Deck 13: Nutrients Involved in Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Question 1

Aldosterone is produced by which organ?

A)the pituitary gland
B)the hypothalamus
C)the adrenal glands
D)the kidneys

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Water has a high heat capacity.What does this term mean?

A)It takes a lot of energy to raise the temperature of water.
B)Water heats up or cools down very quickly.
C)Water provides a useful source of stored kilocalories.
D)Water transports the energy-yielding nutrients throughout the body.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Interstitial fluid is:

A)the fluid that flows between the cells.
B)the fluid in the bloodstream.
C)the fluid in the lymphatic system.
D)the fluid inside the cells.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The two most common extracellular ions are:

A)sodium and potassium.
B)potassium and chloride.
C)phosphorus and calcium.
D)sodium and chloride.

Question 5

Which of the following will likely result if the concentration of electrolytes inside a cell is higher than in the extracellular environment?

A)The cell will swell or burst.
B)The cell will shrink and dry up.
C)The cell will undergo mitosis and divide.
D)The cell will be unaffected.

Question 6

Who would have the highest percent of total body water?

A)20-year-old obese male
B)20-year-old lean female
C)20-year-old lean male
D)20-year-old obese female

Question 7

Approximately what percentage of the body is composed of fluid?

A)10 - 20%
B)30 - 45%
C)50 - 70%
D)60 - 80%

Question 8

What is the function of an antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A)stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water (reducing urine output)
B)stimulates the kidneys to filter out more water (increasing urine output)
C)signals the kidneys to retain sodium and chloride
D)signals the kidneys to release sodium and chloride

Question 9

The primary reason for sweating is to:

A)maintain blood volume.
B)maintain sodium balance.
C)excrete waste products.
D)regulate body temperature.

Question 10

Which of the following stimulates the thirst mechanism?

A)increased concentration of solutes in the blood
B)elevated blood volume and pressure
C)lubrication of the mouth and throat tissues
D)decreased blood volume and pressure

Question 11

Which organ plays a central role in the regulation of blood volume and blood pressure?

A)small intestine
B)kidneys
C)liver
D)pancreas

Question 12

Which of the following is hydrophobic?

A)amino acids
B)lipids
C)glucose
D)minerals

Question 13

Which of the following electrolytes is negatively charged?

A)sodium
B)potassium
C)chloride
D)calcium

Question 14

The two most common intracellular ions are:

A)potassium and phosphate.
B)sodium and potassium.
C)phosphorus and calcium.
D)sodium and chloride.

Question 15

In the angiotensin-renin system,which protein is the active vasoconstrictor?

A)Renin
B)Angiotensinogen
C)Angiotensin I
D)Angiotensin II

Question 16

Where is ADH released from?

A)the pituitary gland
B)the hypothalamus
C)the kidneys
D)the liver

Question 17

Which of the following is a common solvent in the body?

A)alcohol
B)fat
C)water
D)carbohydrate

Question 18

What is the function of aldosterone?

A)stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water (reducing urine output)
B)stimulates the kidneys to filter out more water (increasing urine output)
C)signals the kidneys to retain sodium and chloride
D)signals the kidneys to release sodium and chloride

Question 19

Plasma is an example of which fluid compartment?

A)intercellular
B)interstitial
C)intravascular
D)plasma does not contain fluid

Question 20

Intracellular fluid consists of:

A)tissue fluid (interstitial fluid).
B)plasma.
C)fluid between the body cells.
D)fluid found with in the cell.

Question 21

Diets high in sodium are associated with:

A)breast cancer.
B)diabetes mellitus.
C)obesity.
D)high blood pressure.

Question 22

The AI for sodium (for adult men and women aged 19-50 years of age)is:

A)5 g/day.
B)1)5 g/day.
C)2)4 g/day.
D)3 g/day.

Question 23

Insensible water loss is:

A)water lost during illness or trauma.
B)water lost during intense exercise.
C)water lost through perspiration and respiration.
D)water lost through urination.

Question 24

The majority of dietary chloride is consumed from:

A)animal protein sources.
B)alcohol.
C)table salt.
D)water.

Question 25

Dehydration is classified in terms of:

A)the amount of weight lost relative to a person's original weight.
B)the subjective amount of thirst a person experiences.
C)the percentage of weight loss exclusively due to loss of fluid.
D)the relative amount of fluids consumed against the amount of urine excreted.

Question 26

Hypokalemia is:

A)low levels of sodium in the blood.
B)high levels of sodium in the blood.
C)low levels of potassium in the blood.
D)high levels of potassium in the blood.

Question 27

The majority of our body's phosphorus is stored in the:

A)kidneys.
B)bones.
C)blood.
D)liver.

Question 28

Which region of the brain controls fluid intake?

A)brain stem
B)pituitary gland
C)central sulcus
D)hypothalamus

Question 29

Hyponatremia is associated with:

A)insufficient intake of dietary sodium.
B)excessive intake of dietary sodium.
C)insufficient intake of dietary sodium and overhydration.
D)overhydration.

Question 30

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding phosphorus?

A)Phosphorus from animal sources is more readily absorbed than the phosphorus from plant sources.
B)Humans absorb about 50% of the phosphorus from plant sources.
C)On average,Americans do not consume enough phosphorus in their diets.
D)Bacteria in the large intestine can break down the phosphorus from plant sources.

Question 31

Which of the following groups are the MOST vulnerable to dehydration?

A)pregnant women and the elderly
B)adolescents and children
C)infants and pregnant women
D)infants and the elderly

Question 32

Water formed during oxidative metabolism accounts for what percentage of the water the body needs each day?

A)0 - 5%
B)10 - 14%
C)20 - 25%
D)more than 30%

Question 33

One "glass" of water is about equal to:

A)24 oz.
B)6 oz.
C)12 oz.
D)8 oz or 240 mL.

Question 34

Which of the following is a diuretic?

A)alcohol
B)milk
C)water
D)orange juice

Question 35

What percentage of salt is composed of chloride?

A)10%
B)50%
C)60%
D)80%

Question 36

Most of the sodium consumed is absorbed from the:

A)mouth.
B)stomach.
C)small intestine.
D)liver.

Question 37

Phosphorus in plants is primarily found in the form of ________.

A)phosphate
B)phosphorate
C)phytic acid
D)phospholipid

Question 38

Which of the following individuals is MOST at risk for hyperkalemia?

A)a marathon runner
B)a newborn
C)an individual who has a diet rich in processed foods
D)an individual with kidney disease

Question 39

Phosphorus absorption is enhanced by:

A)vitamin C.
B)potassium.
C)vitamin D.
D)iron.

Question 40

Which of the following individuals is MOST at risk for a phosphorus deficiency?

A)a premature infant
B)an individual suffering from kidney disease
C)an individual consuming vitamin D supplements
D)an individual who is a vegetarian

Question 41

A potentially fatal condition characterized by the failure of the body's heat-regulating mechanisms is:

A)hypertension.
B)fever.
C)dehydration.
D)heat stroke.

Question 42

The three major systems that account for the body's ability to regulate acid-base balance are the lungs,the kidneys,and:

A)the intestines.
B)blood buffers.
C)bone structure.
D)the brain.

Question 43

Blood pressure exerted in the arteries during heart contractions is called:

A)diastolic.
B)systolic.
C)elevated.
D)anabolic.

Question 44

The fluid lost via sweating and respiration is called:

A)sensible water.
B)osmosis.
C)insensible water.
D)metabolic water.

Question 45

Elderly people have more total body water percentage than infants.

Question 46

Overhydration most commonly occurs in:

A)healthy adults who consume primarily vegetables and fruits.
B)people with health problem that cause the kidneys to retain too much water.
C)infants and young children.
D)athletes.

Question 47

In the extracellular fluid,sodium and ________ predominate.

A)potassium
B)chloride
C)phosphorus
D)aldosterone

Question 48

Optimal blood pressure is a systolic pressure less than 120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure less than ________ mmHg.

A)100
B)80
C)140
D)90

Question 49

A substance,such as caffeine,that increases fluid loss via the urine is called:

A)a diuretic.
B)osmotic pressure.
C)metabolic water.
D)a phytic acid.

Question 50

The MOST significant contributor to weight gain and obesity in the United States in recent years has been:

A)produce prices.
B)soft drinks and fruit juices.
C)shorter work weeks.
D)ready-made meals.

Question 51

The movement of water from areas where solutes are less concentrated to areas where they are most concentrated is called:

A)migration.
B)permeation.
C)sensible water loss.
D)osmosis.

Question 52

The majority of individuals with hypertension are diagnosed with ________ hypertension.

A)secondary
B)aggravated
C)resistant
D)primary

Question 53

Approximately 2/3 of the body fluid is held intracellularly.

Question 54

Lean tissue contains a greater percentage of fluid compared with fat tissue.

Question 55

Substances dissolved in a fluid are called ________.

A)ions
B)electrolytes
C)solvents
D)solutes

Question 56

Hypertension affects approximately ________ of all adult Americans.

A)5%
B)30%
C)60%
D)75%

Question 57

Your urine color should be ________ if properly hydrated.

A)foul smelling
B)dark yellow
C)clear to pale yellow
D)slightly cloudy

Question 58

In the majority of cases,the cause of hypertension is:

A)excessive salt intake.
B)kidney disease.
C)sleep apnea.
D)unknown.

Question 59

A U.S.population group that is at particularly high risk for heart disease and its complications is hypertensive:

A)Caucasian women.
B)African Americans.
C)Hispanic men.
D)Asian Americans.

Question 60

Which of the following has NOT been shown to improve blood pressure levels?

A)losing weight
B)eating more whole grains,fruits,and vegetables
C)drinking 1 to 2 glasses of white wine per day
D)not smoking or quitting smoking

Question 61

Drinking eight glasses of fluid each day ensures that all healthy adults will meet their fluid needs.

Question 62

The causes of hypertension in the vast majority of individuals are well understood.

Question 63

Anyone with hypertension is necessarily sensitive to sodium.

Question 64

Sodium and chloride are the predominant electrolytes in the extracellular fluid.

Question 65

If a healthy individual is well hydrated,his/her urine should be clear to pale yellow in color.

Question 66

Processed foods tend to be lower in sodium than whole foods.

Question 67

Hyponatremia occurs when somebody drinks too much water without replacing potassium.

Question 68

The thirst mechanism is affected by age.

Question 69

Loss of total body water in elderly people is tied to their loss of lean tissue.

Question 70

Water is drawn to areas with low concentration of solutes.

Question 71

Eating too much sodium will usually result in hypernatremia in most healthy individuals.

Question 72

Most people in the United States consume too much sodium.

Question 73

Sweat must evaporate to have a cooling affect.

Question 74

When blood volume decreases,blood pressure increases.

Question 75

It is not possible to drink too much water.

Question 76

Discuss the angiotensin renin system in relation to blood pressure regulation.What role do these processes play in the relationship between blood volume and blood pressure?

Question 77

List and describe at least three critical functions of water in the body.

Question 78

The thirst mechanism is a highly reliable indicator of fluid replacement and bodily fluid balance.

Question 79

A diet rich in potassium has been shown to help maintain a healthy blood pressure.

Question 80

Living in areas of higher altitude increases fluid loss.