Deck 11: Diet and Health

Question 1

​All men and women experience the same types of symptoms when they are having a heart attack.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

​Just as a virus causes influenza,a risk factor causes a chronic disease.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

​Diet and physical activity do not play a significant role in controlling hypertension.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

​Metabolic syndrome,with its cluster of factors,raises the risk of CVD.

Question 5

​Thirty minutes of brisk walking on at least 5 days a week can improve the odds against heart disease.

Question 6

​Chronic diseases are the only type of diseases that afflict people in developed countries.

Question 7

​Which of the following holds the key to maintaining the best possible immune system support?

A)nutrient supplements
B)herbal remedies
C)​phytochemicals
D)​adequate nutrition
E)​a high-protein diet

Question 8

​Heart disease in women is characterized by:

A)development at a later age than in men.​
B)a much lower death rate than other chronic diseases.
C)​the same symptoms of heart attack as in men.
D)​a better heart muscle recovery than in men.
E)​development before the onset of menopause.

Question 9

​Obesity is a risk factor for certain cancers such as colon,breast,endometrial,pancreas,and kidney cancer.

Question 10

​A deficiency or toxicity of even a single nutrient can weaken the body's defenses considerably.

Question 11

​It is now the standard practice for health care providers to tailor a person's treatment to prevent or minimize disease based on their identified genetic profile.

Question 12

​Which of the following must be given careful attention when feeding the person with AIDS?

A)soft foods​
B)small,frequent snacks
C)​food safety
D)​USDA Food Patterns recommendations
E)​food security

Question 13

​High blood pressure presents no symptoms that you can feel.

Question 14

​What is one effects of malnutrition on the body's defense system?

A)The skin becomes thicker with more connective tissue.
B)Antibodies and immune cell numbers are increased.
C)​Physical barriers to invasion by microbes are increased.
D)​Immune system organs decrease in size.
E)​The skin's sensitivity reaction to antigens is more rapid.

Question 15

Fraud is a problem in the genetic-testing marketplace today,particularly as it relates to nutrition.

Question 16

The DASH diet emphasizes fruits,vegetables,whole grains,and fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products.

Question 17

​Excess calories from carbohydrates,protein,and fat all raise cancer rates.

Question 18

​Constituents in foods may be cancer causing,cancer promoting,or protective against cancer.

Question 19

​Degenerative conditions are also referred to as chronic diseases.

Question 20

Dietary supplements can trigger extra immune power to fend off dangerous infections in well-fed people.

Question 21

​Who is most likely to respond sensitively to dietary sodium intake?

A)women
B)those who are less than 50 years of age
C)​those who have asthma
D)​African Americans
E)​Caucasians

Question 22

​What is the biggest risk factor for the development of hypertension?

A)dietary supplement intake
B)gender
C)​low BMI
D)​muscle strength
E)​age

Question 23

​What is not one of the risk factors for CVD?

A)diabetes
B)hypertension
C)​high blood LDL
D)​high blood HDL
E)​obesity

Question 24

​In addition to calcium,what appears to help prevent and treat hypertension in certain populations?

A)niacin
B)vitamin B₁₂
C)​folate
D)​potassium
E)​iron

Question 25

​Which measurement is associated with a reduced risk of CVD?

A)high HDL
B)high total cholesterol​
C)​high LDL
D)​high triglycerides
E)​systolic blood pressure of 160 mm Hg

Question 26

​Laboratory studies suggest that diets high in _____ seem to promote cancer.

A)calories
B)sugar
C)​artificial sweeteners
D)​calcium
E)​fiber

Question 27

​To lower LDL cholesterol levels,you would tell someone to:

A)reduce his or her sodium intake.
B)consume a very low-fat diet.
C)​avoid certain high-fat foods such as avocados and nuts.
D)​eat more calcium and potassium.
E)​lose weight.

Question 28

​In men,aging becomes a significant risk factor for heart disease at age:

A)30.
B)35.
C)​40.
D)​45.
E)​55.

Question 29

In dietary recommendations to decrease the risk of CVD,trans-fatty acids are classified with ____ fat.

A)saturated
B)polyunsaturated
C)​unsaturated
D)​monounsaturated
E)​liquid

Question 30

​According to recommendations for reducing CVD risk,saturated fat should provide no more than ____ percent of total calories.

A)10
B)14
C)​20
D)​25
E)​35

Question 31

​Resting blood pressure should ideally be ____ or lower.

A)100 over 70
B)110 over 75
C)​120 over 80
D)​140 over 90
E)​120 over 100

Question 32

​Individuals with hypertension being treated with certain diuretics should consume foods rich in:

A)calcium.​
B)magnesium.
C)​potassium.
D)​folate.
E)​vitamin D.

Question 33

​To help prevent hypertension,healthy Caucasians less than 51 years old should limit their sodium intake to less than ____ mg per day.

A)2000
B)1500
C)2300​
D)​2600
E)​3000

Question 34

​All of the following dietary factors are protective against CVD except:

A)omega-3 fatty acids.
B)a low-carbohydrate diet.
C)​legumes.
D)​fish oils.
E)​fruits and vegetables.

Question 35

​For CVD prevention,trans fat in the diet should account for less than ____ percent of calories.

A)5
B)10
C)​20
D)​7
E)​1

Question 36

​Wherever dietary fat consists mostly of ____ fats and fish,fruits,and vegetables are eaten in abundance,blood cholesterol and the rate of death from heart disease are low.

A)unsaturated
B)saturated
C)​trans
D)​omega-6
E)​solid

Question 37

​An atherogenic diet is characterized as one that is:

A)high in monounsaturated fats.
B)low in trans fats.
C)​high in polyunsaturated fats.
D)​high in saturated fats.
E)​low in refined carbohydrates.

Question 38

​Which is considered a risk factor for CVD?

A)total blood cholesterol below 200 mg/dL
B)HDL higher than 60 mg/dL
C)​LDL 160 mg/dL or higher
D)​triglycerides less than 150 mg/dL
E)​BMI of 19

Question 39

​The metabolic syndrome greatly increases a person's risk of developing:

A)hypertension.
B)cancer.
C)​CVD.
D)​AIDS.
E)​infectious disease.

Question 40

​Which of the following raises HDL concentration?

A)weight gain
B)low cholesterol intake
C)​intake of refined carbohydrates
D)​intake of fiber
E)​physical activity

Question 41

​You are interested in controlling your risk of developing CVD.Which strategy would be best?

A)Consume high levels of refined carbohydrates.
B)Start smoking to help prevent weight gain.
C)​Use margarine in the place of olive oil.
D)​Drink three glasses of red wine each day.
E)​Substitute fish for red meat twice a week.

Question 42

​In general,studies of populations have suggested that low cancer rates correlate with:

A)high iron intakes.
B)high vegetable and whole grain intakes.
C)​high red meat intakes.
D)​low folate intakes.
E)low anticarcinogen intakes.

Question 43

​Joe's doctor tells him his CVD risk is low when tests reveal Joe's:

A)LDL cholesterol is 150 mg/dL.
B)diastolic blood pressure is 75 mm Hg.
C)​HDL cholesterol is 25 mg/dL.
D)blood cholesterol is 240 mg/dL.
E)​systolic blood pressure is 160 mm Hg.

Question 44

A 58-year-old woman with hypertension and elevated LDL blood levels is complaining that she suddenly is feeling very tired,dizzy,and weak.What would you advise her to do?

A)Lie down and rest for a short time until she feels better.
B)Eat a light snack to help relieve her nausea.
C)​See her doctor as soon as she is able to get an appointment to have her lungs checked.
D)​Seek immediate medical care because she may be having a heart attack.
E)​Call "Poison Control" because she may have ingested a toxic chemical.

Question 45

​Which is the best meal to help reduce LDL cholesterol levels in the blood?

A)grilled salmon,wild rice,steamed broccoli,whole-wheat roll
B)roast chicken,sweet potatoes,green peas,biscuit
C)​pinto beans and ham,corn on the cob with margarine,cornbread
D)​roast beef,mashed potatoes,tossed salad with ranch dressing,sourdough bread
E)​fried fish,rice,ice cream 

Question 46

​Which of the following would be a good suggestion for making small changes in your diet for better health?

A)Spread margarine instead of butter on your toast for breakfast.
B)Instead of a snack of potato chips and sour cream dip eat carrot sticks and hummus.
C)​Purchase only foods labeled "no trans fats" to be guaranteed they are low in fat.
D)Select chicken nuggets instead of a hamburger at a fast-food restaurant.
E)​Choose grilled meats instead of smoked meats.

Question 47

​Which food is not an example of a cruciferous vegetable?

A)turnips
B)broccoli
C)​green onions
D)​cabbage
E)​rutabaga

Question 48

A college student who is on a high-protein weight-loss diet that restricts fruits and vegetables has just become ill from a viral infection in her intestines.What might have made her more susceptible than her roommate who is eating regular meals in the cafeteria?

A)protein deficiency,which has affected immune system cells 
B)vitamin C deficiency from no fruits and vegetables,which has affected white blood cell protection
C)​too much saturated fat from meat,which has increased blood cholesterol levels
D)​dehydration,which has affected the health of intestinal cells
E)​too much protein,which has disrupted the protective,beneficial bacteria in the gut

Question 49

​Which statement about blood pressure is true?

A)When the pressure is at the right level,cells receive nutrients and oxygen and release their wastes.
B)When heart rate and blood volume increase,blood pressure drops.
C)​The kidneys can lower blood pressure by retaining water and salt in the body.
D)​Constriction of the smaller peripheral arteries will decrease blood pressure.

Question 50

A 45-year-old man who is overweight and has several family members with heart disease is concerned about developing it.Which risk factor does he have the ability to improve or change?

A)gender
B)family history
C)​weight
D)​age
E)​genetics

Question 51

​Jack's physician has placed him on a diet recommended to control his blood cholesterol.In order to follow this plan,Jack would:

A)consume 300 mg cholesterol per day.
B)limit sodium intake to 2400 mg per day.
C)​consume 40% of calories as monounsaturated fats.
D)​consume no more than 5 to 6% of calories as saturated fat.
E)​replace soluble fiber with insoluble fiber.

Question 52

​The CDC,American Heart Association,and other groups have collaborated to create a program that encourages people to:

A)consume enough whole grains.
B)eat more fish.
C)​switch from cow's milk to soy milk.
D)​fill half their plate with vegetables and fruits.
E)​eat more milk and milk products.

Question 53

​Which individual is at highest risk for developing hypertension?

A)Susie,a 30-year-old female who is slightly overweight
B)Jack,a 40-year-old African American male whose parents had hypertension
C)Jill,a 50-year-old female of Asian descent who consumes a diet relatively high in sodium
D)Bill,a 45-year-old male of European descent who is a vegetarian
E)Zayn,a 21-year-old African American male who is a college athlete

Question 54

​What is a good strategy to minimize your risks of CVD?

A)Choose full-fat dairy products and tropical oils.
B)Deep-fry all of your vegetables.
C)​Consume on or two servings of fatty meats each day.
D)​Season all your vegetables with solid fats and salt.
E)​Choose more fruits and whole grains.

Question 55

​Alcohol intake in smokers is strongly associated with cancers of the:

A)kidneys.
B)endometrium.
C)​prostate.
D)​head and neck.
E)​stomach.

Question 56

​What is the root cause of most forms of CVD?

A)plaque formation in the arteries
B)macrophages,which clear blood clots away from artery walls
C)​low blood pressure,which damages the artery walls
D)​defective red bloods cells,which can narrow passages in arteries and reduce blood flow to the heart
E)​low LDL,which prevents oxidation of fat in the arteries
F)heavy metals circulating in the blood and causing damage

Question 57

​Which strategy would help improve your blood lipid profile?

A)Consume oats,barley,and legumes.
B)Limit foods with polyunsaturated fatty acids.
C)​Eliminate eggs from your diet.
D)​Replace fats in your diet with sugars.
E)​Maintain energy balance if obese.

Question 58

​You have a friend with AIDS who is trying to maintain his nutrition status.Which recommendation could you make?

A)Offer large,frequent meals.
B)Encourage consumption of megadoses of nutrient supplements.
C)​Allow him to eat as little as he wants,since the body uses its fat and protein reserves for survival.
D)​Cook a lot of food in advance and leave it out for your friend.
E)​Cook foods thoroughly and practice cleanliness.

Question 59

​A main difference between a person contracting an infectious disease and a chronic disease is:

A)infectious diseases are not related to the nutritional status of a person.  
B)some infectious diseases can be cured with medications but chronic diseases cannot.
C)special immune-strengthening foods can prevent infectious diseases.
D)​people in developed countries will not get infectious diseases because of existing safeguards.
E)​infectious diseases arise not from a straightforward cause but from a mixture of factors.

Question 60

​The best action to take to decrease your risk of cancer is to:

A)limit foods that are grilled,smoked,and charbroiled.
B)consume a diet moderate in fat.
C)​take vitamin supplements.
D)​eat a wide variety of vegetables and fruits in generous quantities every day.
E)​eat fatty fish several times a week.

Question 61

A man with pre-hypertension is trying to keep his blood pressure from going higher.Which dietary change might help?

A)Have at least two glasses of wine a day with dinner.
B)Choose low-sodium canned soups and beans.
C)​Eliminate high-potassium foods like potatoes and broccoli. 
D)​Add vitamin and mineral supplements to make up deficiencies.
E)​Regardless of BMI,lose 5 to 10% of his body weight.

Question 62

​Which of the following is an example of the effect of certain nutrients or foods on gene expression and disease development?

A)A phytochemical found in milk has been shown to reverse uncontrolled cancer cell division in laboratory studies.
B)Aflatoxin from corn and other grains is thought to attach methyl groups to both histones and DNA,helping to prevent the development of liver cancer.
C)​Genomics testing laboratories have shown the benefits of supplements that are matched to an individual's personal genetic prescription.
D)​Supplementation of folate and vitamin B₁₂ during pregnancy has been shown to turn off the "yellow and fat" gene in pups born to laboratory mice.
E)​High levels of certain vitamins and minerals in the diets of mice during pregnancy can result in favorable changes to the DNA sequence of their offspring.

Question 63

​Describe what is meant by the metabolic syndrome.What is a potential cause of metabolic syndrome?

Question 64

​The epigenome on the DNA strand:

A)regulates the expression of genes by turning them on or off.
B)makes the gene expression more permanent and difficult to change.
C)​changes the DNA for different functions.
D)​is active for only one generation.
E)​changes the basic DNA sequence.

Question 65

​Describe the DASH diet eating plan,including the types of foods and nutrients emphasized and limited by this plan.

Question 66

​Which statement about carcinogens is accurate?

A)The body can detoxify small doses of carcinogens found in foods.
B)People should avoid eating all foods that contain carcinogens.
C)​Carcinogens are any toxins that are not naturally found in foods.
D)​Food additives in the U.S.are not monitored for carcinogens.
E)​Food contaminants that arise through natural processes are noncarcinogenic.

Question 67

Describe characteristics of diets or specific food components that are thought to protect or promote cancer.

Question 68

​The role of inflammation in the development of atherosclerosis includes:

A)damage to the cells lining the arteries by factors such as high HDL cholesterol.
B)white blood cells being sent to the site by the immune system to try to repair the damage.
C)​production of foam cells that help to capture and remove LDL from the artery wall.
D)​proliferation of muscle cells of the artery wall,which repair the site.
E)​reducing the tendency of the blood to form clots.

Question 69

How would you decide whether certain diet recommendations are especially important to you to decrease your risk of chronic diseases? Provide an example.

Question 70

​Most mutations in DNA sequences,called _____,involve the variation of a single​ _____ in a strand of DNA.

A)moderators;epigenome
B)SNPs;nucleotide
C)​promoters;histone
D)​initiators;platelet
E)​VTNRs;triglyceride

Question 71

​A man is at risk of developing colon cancer because his grandfather and father died of it.Adding which of the following foods to his diet might reduce his risk?

A)steamed broccoli
B)grilled chicken
C)​boiled,peeled potatoes
D)​fruit drink
E)​protein shake

Question 72

​Your uncle is considering taking an herbal medicine to control his hypertension after seeing an advertisement for a product on the Internet.What would you tell him?

A)Because herbal medicines have been used for many years,they are safe.
B)Buy herbal products with content labels on the bottle because they are the most reliable.
C)​Herbal products are made from natural ingredients so they don't contain any contaminants.
D)​Check to see if the herbs in the product have interactions with any drugs you are taking.
E)​Do not take herbal medicines because the FDA does not remove those proven dangerous from the market.

Question 73

​Which of the following would be the best way to add more fruits and vegetables to your diet?

A)use ketchup on your french fries instead of salt
B)have fruit roll-ups for a snack
C)​have a glass of orange drink for breakfast every day
D)​keep a bag of baby carrots in the refrigerator for snacking
E)​use a "high-antioxidant" powdered drink mix

Question 74

A 165-lb.woman with hypertension begins a weight-loss program.As her weight declines,the earliest she can expect to see a significantly lower blood pressure value is when her weight drops to _____.

A)125 pounds
B)135 pounds
C)​145 pounds
D)​155 pounds
E)​160 pounds

Question 75

Describe dietary and other strategies for reducing risk of CVD.

Question 76

What are SNPs? Describe how a common SNP in a fat metabolism gene changes the body's response to dietary fats.

Question 77

Explain how atherosclerosis can make hypertension worse.

Question 78

Describe the effects that malnutrition has on the various immune-system organs and tissues and its effect on the risk of infectious disease.

Question 79

​Dietary guidelines for cancer prevention include:

A)cooking meats at high temperatures or directly over a flame.​
B)increasing intake of salt-cured products.
C)​decreasing intake of fruits and vegetables.
D)​initiating hormone replacement therapy after menopause.
E)​controlling energy intake.

Question 80

Your friend's parents both have heart disease.She is considering having genetic testing done so she can see what changes she might be able to make to reduce her risk of developing it as well.What would you tell her?​

A)Genetic testing is an inexpensive way to understand your medical profile.
B)Ethical concerns are minor when the information is released.
C)​You can make lifestyle changes known to reduce your risk without genetic testing.
D)​There are fully defined links between specific gene variations and chronic disease.
E)​The results of the test will allow you to make specific lifestyle changes that will prevent heart disease.