criminal justice,an accurate definition of American criminal justice may be to call it:

A) a system.
B) a nonsystem.
C) extremely uniform.
D) smoothly operating.

Question 26

If defendants ask for something special,such as a trial,the criminal justice assembly line is:

A) enhanced.
B) taken to its full potential.
C) essentially no different.
D) slowed down.

Question 27

Herbert Packer characterizes the due process model as:

A) "assembly-line justice."
B) focused on speed and efficiency.
C) more concerned with guilt than with innocence.
D) "obstacle-course justice."

Question 28

The ultimate goal of the crime control model is:

A) due process.
B) the means by which crime is controlled.
C) control.
D) human rights.

Question 29

How much did the state of Florida reportedly spend to administer justice to serial murderer Ted Bundy?

A) $10,000
B) $100,000
C) $1,000,000
D) $10,000,000

Question 30

A major problem with the crime control model is that a presumption of guilt goes against one of the oldest and most cherished principles of American criminal justice.What is this principle?

A) Defendants have the right to counsel, even if indigent.
B) Defendants have the right to a jury of their peers.
C) Defendants are considered innocent until proven guilty
D) Defendants are protected against compelled self-incrimination.

Question 31

On which of the following doctrines is the due process model based?

A) legal guilt
B) factual guilt
C) presumptive guilt
D) legal innocence

Question 32

When politically conservative values are dominant in society,the principles and policies of ____ seem to dominate the operation of criminal justice.

A) the crime control model
B) obstacle-course justice
C) fact-finding processes
D) the due process model

Question 33

During the Middle Ages in Europe,people commonly believed that guilt or innocence could be determined through:

A) trial by ordeal.
B) hanging.
C) trial by jury.
D) people's courts.

Question 34

In 2002,a total of ____ was spent on civil and criminal justice.

A) $180 billion
B) $1.8 trillion
C) $180 million
D) $1.8 billion

Question 35

In the Florida burglary case described in the text,what criminal justice function cost the most?

A) law enforcement
B) defense
C) prosecution and court
D) corrections

Question 36

In 2002,approximately how much did criminal and civil justice cost every resident of the United States (if the costs were divided evenly among all U.S.residents)?

A) $6.00
B) $60.00
C) $600.00
D) $6,000.00

Question 37

Currently,five general types of punishment are in use in the United States.Three are listed below.Which of the following is not one of the punishments in use in the United States?

A) Probation
B) Transportation
C) Intermediate punishments
D) Death

Question 38

If defendants are not satisfied with the outcome of their trials,then they have the right to:

A) declare a mistrial.
B) appeal.
C) demand a retrial.
D) request new counsel.

Question 39

Defendants can appeal their convictions on constitutional grounds,and three examples of constitutional grounds are listed below.Which of the following is not one of the constitutional grounds listed in your textbook?

A) Freedom of speech and public assembly
B) Incompetent assistance of counsel
C) Improper questioning of the defendant by the police
D) Identification of the defendant through a defective police lineup

Question 40

Criminal justice officials frequently complain that their jobs are made ____ because of the practice,common in many states,of sealing juvenile court records.

A) less complicated
B) more difficult
C) easier
D) more interesting

Question 41

From a political standpoint,the crime control model reflects traditional liberal values.

Question 42

A grand jury is a group of citizens who hear a criminal case during trial and decide upon the defendant's guilt.

Question 43

Judges are limited by statutory provisions when passing a sentence.

Question 44

In the due process model,factual guilt is enough for people to be found guilty of crimes.

Question 45

Sensational crime news stories provide a fairly accurate image of the types of crime by which the average citizen is victimized.

Question 46

Plea bargaining is the perfect mechanism for achieving the primary focus of the due process model-efficiency.

Question 47

Match the following criminal justice models to the appropriate belief listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Crime control model
b.Due process model
Preventive detention should be used little,if at all.

Question 48

A prosecutor always reviews a case before an arrest is made.

Question 49

Match the following criminal justice models to the appropriate belief listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Crime control model
b.Due process model
Efficiency and speed are of paramount importance.

Question 50

Bail is the conditional release of prisoners before they have served their full sentences.

Question 51

What the media present,for the most part,misleads the American public about the nature of crime.

Question 52

Usually,society turns to criminal justice only after other institutions of social control have failed.

Question 53

In the due process model,the factual guilt of suspects is not determined until the suspects have had a full opportunity to discredit the charges against them.

Question 54

An arrest is the seizing and detaining of a person by lawful authority.

Question 55

To achieve "quick closure" in the processing of cases under the crime control model,a premium is placed on speed and finality.

Question 56

An information is used for misdemeanor or ordinance violation charges.

Question 57

Probable cause is a standard of proof that requires trustworthy evidence sufficient to make a reasonable person believe that,more likely than not,the proposed action is justified.

Question 58

Neither the crime control model nor the due process model is likely to completely control criminal justice in the future.

Question 59

The criminal justice response to crime usually begins when the police themselves discover that a crime has been committed.

Question 60

Match the following criminal justice models to the appropriate belief listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Crime control model
b.Due process model
To be truly guilty,a defendant must be found legally and factually guilty.

Question 61

Explain the doctrine of legal guilt.

Question 62

Define the three principal kinds of charging documents and when they are used.

Question 63

What are the ways in which an appellate court can handle a case that has been appealed?

Question 64

Assume that an arrest is made and the defendant is found guilty,number these steps in the order in which they occur in the criminal justice process.Numbers should be from 1 to 11.
____ Possible appeal
____ Either indictment by a grand jury followed by arraignment,or arraignment on an information
____ Formal charging of the suspect
____ Arrest
____ Preliminary hearing (for a felony)
____ Sentencing
____ Booking
____ Investigation
____ Initial appearance
____ Punishment
____ Either a plea bargain or a trial

Question 65

Your textbook names nine due-process rights that affect the determination of legal guilt.Name five of them.

Question 66

Match the following criminal justice models to the appropriate belief listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Crime control model
b.Due process model
The criminal justice system is an administrative fact-finding process with two possible outcomes: a suspect's exoneration or the suspect's guilty plea.

Question 67

Defendants can appeal their convictions either on legal grounds or on constitutional grounds.Your textbook names three examples of legal grounds and four examples of constitutional grounds.Name two of each.

Question 68

Match the following criminal justice models to the appropriate belief listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Crime control model
b.Due process model
To be treated fairly,the criminal justice system must have formal,adjudicative fact-finding processes,in which cases against suspects are heard publicly by impartial trial courts.

Question 69

Match the following criminal justice models to the appropriate belief listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Crime control model
b.Due process model
Plea bargaining helps keep the court process running smoothly,and should be used whenever possible.

Question 70

Name the two ways,which are listed in your textbook,in which criminal justice differs from other institutions of social control.

Question 71

Match the following criminal justice models to the appropriate belief listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Crime control model
b.Due process model
Legal representation is not necessary during the criminal justice process,except perhaps at the trial stage.

Question 72

Match the following criminal justice models to the appropriate belief listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Crime control model
b.Due process model
This model rests upon a presumption of innocence until guilt is proven.

Question 73

Match the following criminal justice models to the appropriate belief listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.Crime control model
b.Due process model
This model rests upon a presumption of guilt.

Question 74

Explain the two reasons why the American criminal justice system is a nonsystem.