Deck 25: Kidney Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

For micturition to occur,stimulation from what receptor(s)will cause the parasympathetic messages to contract the detrusor muscle of the bladder?

A) Bladder wall and ureters
B) Bladder wall and urethra
C) Ureters and urethra
D) Urethra

Answer 1

Bladder wall and urethra

Question 2

Which of the following,if found in the urine,suggests damage to the glomerular membrane?

A) Creatinine
B) Bicarbonate ions
C) Sodium
D) Albumin

Answer 2

Albumin

Question 3

Which of the following conditions would result in an increased release of renin?

A) Increased release of angiotensin I
B) Increased release of angiotensin II
C) Increased amount of sodium in the distal convoluted tubule
D) Reduced pressure in the glomerulus

Answer 3

Reduced pressure in the glomerulus

Question 4

Ammonia,hydrogen,and ammonium are secreted in the

A) loop of Henle.
B) collecting duct.
C) glomerulus.
D) proximal tubule.

Question 5

A patient who is not on any medications is admitted to your unit with severe hypokalemia.Laboratory values taken upon admission to the ED are serum K?,2.2 mEq/L; BUN,15 mg/dL; and creatinine,1.2 mg/dL.Urine output is averaging 45 mL/hr.The ED nurse reports that the patient received a total of 80 mEq of potassium over 4 hours via a right subclavian central venous line.After admission to your unit,the physician orders a repeat potassium level.The result is K?,2.4 mEq/L.What other information would be beneficial at this time?

A) Magnesium level
B) Repeat creatinine level
C) Calcium level
D) Hemoglobin level

Question 6

The mobilization of calcium from bone stores is accomplished through the influence of which hormone?

A) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
D) Erythropoietin

Question 7

Maintaining a normal range of serum potassium is important for

A) fluid regulation.
B) acid-base buffering.
C) nervous impulse conduction.
D) triggering ADH release.

Question 8

Where does the concentration and dilution of urine occur?

A) In the juxtamedullary nephrons
B) In the cortical nephrons
C) In the peritubular capillaries
D) In the internal nephron

Question 9

The functional unit of the kidney is known as the

A) Bowman capsule.
B) glomerulus.
C) nephron.
D) distal tubule.

Question 10

The function of aldosterone is primarily

A) excretion of potassium through the renal tubules.
B) control of sodium and water.
C) regulation of bicarbonate.
D) reabsorption of sodium and potassium.

Question 11

Which of the following is most indicative of renal failure?

A) Elevated blood-urea-nitrogen
B) Congestive heart failure
C) Peripheral edema
D) Elevated creatinine

Question 12

Chloride plays a major role in maintaining

A) cellular immunity.
B) serum osmolality.
C) bone strength.
D) adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Question 13

The substance most responsible for maintaining the colloid osmotic pressure is

A) intravascular plasma proteins.
B) intracellular potassium.
C) extracellular sodium.
D) interstitial potassium.

Question 14

The initial filtering of the blood occurs in which structure?

A) The distal tubule
B) The proximal tubule
C) The glomerulus
D) The collecting tubule

Question 15

Which type of intravenous fluid will not create a shift of fluids within the vascular space?

A) Hypertonic
B) Hypotonic
C) Isotonic
D) Osmotic pressure

Question 16

To prevent acid-base disturbances,the ratio between carbonic acid and bicarbonate should be

A) 10 mEq of carbonic acid to 20 mEq of bicarbonate.
B) 20 mEq of carbonic acid to 10 mEq of bicarbonate.
C) 1 mEq of carbonic acid to 20 mEq of bicarbonate.
D) 20 mEq of carbonic acid to 1 mEq of bicarbonate.

Question 17

Which electrolytes are cations?

A) Sodium, potassium, and chloride
B) Sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate
C) Bicarbonate, chloride, and calcium
D) Sodium, potassium, and magnesium

Question 18

If the patient's blood pressure drops,which of the following will help maintain adequate glomerular pressure?

A) Constriction of the afferent arteriole
B) Dilation of the efferent arteriole
C) Dilation of the collecting tubule
D) Constriction of the efferent arteriole

Question 19

The primary waste product(s)that are measured to determine kidney function is/are

A) urea and creatinine.
B) creatinine.
C) BUN and creatine.
D) BUN, sodium, and potassium.

Question 20

The following substances,among others,are found in a urine sample: urea,creatinine,sodium,chlorine,potassium,glucose,and bicarbonate ions.Which of the following could account for this abnormal finding?

A) Blood pressure of 76/30 mm Hg
B) Blood glucose of 456 mg/dL
C) Blood glucose of 36 mg/dL
D) Blood potassium level of 4.1 mEq/L

Question 21

Which electrolyte abnormality is evident early in the course of kidney failure?

A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Chloride
D) Phosphorus

Question 22

Which of the following factors stimulate the release of ADH?

A) Hypovolemia
B) Hypernatremia
C) Hypothermia
D) Opioids and oral hypoglycemics
E) Severe physical and emotional stress

Question 23

When renin eventually stimulates angiotensin II,the adrenal glands then secrete

A) aldosterone.
B) potassium.
C) ADH.
D) vasopressin.

Question 24

Functions of the kidneys include which of the following?

A) Formation of urine
B) Blood pressure regulation
C) Erythrocyte destruction
D) Breakdown of prostaglandins
E) Regulation of acid-base balance

Question 25

Complications of kidney function in older adults will occur with the presence of

A) proteinuria.
B) vasopressin.
C) BUN.
D) creatine.