Deck 2: Crime and Its Consequences

Question 1

Which of the following tests of insanity did attorneys for Lorena Bobbitt,who sliced off her husband's penis with a kitchen knife while he was sleeping,successfully employ in a 1994 Virginia trial?

A) the M'Naghten rule
B) the irresistible impulse or control test
C) Durham's rule
D) the substantial capacity test of the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code

Answer 1

B

Question 2

If a person does not want to commit a crime but is forced to do so against his or her will,he or she committed the crime:

A) under duress.
B) in entrapment.
C) in self-defense.
D) in defense of a third party.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The term ____ refers to criminal conduct-specifically,intentional or criminally negligent action or inaction that causes harm.

A) ex post facto
B) actus reus
C) mens rea
D) concurrence

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following tests for insanity currently is used in half of the United States?

A) the M'Naghten rule
B) the irresistible impulse or control test
C) Durham's rule
D) the substantial capacity test of the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code

Question 5

A typical ____ definition of crime is "an intentional violation of the criminal law or penal code,committed without defense or excuse and penalized by the state."

A) psychological
B) social
C) criminal
D) legal

Question 6

A typical ____ definition of crime is "behavior that violates the norms of society."

A) legal
B) criminological
C) social
D) psychological

Question 7

According to official statistics,what percent of all crime committed annually is violent crime?

A) 1-5
B) 5-15
C) 15-25
D) 25-50

Question 8

Three of the following are reasons that explain the inaccuracy of official crime statistics.Which one does NOT belong?

A) A large proportion of crimes is undetected.
B) They only include respondents who have been victimized within the last 12 months.
C) Crimes that are reported to the police may not be officially recorded by them, for various reasons, or may be inaccurately recorded.
D) Some crimes may not be reported to the police.

Question 9

Most legal excuses for criminal responsibility are based on the belief that certain offenders lack the capacity or competence or have diminished capacity or competence to form:

A) mens rea
B) actus rea
C) legality
D) mala prohibita

Question 10

When an individual commits a crime and claims that he or she committed it under duress,on whom is the burden of proof?

A) the victim
B) the state
C) the offender
D) the judge

Question 11

Perhaps the most important problem with the M'Naghten rule is that:

A) the irresistible-impulse or control test is generally considered outdated.
B) it does not address the situation of a defendant who knew the difference between right and wrong but nevertheless was unable to control his or her actions.
C) it does not distinguish reliably between behavior that is uncontrollable and behavior that is simply uncontrolled.
D) the substantial-capacity test of the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code is identical.

Question 12

What is the Latin term for crimes that are "wrong in themselves"; crimes characterized by universality and timelessness?

A) mala prohibita
B) mala in se
C) mala au gratin
D) crimenindividualis

Question 13

People are generally considered either not responsible or less responsible for their crimes if they are:

A) forced to commit a criminal act.
B) coerced to commit a criminal act.
C) entrapped.
D) all of the choices are correct

Question 14

Crimes that are NOT officially recorded by the police are called:

A) a crime index.
B) the true amount of crime.
C) crime rates.
D) the dark figure of crime.

Question 15

In most American jurisdictions,the upper age limit for juvenile delinquency is ____,and the lower limit is usually ____.

A) 16; 7
B) 16; 12
C) 18; 12
D) 18; 7

Question 16

Which of the following legal defenses was used successfully by Amy Carter,daughter of former President Jimmy Carter,Jerry Rubin,and other activists who were charged with trespassing for protesting apartheid on the property of the South African embassy in Washington,

A) necessity
B) entrapment
C) insanity
D) under age
D)C.?

Question 17

A(n)____ is any standard or rule regarding what human beings should or should not think,say,or do under given circumstances.

A) norm
B) law
C) ethic
D) moral

Question 18

One problem with finding an appropriate definition of crime is that:

A) too many behaviors exist that could be defined as crimes.
B) crime should be defined only by the presence of physical injury to another person.
C) many dangerous and harmful behaviors are not defined as crimes, while many less dangerous and less harmful behaviors are.
D) most behaviors that are defined as criminal are actually "victimless crimes."

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a problem or criticism with a legal definition of crime?

A) some behaviors are prohibited by the criminal law but, arguably, should not be
B) some behaviors are prohibited by the criminal law but the law is not routinely enforced
C) some behaviors arguably should be prohibited by the criminal law, although they are not
D) all of the choices are problems or criticisms

Question 20

Which of the following is a reason why victims fail to report crimes?

A) may consider the crime insignificant and not worth reporting
B) may hope to avoid embarrassing the offender
C) may be intimidated by or afraid of the offender
D) all of the choices are correct

Question 21

In 1996,the Uniform Crime Reports began to include data reported on:

A) violent crimes.
B) victimless crimes.
C) property crimes.
D) hate crimes.

Question 22

Which of the following crimes is NOT a uniform crime report Part I offense?

A) aggravated assault
B) motor vehicle theft
C) arson
D) fraud

Question 23

A(n)____ is expressed as the number of crimes per unit of population or some other base.

A) crime index
B) index crime
C) offense known to the police
D) crime rate

Question 24

The ____ is/are a collection of crime statistics and other law enforcement information published annually under the title Crime in the United States.

A) Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
B) self-report crime surveys
C) National Crime Victimization Survey
D) National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

Question 25

For many crime victims,____ is/are the most burdensome and lasting consequence of their victimization.

A) medical expenses
B) anger
C) fear
D) threats

Question 26

According to a NIJ study of the costs of crime,which included long-term costs as well as the intangible costs of pain,suffering,and reduced quality of life,what is the annual cost of crime?

A) $4.5 billion
B) $45 billion
C) $450 billion
D) $4.5 trillion

Question 27

Which of the following sets of characteristics best describes the typical arrestee in 2003?

A) young, male, white
B) young, male, black
C) young, female, black
D) young, female, white

Question 28

A study by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ)determined which crimes have the highest annual victim costs.Three of the following crimes have the highest annual victim costs.Which one does NOT belong?

A) Assault
B) Rape
C) Murder
D) Arson

Question 29

The National Crime Victimization Survey was formerly called:

A) the National Crime Surveys.
B) Criminal Victimization in the United States.
C) the Uniform Crime Report.
D) Crime in the United States.

Question 30

Approximately what percent of murders and nonnegligent manslaughters do the police "clear" each year?

A) 15
B) 25
C) 50
D) 70

Question 31

Perhaps the greatest and most important difference between the NIBRS and the UCR is that the NIBRS:

A) contains more data on each crime, making it possible to examine crimes in much more detail.
B) focuses extensively on victims and the annual costs of victimization.
C) contains less data on each crime, thus streamlining the study of crime statistics.
D) asks criminals to report their crime records in extensive detail.

Question 32

The practice of counting only the most serious offense in a multiple-crime event is a feature of the:

A) National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS).
B) self-report crime surveys.
C) Uniform Crime Report (UCR).
D) National Crime Victimization Survey.

Question 33

Any record of crimes-such as offenses known to the police,arrests,convictions,or commitments to prison-can be considered a ____,or an estimate of crimes committed.

A) crime index
B) dark figure of crime
C) true amount of crime
D) crime rate

Question 34

Survey results discussed in your text suggest that there is a greater fear of being ____ than there is of being ____.

A) the victim of a property crime; the victim of a violent crime
B) the victim of burglaries when one is not home; the victim of sexual assault
C) a crime victim in general; the victim of a specific crime
D) the victim of sexual assault; a crime victim in general

Question 35

To date,most self-report crime surveys conducted in the United States have been administered to:

A) defendants.
B) school children.
C) victims of violent crimes.
D) victims of hate crimes.

Question 36

The textbook lists several factors indirectly related to crime that can affect crime rates.Three are listed below.Which of the following was NOT listed in your textbook?

A) Urbanization
B) Family size
C) Changing demographic characteristics
D) Police reports for stolen items that are insured

Question 37

A(n)____ is an act that is illegal for a juvenile but would not be a crime if committed by an adult,such as truancy or running away from home.

A) index offense
B) hate crime
C) bias crime
D) status offense

Question 38

According to the National Crime Victimization Survey,in 2003 the total economic loss to victims of crime in the United States was:

A) $15 million.
B) $1.5 billion.
C) $15 billion.
D) $115 billion.

Question 39

Which of the following offenses accounted for the largest number of arrests made by the police in 2003?

A) driving under the influence
B) larceny theft
C) drug abuse violations
D) simple assault

Question 40

What was the index crime for which women were most frequently arrested in 2003?

A) driving under the influence
B) larceny theft
C) drug abuse violations
D) simple assault

Question 41

The major advantage of a social definition of crime,at least on the surface,is that it is narrower and less ambiguous than a legal definition of crime.

Question 42

Match each of the following statements with the demographic group listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.More likely to be a victim of violent crime
b.Less likely to be a victim of violent crime
Persons with an income of $75,000 or less

Question 43

Match each of the following statements with the demographic group listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.More likely to be a victim of violent crime
b.Less likely to be a victim of violent crime
Persons with an income of $75,000 or more

Question 44

Clearance rates are a rough index of police performance in solving crimes.

Question 45

The biggest obstacle to the implementation of the NIBRS is that its reporting system requires the use of extensive paper records.

Question 46

Crime rates provide a more accurate indication of increases or decreases in crime indexes than do total numbers of crimes.

Question 47

Any index of crime varies with changes in police practices,court policies,and public opinion.

Question 48

The object of criminal justice in the United States is to prevent and control crime.

Question 49

Match each of the following statements with the demographic group listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.More likely to be a victim of violent crime
b.Less likely to be a victim of violent crime
People aged 65 or older

Question 50

Most people in American society have never committed a crime.

Question 51

Match each of the following statements with the demographic group listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.More likely to be a victim of violent crime
b.Less likely to be a victim of violent crime
Northeastern people and households

Question 52

Match each of the following statements with the demographic group listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.More likely to be a victim of violent crime
b.Less likely to be a victim of violent crime
Rural residents

Question 53

Which of the following statements about fear of crime is true?

A) Females are more fearful than males of having their homes burglarized.
B) Younger people are more fearful than older people of sexual assault and burglary.
C) Hispanics and blacks are no more fearful than whites of sexual assault of themselves or someone in their household and of being murdered.
D) Fear of being beaten, knifed, or shot and fear of getting mugged decreases with the level of urbanization of the community in which people live.

Question 54

Match each of the following statements with the demographic group listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.More likely to be a victim of violent crime
b.Less likely to be a victim of violent crime
Western people and households

Question 55

The further a crime index is from the initial commission of crime,the more accurate it is as a measure of the true amount of crime.

Question 56

Match each of the following statements with the demographic group listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.More likely to be a victim of violent crime
b.Less likely to be a victim of violent crime
Never married,divorced,or separated people

Question 57

In most jurisdictions,deadly force may be used to protect one's property.

Question 58

The United States Constitution forbids ex post facto laws.

Question 59

Offenses known to the police are probably the best index of crime-that is,the least inaccurate.

Question 60

In general,norms do not change from time to time or from place to place.

Question 61

Match each of the following statements with the demographic group listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.More likely to be a victim of violent crime
b.Less likely to be a victim of violent crime
People aged 16-19

Question 62

Match each of the following statements with the demographic group listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.More likely to be a victim of violent crime
b.Less likely to be a victim of violent crime
Widowers

Question 63

Your textbook lists eight demographic factors that affect a person's fear of crime.Name four of them and explain how each factor affects one's fear of crime.

Question 64

Your textbook names eight reasons why victims do not report all crimes to police.Name four of them.

Question 65

Name the six defenses or excuses for legal responsibility listed in your textbook.

Question 66

Name four of the eight index offenses.

Question 67

Match each of the following statements with the demographic group listed below.Answers may be used more than once.
a.More likely to be a victim of violent crime
b.Less likely to be a victim of violent crime
Urban residents

Question 68

According to your text,in order for a crime to have been committed,seven elements should be in place.Name these elements.