Deck 19: Foreign and Military Policy Foreign and Military Policy

Question 1

 When legal issues have arisen out of foreign policy disputes between the president and Congress,the Supreme Court has generally 

A) favored Congress. 
B) favored the president. 
C) refused to intervene. 
D) interpreted the U.S. Constitution quite literally. 
E) relied on the solicitor general to resolve conflicts.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

 The decision to go to war is an example of __________ politics. 

A) majoritarian 
B) interest-group 
C) entrepreneurial 
D) client 
E) None of these are correct.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

 Which president ordered a blockade of southern ports? 

A) Abraham Lincoln 
B) Andrew Jackson 
C) Franklin D. Roosevelt 
D) James Polk 
E) George Washington

Answer 3

A

Question 4

 When it comes to international diplomacy and the use of troops,the American president is  

A) strong if Democrats control Congress and weak otherwise. 
B) strong if Republicans control Congress and weak otherwise. 
C) weak. 
D) strong. 
E) strong if his or her party controls Congress and weak otherwise.

Question 5

 How many times have U.S.presidents sent troops abroad without the authorization of Congress? 

A) None 
B) Ten 
C) Approximately fifty 
D) More than one hundred 
E) More than three hundred

Question 6

 When entrepreneurial politics shapes foreign policy,the central political arena is 

A) the State Department. 
B) Congress. 
C) the president. 
D) the United Nations. 
E) the courts.

Question 7

 Which president ordered a U.S.invasion of Panama to depose the dictator Manuel Noriega? 

A) John F. Kennedy 
B) Ronald Reagan 
C) George H. W. Bush 
D) Bill Clinton 
E) George W. Bush

Question 8

 A nuclear test ban treaty,the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Alliance,and the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)are all examples of __________ politics. 

A) neo-institutional 
B) interest-group 
C) entrepreneurial 
D) client 
E) majoritarian

Question 9

 In 1986,presidential aides sought to trade arms for U.S.hostages in Iran and then use some profits from the arms sales to support the anti-Marxist contras fighting in Nicaragua.Congress's investigation into the scandal reflected __________ politics. 

A) majoritarian 
B) interest-group 
C) entrepreneurial 
D) client 
E) neo-institutional

Question 10

 President __________ ordered the military to move Japanese Americans from their homes on the West Coast to "relocation centers." 

A) Franklin Roosevelt 
B) Harry Truman 
C) Woodrow Wilson 
D) Warren G. Harding 
E) Abraham Lincoln

Question 11

 U.S.tariffs on Japanese steel imports would be examples of __________ politics. 

A) majoritarian 
B) interest-group 
C) entrepreneurial 
D) client 
E) neo-institutional

Question 12

 Edward Corwin describes the Constitution's treatment of the authority of the president and of Congress in foreign affairs as 

A) a recipe for disaster. 
B) a beacon of unity. 
C) an invitation to struggle. 
D) a call for cooperation. 
E) vaguely as possible.

Question 13

 The constitutional power to declare war and to regulate commerce with other nations is vested in 

A) the State Department. 
B) the Senate. 
C) the president. 
D) the Pentagon. 
E) Congress.

Question 14

 Alexis de Tocqueville suggested that the proper conduct of foreign affairs requires 

A) an equal balance of majoritarian, client, and interest group politics. 
B) power that is shared among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. 
C) sensitivity to culture and the courage to act forcefully. 
D) precisely those qualities most lacking in democratic nations. 
E) unmitigated allegiance and a stoic disposition.

Question 15

 The president usually takes the leading role on foreign policy issues that are matters of __________ politics. 

A) majoritarian 
B) interest group 
C) entrepreneurial 
D) client 
E) neo-institutional

Question 16

 George Kennan espoused which of the following worldviews? 

A) Human rights 
B) Disengagement 
C) Isolationism 
D) Containment 
E) All of these are correct.

Question 17

 An example of the relative weakness of U.S.presidents in foreign affairs,as compared with leaders of other nations,was 

A) Reagan's indecisiveness during the Grenada crisis. 
B) Bush's inability to recruit congressional support for Operation Desert Storm. 
C) Wilson's inability to lead the United States into the League of Nations. 
D) Kennedy's inability to commit troops in Vietnam. 
E) Johnson's inability to commit troops in Vietnam.

Question 18

 Al Qaeda means 

A) "the fight." 
B) "the base." 
C) "the mission." 
D) "the war." 
E) "the martyr."

Question 19

 A law passed in 1971 that (1)gave the president power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in any state where ordinary law enforcement procedures were unavailable and (2)afforded people the right to sue officials who violated their rights,was enacted primarily to defeat 

A) the Weather Underground 
B) the KKK 
C) Al Qaeda 
D) the Taliban 
E) the Barbary Pirates

Question 20

 When interest-group politics shapes foreign policy,the central political arena is  

A) the State Department. 
B) Congress. 
C) the president. 
D) the United Nations. 
E) the courts.

Question 21

 Which of the following summarizes American views on overseas military expeditions? 

A) Leery of them, but once started, Americans want to win, even if it means more intense fighting. 
B) Generally pacifistic unless the United States directly is attacked. 
C) Generally in favor of military action all the time. 
D) In favor of starting wars, but generally not to continue fighting them. 
E) None of these are correct.

Question 22

 In the early years of the republic,foreign policy was often made and almost always carried out by 

A) the president. 
B) Congress. 
C) the secretary of state. 
D) the U.S. Senate. 
E) the Speaker of the House.

Question 23

 In which foreign military situation did the president NOT benefit from the "rally 'round the flag" effect? 

A) Kennedy, after the Bay of Pigs 
B) Reagan, when he invaded Grenada 
C) George H. W. Bush, when he sent troops to fight Iraq 
D) Clinton, when he sent troops to Bosnia 
E) Ford, when an attempt was made to rescue an American ship

Question 24

 Which of the following statements about congressional oversight of Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)covert activities is true? 

A) Congress has no authority to disapprove of such activities. 
B) Congress must approve of activities that involve political assassination. 
C) Congress must approve of activities that involve military expenditures. 
D) Congress has blanket authority to approve or disapprove of such activities. 
E) Congress must approve those activities that will extend more than sixty days.

Question 25

 The Supreme Court ruled that Harry Truman overstepped the bounds of wartime executive power when he 

A) confiscated precious metals. 
B) froze prices and wages. 
C) reduced imports. 
D) seized steel mills. 
E) reduced the number of employees in state government.

Question 26

 The War Powers Act of 1973 was passed 

A) with huge majorities in Congress and the support of the president. 
B) with a narrow majority in Congress and the support of the president. 
C) to strengthen the power of the president. 
D) over a presidential veto. 
E) due to military overreach in the Middle East.

Question 27

 In this decision,the Supreme Court ruled that American foreign policy is vested entirely in the federal government where the president has plenary power. 

A) Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. v. United States 
B) Korematsu v. United States 
C) Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 
D) Hamdi v. Rumsfeld 
E) Rasul v. Bush

Question 28

 Which founding father was the nation's first secretary of state under George Washington? 

A) Alexander Hamilton 
B) John Adams 
C) Thomas Jefferson 
D) John Jay 
E) James Monroe

Question 29

 According to the text,the most important check on presidential war power is 

A) the Supreme Court. 
B) the State Department. 
C) the governors. 
D) the Joint Chiefs of Staff. 
E) Congress's control over the purse strings.

Question 30

 America's general bent toward isolationism and attitudes about the War in Europe changed dramatically with 

A) Hitler's invasion of Czechoslovakia. 
B) Hitler's invasion of Poland. 
C) the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. 
D) the international conference at Munich. 
E) Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union.

Question 31

 In this decision,the Supreme Court ruled that sending Japanese Americans to relocation centers during World War II was based on an acceptable military justification. 

A) Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. v. United States 
B) Korematsu v. United States 
C) Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 
D) Hamdi v. Rumsfeld 
E) Rasul v. Bush

Question 32

 Which of the following statements about the National Security Council is true? 

A) It reports directly to the secretary of state. 
B) Its membership is appointed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). 
C) Its influence is limited by constant squabbling among agencies. 
D) Its membership is appointed by Congress. 
E) It grew in influence during the Kennedy administration.

Question 33

 What is the typical effect of foreign crises on the president's approval rating? 

A) They increase the president's approval rating except when the public believes the president could have avoided the crisis. 
B) They increase the president's approval rating except when the public believes the president caused the crisis. 
C) They increase the president's approval rating, even if the crisis was partially or wholly the president's fault. 
D) They decrease the president's approval rating, even if the president was wholly blameless for the crisis. 
E) They decrease the president's approval rating except when it is evident that the president was wholly blameless for the crisis.

Question 34

 Prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor,__________ of Americans believed that the U.S.government should take steps,at the risk of war,to prevent Japan from becoming too powerful. 

A) less than a tenth 
B) less than a fifth 
C) about a third 
D) about half 
E) about two thirds

Question 35

 The War Powers Act of 1973 mandates that 

A) the president must report in writing to Congress within 48 hours after he introduces U.S. troops into areas where hostilities have occurred or are imminent. 
B) within 60 days after troops are sent into hostile situations, Congress must, by declaration of war or other specific statutory authorization, provide for the continuation of hostile action by U.S. troops. 
C) if Congress does not authorize the use of force, the president must withdraw the troops. 
D) if Congress requires the removal of troops, the president must comply. 
E) All of these are correct.

Question 36

 The president's national security adviser and the National Security Council (NSC) 

A) help the president coordinate the foreign policy bureaucracy. 
B) control the State Department. 
C) run the Defense Department. 
D) attenuate the rivalries between the executive branch and Congress. 
E) None of these are correct.

Question 37

 This president signed a law creating the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. 

A) Richard Nixon 
B) Donald Trump 
C) Barack Obama 
D) Bill Clinton 
E) George W. Bush

Question 38

 Americans generally believe,not quite correctly,that __________ in charge of foreign affairs. 

A) the secretary of state is 
B) the military-industrial complex is 
C) Congress is  
D) the president is 
E) Congress and the president together are

Question 39

 Presidents have generally viewed the War Powers Act as 

A) unconstitutional. 
B) a constitutional but misguided use of congressional power. 
C) a boost to America's image abroad. 
D) strengthening their power in foreign affairs. 
E) None of these are correct. 

Question 40

 The American public and foreign policy leaders are most divided on the issue of 

A) expanding economic aid to other countries. 
B) taking the side of Israel in conflicts with Palestinians. 
C) combating international terrorism. 
D) supporting U.S. troops in Afghanistan. 
E) supporting NATO.

Question 41

 The National Security Act of 1947 created the 

A) Department of Defense. 
B) Department of War. 
C) State Department. 
D) Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines. 
E) Navy Seals.

Question 42

 Studies of how casualty rates affect public opinion show that as death rates rise,people 

A) develop more favorable attitudes toward the war. 
B) support withdrawal from the war. 
C) support surrender. 
D) support escalation in the fighting to defeat the enemy more quickly. 
E) support withdrawal after a series of powerful strikes.

Question 43

 In his book The Cold War,Walter Lippmann argued against which of the following worldviews? 

A) Isolationism 
B) Disengagement 
C) Containment 
D) Human rights 
E) All of these are correct.

Question 44

 When Bill Clinton came into office in 1992,his foreign policy advisers were drawn from the ranks of those who believed in 

A) isolationism. 
B) containment. 
C) disengagement. 
D) human rights.  
E) imperialism.

Question 45

 The view that defense policy protects everyone,and that everyone pays for it typifies defense policymaking as ___________ politics. 

A) client 
B) entrepreneurial 
C) interest group 
D) majoritarian 
E) neo-institutional

Question 46

 After the collapse of the Soviet Union,liberals argued that  

A) we should increase spending on social programs. 
B) there should be cuts in weapons procurements. 
C) we should decrease the number of military personnel. 
D) there should be sharp cuts in defense spending overall. 
E) All of these are correct.

Question 47

 As public opinion data show,Americans believe that their country 

A) should have a small military. 
B) spends too much on defense. 
C) should have a military only during times of war. 
D) should have no military. 
E) spends the right amount or even too little on defense.

Question 48

 Female personnel account for approximately _________ of the armed forces today. 

A) 3 percent 
B) 15 percent 
C) 20 percent 
D) 30 percent 
E) 45 percent

Question 49

 The reason given by the text for the United States' failure to disarm after the Korean War was 

A) the possibility of renewed fighting in Korea. 
B) our containment policy toward the Soviet Union. 
C) fear of losing the Cold War. 
D) public opinion in favor of our being the world's policeman. 
E) All of these are correct.

Question 50

 Because defense contractors must bid competitively for contracts and because the military must have its annual budget approved by Congress,there is a tendency to 

A) delay the acquisition of costly new hardware. 
B) overestimate costs and acquire new hardware as quickly as possible. 
C) pad the contracts with various nonessential items. 
D) underestimate the probable costs. 
E) All of these are correct. 

Question 51

 In 1946,__________ delivered the famous "iron curtain" speech in Fulton,Missouri,in which he summed up Soviet policy in Eastern Europe. 

A) Winston Churchill 
B) George Kennan 
C) Charles Lindbergh 
D) President Truman 
E) Dwight Eisenhower

Question 52

 The United States did not institute a peacetime draft until 

A) 1865. 
B) 1890. 
C) 1910. 
D) 1940. 
E) 1980.

Question 53

 In September of 2002,President George W.Bush issued a document formally announcing that the doctrine of __________ would guide American foreign policy regarding the war on terror. 

A) exclusion 
B) preemption 
C) unilateralism 
D) hegemony 
E) exceptionalism

Question 54

 Political polarization among the American public was most prominent in  

A) the Korean War. 
B) the Vietnam War. 
C) the war in Iraq. 
D) World War II. 
E) the Mexican War.

Question 55

 What was the public's response when police roughed up antiwar demonstrators at the 1968 Democratic convention? 

A) Only older people were overwhelmingly on the side of the demonstrators. 
B) The public was nearly evenly split in its sympathies. 
C) The public was overwhelmingly on the side of the demonstrators. 
D) Only younger people were overwhelmingly on the side of the demonstrators. 
E) The public was overwhelmingly on the side of the police.

Question 56

 The Clinton administration's about-face on foreign intervention was motivated by the adoption of which worldview? 

A) Isolationism 
B) Containment 
C) Disengagement 
D) Human rights 
E) Imperialism

Question 57

 Disengagement is also known as the "__________ view." 

A) pacifist 
B) imperialist 
C) Munich 
D) isolation 
E) Vietnam

Question 58

 The opinions of college-educated people __________ than those of the general public. 

A) change more slowly 
B) change more rapidly 
C) are more correct than 
D) are less correct than 
E) None of these are correct.

Question 59

 One factor that contributed to the feasibility of an all-volunteer force was 

A) the absence of a credible threat to U.S. soil. 
B) rising civilian unemployment and better military pay. 
C) the generally low level of skills and education of volunteers. 
D) the absence of qualified women volunteers willing to face combat. 
E) increased levels of education.

Question 60

 The _____ is a bloc consisting of Defense Department leaders and military manufacturers. 

A) military-industrial complex 
B) troika 
C) iron curtain 
D) bipolar world 
E) unipolar world

Question 61

 Alexis de Tocqueville thought that the democratic qualities of the United States would handicap its ability to conduct foreign affairs. 

Question 62

 Almost every major war this country has fought has followed a formal declaration of war by Congress. 

Question 63

 In recent years,the influence of Congress over foreign policy formation has steadily increased. 

Question 64

 Americans are more willing than Europeans to support the use of military force. 

Question 65

 We currently live in a unipolar world.  

Question 66

 After World War II,very few Americans favored our entry into the United Nations. 

Question 67

 The president may negotiate treaties,but the Senate must ratify these by a majority vote. 

Question 68

 Since the passage of the War Powers Act,almost every president has sent troops abroad without explicit congressional authorization. 

Question 69

 The nation grew isolationist in the aftermath of World War I. 

Question 70

 The disengagement view of foreign policy resulted from the experience of the younger foreign policy elite that came to power in the 1970s. 

Question 71

 Mass opinion on world affairs tends to be both more liberal and more internationalist than elite opinion. 

Question 72

 Younger people were,on average,more opposed to military action in Vietnam than older people were. 

Question 73

 Roosevelt's internment of over 100,000 Japanese Americans was challenged by the Supreme Court. 

Question 74

 The U.S.response to the placement of Soviet offensive missiles in Cuba was an example of client politics. 

Question 75

 The Senate has ratified well over one thousand treaties since 1789. 

Question 76

 The tendency to "rally 'round the flag" helped Reagan when he invaded Grenada,but not Clinton when he launched bombing attacks on Iraq. 

Question 77

 When entrepreneurial politics is involved in foreign policy,Congress plays the central role. 

Question 78

 The British prime minister can declare war without the consent of Parliament. 

Question 79

 The Weather Underground,which bombed police stations,the Pentagon,and a townhouse,was a radical conservative organization. 

Question 80

 Republicans lost seats in Congress in the 2006 elections in part because of decreasing support for the war in Iraq.