Deck 13: Life Cycle Nutrition Mother and Infant

Question 1

The stage of human gestation from eight weeks after conception until birth of an infant is called a(n):​

A)embryo.
B)zygote.
C)​fetus.
D)​ovum.
E)​placenta.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The DRI recommendation for calcium intake is higher for pregnant than non-pregnant women in the same age group.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

For normal-weight women,the ideal pattern of weight gain during the first trimester is one pound per week.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

A low-birthweight baby is nearly 40 times more likely to die in the first year of life than is a normal-weight baby.

Question 5

Which characteristic is the single most potent indicator of an infant's future health status?​

A)mother's prepregnancy weight
B)mother's weight gain during pregnancy
C)​infant's birthweight
D)​mother's prepregnancy nutrition status
E)​mother's birthweight

Question 6

​Physical activity during pregnancy can improve fitness,facilitate labor,and reduce psychological stress.

Question 7

A pregnant woman needs about ____ grams of protein per day above prepregnancy needs.​

A)25
B)30
C)​35
D)​40
E)​45

Question 8

​The energy nutrient composition of breast milk is much different from that of a healthful adult diet: it is much lower in protein but higher in fat.

Question 9

​An initial goal for management of overweight and obesity in children is to encourage moderate weight loss.

Question 10

​Alcohol crosses the placenta and is directly toxic to the fetus.

Question 11

Which factor determines whether the mother is able to grow a healthy placenta?​

A)the mother's prepregnancy nutrition
B)the mother's prepregnancy weight
C)​whether or not the mother receives vitamin supplementation
D)​the size of the amniotic sac
E)​the relative size of the embryo

Question 12

At eight weeks of development,the fetus has all of the following except:​

A)a beating heart.
B)fully formed facial features.
C)​a fully formed digestive system.
D)​well-defined fingers and toes.
E)​a complete central nervous system.

Question 13

​During the second trimester of pregnancy,a daily increase of ____ calories above the allowance for nonpregnant women is recommended.

A)235
B)340
C)​450
D)​530
E)​625

Question 14

​Young children should be allowed to explore and enjoy food by eating with their fingers at first.

Question 15

​Folate fortification has lowered the number of neural tube defects that occur each year.

Question 16

What is the major factor in low birthweight?​

A)heredity
B)smoking
C)​drug use during pregnancy
D)​poor nutrition
E)​maternal prepregnancy weight

Question 17

A low-birthweight baby is defined as one who weighs less than 5 1/2 pounds.

Question 18

During pregnancy,the recommended carbohydrate intake is less than 175 grams per day.

Question 19

​By adolescence,fatty streaks have formed in most children's coronary arteries.

Question 20

​An infant's basal metabolic rate is only half that of an adult,based on body weight.

Question 21

Prenatal exposure to alcohol can result in which of the following problems in children?​

A)fetal alcohol syndrome,when the woman drinks only in the last 2 weeks of pregnancy
B)mood disorders and problem behaviors diagnosed in preschool years
C)​mental retardation that can be reversed as the child grows older
D)​difficulty in walking without assistance
E)​limb abnormalities that can cause severe pain

Question 22

​Fortified food sources of folate include all of the following except:

A)pasta.
B)bread.
C)​bagels.
D)​orange juice.
E)​cereal.

Question 23

​Women who have uncontrolled high blood glucose levels during pregnancy may experience complications such as:

A)development of hypoglycemia later in life.
B)preterm labor.
C)​low infant birthweight.
D)​development of preeclampsia.
E)​fetal diabetes.

Question 24

Risk factors for gestational diabetes include all of the following except:​

A)low BMI before pregnancy.
B)Hispanic or Latino American family background.
C)​Native American family background.
D)​family history of diabetes.
E)​high blood pressure.

Question 25

All pregnant women need generous amounts of ____ to spare their protein and to provide energy.​

A)carbohydrate
B)fat
C)​protein
D)​calories
E)​fiber

Question 26

Which of the following nutrients is related to the prevention of neural tube defects?​

A)vitamin B₆
B)vitamin B₁₂
C)​folate
D)​zinc
E)​iron

Question 27

A pregnant woman should strive to meet her DRI for _____ by increasing intakes of milk,cheese,yogurt,and other foods rich in this mineral,or by taking a 600-milligram supplement daily.​

A)sodium
B)calcium
C)​iodine
D)​potassium
E)​folate

Question 28

Which statement about the nutrient composition of breast milk is true?​

A)Lactoferrin is the most abundant protein in breast milk.
B)Alpha-lactalbumin is the most abundant protein in breast milk.
C)​Protein is the main source of energy in breast milk.
D)​Maltose is the most abundant carbohydrate in breast milk.
E)​Carbohydrate is the main source of energy in breast milk.

Question 29

​To prevent heartburn during pregnancy,you would recommend:

A)eating less frequently.
B)drinking liquids with meals.
C)​avoiding high-fiber foods.
D)​lying down after eating.
E)​relaxing and eating slowly.

Question 30

All of the following are recommended for vegetarian women who are pregnant except:​

A)legumes.
B)tofu.
C)​whole grains.
D)​protein supplements.
E)​nuts and seeds.

Question 31

​In general,the major effect of maternal nutritional deprivation during lactation is to:

A)reduce the quality of milk.
B)reduce the quantity of milk.
C)​make breastfeeding impossible.
D)​promote early infant satiety.
E)​make the milk more highly concentrated so the infant does not suffer.

Question 32

​A nursing mother produces about _____ ounces of milk a day.

A)100
B)15
C)​20
D)​25
E)​200

Question 33

A pregnancy weight gain of ____ pounds is recommended for women who are at their appropriate weights.​

A)13
B)15-25
C)​20-30
D)​28-40
E)​25-35

Question 34

The ideal pattern of weight gain for a healthy-weight woman is thought to be about _____ pounds total during the first three months of pregnancy.​

A)2
B)3 1/2
C)​4
D)​4 1/2
E)​12

Question 35

​Alcohol consumption by women during pregnancy can result in all of the following except:

A)low infant birthweight.
B)an increase in stillbirths.
C)​blindness in infants.
D)​organ damage.
E)​facial abnormalities.

Question 36

Constipation during pregnancy should be relieved by:​

A)reducing physical activity level.
B)plentiful protein intake.
C)​the use of laxatives.
D)​a high-fiber diet.
E)​sitting upright while eating.

Question 37

​What is not a problem associated with preeclampsia?

A)edema
B)hypertension
C)​seizures
D)​protein in the urine
E)​fetal growth restriction

Question 38

​Which of the following does not contain vitamin B₁₂?

A)meat
B)legumes
C)​eggs
D)​yogurt
E)​milk

Question 39

Which of the following should be avoided during pregnancy?​

A)moderately intense exercise
B)swimming pools
C)​caffeine consumption
D)​alcohol
E)​well-cooked eggs

Question 40

Which of the following is among the minerals that are in great demand during pregnancy because they are involved in building the skeleton?​

A)iron
B)iodine
C)​zinc
D)​magnesium
E)​potassium

Question 41

If a woman develops preeclampsia during her pregnancy,what should her doctor tell her?​

A)Preeclampsia causes fluid retention around the ankles.
B)She will need to shorten her exercise routine to decrease fluid retention.
C)​Her symptoms will likely disappear within a few days after delivery.
D)​This condition is chronic and must be monitored frequently.
E)​Her baby will have lifelong chronic hypertension.

Question 42

A nonpregnant woman requires 46 grams of protein per day.How many grams per day would she need if she became pregnant?​

A)71
B)94
C)​156
D)​215
E)​125

Question 43

​What effect does malnutrition during critical times of development in pregnancy have on the fetus?

A)Impairment of the development of an organ is irreversible.
B)If the heart is impaired in early development it can be reversed with good nutrition.
C)​It is not a problem if the fetus has gained enough weight earlier.
D)​Teeth will develop after the baby is born.
E)​A surplus of nutrients will make up for a deficit at any time during development.

Question 44

​What is a characteristic of colostrum?

A)It is an ingredient in some brands of infant formula.
B)It promotes the growth of harmful bacteria in the infant's digestive tract.
C)​It may transmit a bacterial infection to the infant if the mother has one.
D)​It is produced during the period from about 4 weeks to 6 weeks after the infant's birth.
E)​It contains antibodies from the mother's blood.

Question 45

A 17-year-old girl who is a vegetarian has just become pregnant.What advice should she be given about her nutrient intake during pregnancy?​

A)She needs to control her calorie intake so she doesn't gain very much weight.
B)She needs to take a prenatal vitamin supplement to be certain she is getting enough folate.
C)​She should reduce her exercise level because it will burn too many calories. 
D)​She should take herbal products instead of nausea medicines for morning sickness.
E)​She should switch to a meat-based diet.

Question 46

Exclusively breastfed babies need supplements of ____,but formula-fed babies do not.​

A)calcium
B)fluoride
C)​vitamin D
D)​iron
E)​vitamin K

Question 47

A woman who has just become pregnant is used to drinking 2 pots of coffee a day.What adjustments should she make in her caffeine consumption?​

A)drink diet colas instead of coffee
B)none-studies have shown that caffeine intake is safe during pregnancy
C)​limit coffee consumption to 2 cups a day
D)​eliminate tea and cola intake because they increase risk of fetal death
E)​reduce coffee intake by one-half-to 1 pot per day

Question 48

A woman has gained 30 pounds in her first two months of pregnancy and has been diagnosed with gestational diabetes.What should she know about her health risks from this condition?​

A)She is at risk of having a low-birthweight baby.
B)This condition is permanent and must be monitored frequently.
C)​She should stop eating all carbohydrates to lower her blood glucose.
D)​This condition usually goes away after the baby is born.
E)​Her baby will have lifelong type 1 diabetes.

Question 49

It is desirable to begin feeding the infant iron-fortified cereals by about _____ months.​

A)three
B)six
C)​nine
D)​ten
E)​twelve

Question 50

​Which woman is at greatest risk of not developing a healthy placenta?

A)a woman who is 30 pounds overweight
B)a woman with anorexia nervosa who is restricting her food intake
C)​a woman eating a balanced vegetarian diet
D)​an underweight woman who has increased her food intake to gain weight
E)an underweight woman who takes a complete multivitamin/-mineral supplement

Question 51

​An obese woman is trying to get pregnant with her first baby.What recommendation would you give her?

A)Do not gain any weight during your pregnancy.
B)Try to lose weight during your pregnancy.
C)​Avoid getting pregnant if at all possible.
D)​Try to achieve a healthy pre-pregnancy weight first.
E)​Try to gain less than 10 pounds during pregnancy.

Question 52

What are the risks of hypertension during pregnancy?​

A)Blood pressure will remain high with gestational hypertension,even after delivery.
B)Chronic hypertension is accompanied by protein in the urine.
C)​Gestational hypertension increases the likelihood of high infant birthweight.
D)​Both chronic and gestational hypertension increase the chance of heart attack and stroke.
E)​Hypertension can cause severe malnutrition during pregnancy.

Question 53

​A nonpregnant woman requires 1600 calories per day to maintain her desirable body weight.How many calories per day would she need if she were in the third trimester of pregnancy?

A)1900
B)1940
C)​2050
D)​2125
E)​2450

Question 54

What should a woman who drinks a daily glass of wine with her dinner consider when she becomes pregnant?​

A)One glass of red wine a day is beneficial for heart health so this practice should be continued.
B)Alcohol can help restore her appetite if she is nauseated during pregnancy.
C)​Even a small amount of alcohol during a critical growth period can be damaging. 
D)​Alcohol can help in the transport of oxygen through the umbilical cord.
E)​A small amount of alcohol during pregnancy is healthy.

Question 55

​Nancy weighs 124 pounds and is at an appropriate weight for her height.How much should Nancy weigh at the end of her pregnancy?

A)134 to 139 pounds
B)140 to 149 pounds
C)​149 to 159 pounds
D)​152 to 164 pounds
E)​150 to 180 pounds

Question 56

​What the most important factor governing the addition of new foods to a baby's diet?

A)the baby's napping time
B)how often the baby cries
C)​the baby's physical readiness to handle different colors and tastes
D)​the need to detect and control allergic reactions
E)​the mother's desire to cease breastfeeding

Question 57

The development of fetal alcohol syndrome in infants is related to alcohol intake by a woman during her pregnancy.How does this syndrome affect the infant?​

A)The most severe impact happens during the first two months of pregnancy.
B)Damage to the fetus can be reversed if alcohol intake stops during pregnancy.
C)​Children will grow out of the symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome as they get older.
D)​This type of birth defect is very rare so it doesn't affect very many children.
E)​It impairs the closure of the neural tube and causes spina bifida.

Question 58

​Susie is a pregnant vegetarian who does not consume meat,fish,poultry,or animal products such as dairy foods or eggs.Susie would be at risk for developing a deficiency of:

A)vitamin C.
B)folate.
C)​magnesium.
D)​vitamin B₁₂.
E)​vitamin A.

Question 59

Kathy has given birth to a small,low-birthweight infant.Which factor most likely made the greatest contribution to this situation?​

A)smoking
B)drug use during pregnancy
C)​heredity
D)​poor nutrition
E)​stress during pregnancy

Question 60

​You are counseling a pregnant woman who is experiencing "morning sickness." To alleviate this condition you tell her to:

A)sip juice or coffee when nauseated.
B)nibble on soda crackers or dry toast.
C)​try drinking beverages between meals only.
D)​drink an herbal tea.
E)​see her doctor for an anti-nausea medication.

Question 61

​Why is the mother's nutrition status of importance during the time the placenta is developing?

Question 62

What recommendation is most appropriate to help a 6-year-old obese boy to improve his health? 

A)He needs to start lifting weights to increase his muscle mass.
B)He should eliminate all his favorite fatty snacks from his diet.
C)He needs to be placed on a weight-reduction diet to lose some of his excess weight.
D)​He should carry a refillable water bottle with him and drink water instead of soft drinks.
E)He should go on a kid-friendly cardiovascular exercise regime to ensure he loses weight.

Question 63

What are the characteristics of children most likely to develop type 2 diabetes?

Question 64

A 5-month-old infant's nutrient intake should include:​

A)the same amount of vitamin A as an adult's intake for growth.
B)twice as much calcium as adults need on the basis of body weight.
C)​an additional injection of vitamin K to prevent bleeding.
D)​supplemental water.
E)​an electrolyte solution.

Question 65

A three-month-old baby girl who weighs 9 pounds needs how many calories each day?​

A)162
B)360
C)​409
D)​900
E)​1200

Question 66

Beverly consumed 1500 calories daily before she became pregnant.Approximately how many calories per day should she consume during lactation?​

A)1830
B)1950
C)​2000
D)​2250
E)​2330

Question 67

​An initial goal for obese children is to:

A)avoid making lifestyle changes until adulthood.
B)increase their rate of weight gain.
C)​lose weight quickly.
D)​maintain their current weight while they grow taller.
E)​determine the most effective medication regimen.

Question 68

The use of commercial formula for feeding an infant is most appropriate when:​

A)the mother wants to sleep through the night.
B)the mother wants to be certain the infant is receiving all necessary nutrients.
C)​the mother is HIV positive.
D)​the water source for the mother is contaminated.
E)​the mother is suffering from a cold.

Question 69

​An adolescent has a total cholesterol level of 180 mg/dL and an LDL level of 115 mg/dL.This individual's disease risk would be classified as:

A)acceptable.
B)borderline.
C)​normal.
D)​ high.
E)​extremely high.

Question 70

Why do many pediatricians advise continued use of breast milk or infant formula and not cow's milk throughout the first year of life?

Question 71

​Which food should be introduced first when feeding a baby?

A)plain yogurt
B)citrus fruit juice
C)​egg white
D)​rice cereal
E)​cow's milk

Question 72

​What is the most appropriate family involvement with a child who is overweight?

A)Serve separate meals and snacks for the child.
B)Encourage frequent family outdoor activities.
C)​Save favorite high-calorie snacks for rewards. 
D)​Allow the child to eat separately from siblings.
E)​Remove all high-calorie foods from the house.

Question 73

​Which recommendation is NOT taking from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans?

A)Children and adolescents should perform 60 minutes of physical activity 3 days a week.
B)Most regular physical activity should be moderate to vigorous aerobic activity.
C)Muscle-strengthening physical activity should be included at least 3 days a week.
D)Bone-strengthening physical activity should be included at least 3 days a week.
E)Children and adolescents should perform 60 minutes of physical activity every day.

Question 74

Describe the relationship between breastfeeding and an infant's infection risk.

Question 75

​If you want to make your own baby foods at home,it is best to:

A)puree a small amount of cooked food before seasonings have been added.
B)mix several foods together before putting them in the blender.
C)​use canned vegetables since they have already been cooked.
D)​add honey to canned fruit before pureeing to provide more calories.
E)​only use organic products.

Question 76

A woman who is breastfeeding is not able to eat enough food for two weeks because of a lack of money.What effect will it have on her breast milk?​

A)The quantity of milk will decrease but it will still be nutritionally adequate.
B)She will stop making breast milk until she gets adequate food again.
C)​There will not be any effect because the body will continue to produce enough.
D)​The breast milk will be too concentrated in nutrients for the baby.
E)​She will only be able to express milk from one breast. 

Question 77

​What is an advantage for a mother who breastfeeds her infant?

A)eating however much food she wants
B)conserving her iron stores for several months
C)​being able to sleep through the night without interruption
D)​not needing to introduce any other foods to the infant for the first two months
E)​rapidly losing weight

Question 78

Billy is a 6-month-old infant.Which food group should Billy consume?

A)finely chopped meat
B)pureed vegetables
C)​whole cooked egg
D)​cheese
E)​cow's milk

Question 79

​An estimated 33% of U.S.children and adolescents are:

A)physically inactive.
B)overweight or obese.
C)​hypertensive.
D)​only children.
E)​diabetic.

Question 80

Describe alcohol's harmful effects on a fetus.