Question 1

What intestinal hormone is responsible for stimulating the pancreas to secrete fluid into the duodenum?&#10;A) Secretin&#10;B) Chyme&#10;C) Gastrin&#10;D) Pepsin

Accepted Answer

The entry of chyme into the duodenum stimulates the production of secretin,which in turn stimulates the pancreas to secrete a highly alkaline fluid into the duodenum.In the small intestine,the chyme mixes with pancreatic enzymes,intestinal enzymes,and bile from the liver and gallbladder and is then reduced to absorbable elements of proteins,fats,and carbohydrates.The nutrients are absorbed through the villi and transported to the liver via the portal system for further processing.

Question 2

Where in the gastrointestinal tract are Bacteroides,Lactobacillus,and Clostridium organisms commonly found?&#10;A) Stomach&#10;B) Small intestine&#10;C) Large intestine&#10;D) Liver

Accepted Answer

The colon contains billions of anaerobic bacteria that putrefy remaining proteins and indigestible residue; synthesize folic acid,vitamin K,nicotinic acid,riboflavin,and some B vitamins; and convert urea salts to ammonium salts and ammonia for absorption into the portal circulation.Common colonic bacteria include Bacteroides,Lactobacillus,and Clostridium organisms.

Question 3

How is food is propelled through the esophagus?&#10;A) Gravity&#10;B) Salivary fluids&#10;C) Cardiac sphincter suction&#10;D) Peristalsis

Accepted Answer

The functions of the esophagus are to accept a bolus of food from the oropharynx,transport the bolus through the esophageal body by gravity and peristalsis,and release the bolus into the stomach through the lower esophageal sphincter.This process is known as swallowing.

Question 4

What purpose does saliva serve in the process of digestion?&#10;A) Washes away bacteria&#10;B) Provides the body's main source of potassium&#10;C) Contains hydrochloric acid for breakdown of protein&#10;D) Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system

Accepted Answer

Salivation has an important role in the first stage of digestion because it lubricates the mouth,facilitates the movement of the lips and the tongue during swallowing,and washes away bacteria.Saliva consists of approximately 99.5% water that contains a large amount of ions such as potassium,chloride,bicarbonate,thiocyanate,and hydrogen,as well as immunoglobulin A,which is vital for destroying oral bacteria and mucus.

Question 5

The gastrointestinal system plays a vital role in detoxification and elimination of what substances?&#10;A) Viruses&#10;B) Chemical toxins&#10;C) Drugs&#10;D) Bacteria&#10;E) Bile

Accepted Answer

The gastrointestinal system also plays a vital role in detoxification and elimination of bacteria,viruses,chemical toxins,and drugs.Bile is produced in the liver.

Question 6

Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system produces which effect on the gastrointestinal system?&#10;A) Decreased peristalsis&#10;B) Increased secretion of watery saliva&#10;C) Decreased colonic activity&#10;D) Increased release of gastrointestinal hormones

Accepted Answer

The salivary glands are regulated by the autonomic nervous system,with parasympathetic effects predominating.Whereas increased parasympathetic stimulation results in profuse secretions of watery saliva,decreased parasympathetic stimulation results in inhibition of salivation.

Question 7

What is the name of the portion of the stomach that connects the antrum to the duodenum?&#10;A) Fundus&#10;B) Body&#10;C) Cardiac orifice&#10;D) Pylorus

Accepted Answer

The anatomic divisions of the stomach are the cardia (proximal end),fundus (portion above and to the left of the cardiac sphincter),body (middle portion),antrum (elongated,constricted portion),and pylorus (distal end connecting the antrum to the duodenum).

Question 8

Which component of gastric juice is necessary for the breakdown of proteins?&#10;A) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)&#10;B) Pepsin&#10;C) Intrinsic factor&#10;D) Potassium

Accepted Answer

Gastric juice is composed of hydrochloric acid (HCl),pepsin (necessary for the breakdown of protein),mucus,intrinsic factor (necessary for vitamin B₁₂ absorption),sodium,and potassium.

Question 9

The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine properties.Which substances are produced by the exocrine function?&#10;A) Gastrin&#10;B) Trypsin&#10;C) Amylase&#10;D) Lipase&#10;E) Insulin

Accepted Answer

Enzymes produced in the pancreas include trypsin,chymotrypsin,carboxypeptidase,amylase,and lipase.The pancreas also produces a trypsin inhibitor that prevents activation of trypsinogen (inactive form of trypsin),which inhibits autodigestion.The production of gastrin and insulin is an endocrine function.

Question 10

Which layer of the large intestine consists of longitudinal and circular muscles?&#10;A) Serosa layer&#10;B) Muscularis layer&#10;C) Submucosa layer&#10;D) Mucosa layer

Accepted Answer

The outermost layer,the serous layer (serosa),is formed from the visceral peritoneum and covers most of the large intestine,with the exclusion of the sigmoid colon.The second layer,the muscular layer (muscularis),consists of two smooth muscle layers: the longitudinal and the circular muscles.The third layer,the submucous layer (submucosa),consists of connective tissue that contains blood vessels,lymphatics,glands,and nerve plexuses.The innermost layer,the mucous layer (mucosa),is lined with simple columnar epithelial cells and contains deep crypts of Lieberkühn that are lined with mucus-producing goblet cells.The mucus eases the passage of the fecal material and protects the mucosal surface from trauma.

Question 11

A patient has been admitted in acute liver failure.The nurse knows that the synthesis of fibrinogen is affected and will result in what problem?&#10;A) Jaundice&#10;B) Fluid retention and ascites&#10;C) Delayed clotting&#10;D) Hepatomegaly

Accepted Answer

The answer of A patient has been admitted in acute...

Question 12

When the ileum is distended,the ileogastric reflex inhibits what process?&#10;A) Gastric absorption&#10;B) Absorption in the jejunum&#10;C) Gastric motility&#10;D) Ileum motility

Accepted Answer

The answer of When the ileum is distended,the ileogastric reflex...

Question 13

What is the pH of gastric juices prior to being mixed with food?&#10;A) 1.0&#10;B) 3.0&#10;C) 5.0&#10;D) 7.0

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the pH of gastric juices...

Question 14

What is the name of the portion of the stomach that allows for expansion and secretion of gastric juice?&#10;A) Serosa&#10;B) Muscularis&#10;C) Submucosa&#10;D) Mucosa

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the name of the portion...

Question 15

Which organ lies obliquely beneath the cardiac sphincter and above the pyloric sphincter?&#10;A) Esophagus&#10;B) Stomach&#10;C) Duodenum&#10;D) Ileum

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which organ lies obliquely beneath the cardiac...

Question 16

What vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood from the gut,pancreas,spleen,and stomach to the liver?&#10;A) Hepatic artery&#10;B) Hepatic vein&#10;C) Portal vein&#10;D) Interlobular veins

Accepted Answer

The answer of What vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood from the...

Question 17

A patient has been admitted in acute liver failure.Which laboratory value would the nurse expect to support this diagnosis?&#10;A) Elevated blood glucose level&#10;B) High levels of unconjugated bilirubin&#10;C) Decreased prothrombin time&#10;D) Decreased partial thromboplastin time

Accepted Answer

The answer of A patient has been admitted in acute...

Question 18

What is the main function of bile?&#10;A) Emulsify fat globules&#10;B) Serve as a reservoir for bilirubin&#10;C) Maintain triglyceride levels in the blood&#10;D) Aid in detoxification of drugs in the liver

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the main function of bile?&#10;A)...

Question 19

What role does the liver play in maintaining normal blood sugar levels?&#10;A) Produces insulin to breakdown glucose&#10;B) Synthesizes amino acids from ketoacids&#10;C) Converts glycogen to glucose&#10;D) Synthesizes glycogen from carbohydrates

Accepted Answer

The answer of What role does the liver play in...

Question 20

Which statements are correct regarding epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa?&#10;A) They prevent diffusion of hydrogen into the mucosa.&#10;B) They secrete bicarbonate to neutralize hydrogen ions.&#10;C) They have the ability to increase blood flow to facilitate removal of toxic metabolites.&#10;D) They break down prostaglandins.&#10;E) They are impervious to alcohol and aspirin.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statements are correct regarding epithelial cells...

Deck 27: Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Physiology